Branch of the US government, 1865–1867
39th United States Congress Members 54 senators Senate majority Republican Senate President Andrew Johnson (D/NU)[ a] House majority Republican House Speaker Schuyler Colfax (R)Sessions Special[ b] : March 4, 1865 – March 11, 18651st : December 4, 1865 – July 28, 18662nd : December 3, 1866 – March 4, 1867
The39th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of theUnited States Senate and theUnited States House of Representatives . It met inWashington, D.C. , from March 4, 1865, to March 4, 1867, duringAbraham Lincoln 's final month aspresident , and the first two years of theadministration of his successor,Andrew Johnson .
The apportionment of seats in thisHouse of Representatives was based on the1860 United States census . Both chambers had aRepublican majority.
March 4, 1865: Second inauguration of PresidentAbraham Lincoln . April 9, 1865: Surrender ofConfederate forces at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending theAmerican Civil War April 15, 1865: Assassination of PresidentAbraham Lincoln , Vice PresidentAndrew Johnson becamePresident of the United States December 11, 1865: Creation of theHouse Appropriations Committee and theHouse Banking and Commerce Committee , reducing the tasks of theHouse Ways and Means Committee January, 1866: The second and currentUnited States Capitol dome completed after 11 years of work. July 24, 1866: Tennessee became the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War. November 5, 1866:United States House of Representatives elections, 1866 January 8, 1867: African American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia April 9, 1866:Civil Rights Act of 1866 , Sess. 1, ch. 31, 14 Stat. 27 July 16, 1866:Freedmen's Bureau Bill , Sess. 1, ch. 200, 14 Stat. 173 July 23, 1866:Judicial Circuits Act , Sess. 1, ch. 210, 14 Stat. 209 , reduced the number of United States circuit courts to nine and the number of Supreme Court justices to seven July 23, 1866:District of Columbia Public Schools Act ("An Act relating to Public Schools in the District of Columbia"), Sess. 1, ch. 217, 14 Stat. 216 July 25, 1866: An Act to revive the grade of General in the United States Army, Sess. 1, ch. 232, 14 Stat. 223 , (now called "4-star general"); Lieutenant GeneralUlysses S. Grant became the first to have this rank. July 28, 1866:Metric Act of 1866 , Sess. 1, ch. 301, 14 Stat. 339 , legalized the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States. July 28, 1866:Washington City Colored Schools Lots Donation Act ("An Act donating certain Lots in the City of Washington for Schools for Colored Children in the District of Columbia"), Sess. 1, ch. 308, 14 Stat. 343 March 2, 1867:Reconstruction Act , ch. 153, 14 Stat. 428 established fivemilitary districts , each headed by a general, in ten states of the formerConfederate South (Tennessee excepted), and stipulates conditions for re-admission of these States into the Union. March 2, 1867:Tenure of Office Act , ch. 154, 14 Stat. 430 required the president to obtain the Senate's advice and consent to suspend or dismiss certain federal public officials (notably cabinet officers). Violation of this act will lead to theimpeachment of Andrew Johnson by the next (40th ) Congress in 1868. Constitutional amendments [ edit ] July 24, 1866: Tennessee readmitted to representation. March 1, 1867:Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, sess. 2, ch. 36, 14 Stat. 391 (over president'sveto ) The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
During this Congress, two seats were added for the new state of Nebraska.
House of Representatives [ edit ] During this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nebraska.
President of the SenateAndrew Johnson , until April 15, 1865 House of Representatives [ edit ]
Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 39th Congress in March 1865. Green stripes represent Unionists and gray stripes represent Unconditional Unionists. The senators from Nebraska and Tennessee were not seated until later in the Congress. 2 Democrats
1 Democrat and 1 Republican
2 Republicans
2 Unionists
Territories
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below areSenate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1868; Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1870; and Class 3 meant their term ended in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1866.
Skip to House of Representatives , below2. Vacant 3. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant ▌ 1.John Conness (R)▌ 3.James A. McDougall (D)▌ 1.James Dixon (R)▌ 3.Lafayette S. Foster (R)▌ 1.George R. Riddle (D)▌ 2.Willard Saulsbury Sr. (D)1. Vacant 3. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant ▌ 2.Richard Yates (R)▌ 3.Lyman Trumbull (R)▌ 1.Thomas A. Hendricks (D)▌ 3.Henry S. Lane (R)▌ 2.James W. Grimes (R)▌ 3.James Harlan (R), until May 15, 1865▌ Samuel J. Kirkwood (R), from January 13, 1866▌ 2.Jim Lane (R), until July 11, 1866▌ Edmund G. Ross (R), from July 19, 1866▌ 3.Samuel C. Pomeroy (R)▌ 2.James Guthrie (D)▌ 3.Garrett Davis (U)2. Vacant 3. Vacant ▌ 1.Lot M. Morrill (R)▌ 2.William P. Fessenden (R)▌ 1.Reverdy Johnson (D)▌ 3.John A. J. Creswell (UU), from March 9, 1865▌ 1.Charles Sumner (R)▌ 2.Henry Wilson (R)▌ 1.Zachariah Chandler (R)▌ 2.Jacob M. Howard (R)▌ 1.Alexander Ramsey (R)▌ 2.Daniel S. Norton (R)1. Vacant 2. Vacant ▌ 1.John B. Henderson (R)▌ 3.B. Gratz Brown (R)▌ 1.Thomas Tipton (R), from March 1, 1867 (newly admitted state)▌ 2.John M. Thayer (R), from March 1, 1867 (newly admitted state)▌ 1.William M. Stewart (R)▌ 3.James W. Nye (R)▌ 2.Aaron H. Cragin (R)▌ 3.Daniel Clark (R), until July 27, 1866▌ George G. Fogg (R), from August 31, 1866▌ 1.William Wright (D), until November 1, 1866▌ Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (R), from November 12, 1866▌ 2.John P. Stockton (D), March 15, 1865 – March 27, 1866▌ Alexander G. Cattell (R), from September 19, 1866▌ 3.Ira Harris (R)▌ 1.Edwin D. Morgan (R)2. Vacant 3. Vacant ▌ 1.Benjamin Wade (R)▌ 3.John Sherman (R)▌ 2.George H. Williams (R)▌ 3.James W. Nesmith (D)▌ 1.Charles R. Buckalew (D)▌ 3.Edgar Cowan (R)▌ 1.William Sprague IV (R)▌ 2.Henry B. Anthony (R)2. Vacant 3. Vacant ▌ 1.David T. Patterson (U), from July 28, 1866▌ 2.Joseph S. Fowler (U), from July 24, 18661. Vacant 2. Vacant ▌ 1.Solomon Foot (R), until March 28, 1866▌ George F. Edmunds (R), from April 3, 1866▌ 3.Jacob Collamer (R), until November 9, 1865▌ Luke P. Poland (R), from November 21, 18651. Vacant 2. Vacant ▌ 1.Peter G. Van Winkle (UU)▌ 2.Waitman T. Willey (R)▌ 1.James R. Doolittle (R)▌ 3.Timothy O. Howe (R)Senate President pro temporeLafayette S. Foster , until March 2, 1867 Senate President pro temporeBenjamin Wade , from March 2, 1867
House of Representatives [ edit ] The names of representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 (3 Republicans)
▌ 1 Donald C. McRuer (R)▌ 2 William Higby (R)▌ 3 John Bidwell (R)(4 Republicans)
▌ 1 Henry C. Deming (R)▌ 2 Samuel L. Warner (R)▌ 3 Augustus Brandegee (R)▌ 4 John H. Hubbard (R)(1 Democrat)
▌ At-large John A. Nicholson (D)At-large 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (11–3 Republican)
▌ 1 John Wentworth (R)▌ 2 John F. Farnsworth (R)▌ 3 Elihu B. Washburne (R)▌ 4 Abner C. Harding (R)▌ 5 Ebon C. Ingersoll (R)▌ 6 Burton C. Cook (R)▌ 7 Henry P. H. Bromwell (R)▌ 8 Shelby M. Cullom (R)▌ 9 Lewis Winans Ross (D)▌ 10 Anthony Thornton (D)▌ 11 Samuel S. Marshall (D)▌ 12 Jehu Baker (R)▌ 13 Andrew J. Kuykendall (R)▌ At-large Samuel W. Moulton (R)(8–3 Republican)
▌ 1 William E. Niblack (D)▌ 2 Michael C. Kerr (D)▌ 3 Ralph Hill (R)▌ 4 John H. Farquhar (R)▌ 5 George W. Julian (R)▌ 6 Ebenezer Dumont (R)▌ 7 Daniel W. Voorhees (D), until February 23, 1866▌ Henry D. Washburn (R), from February 23, 1866▌ 8 Godlove S. Orth (R)▌ 9 Schuyler Colfax (R)▌ 10 Joseph H. Defrees (R)▌ 11 Thomas N. Stilwell (R)(6 Republicans)
▌ 1 James F. Wilson (R)▌ 2 Hiram Price (R)▌ 3 William B. Allison (R)▌ 4 Josiah B. Grinnell (R)▌ 5 John A. Kasson (R)▌ 6 Asahel W. Hubbard (R)(1 Republican)
▌ At-large Sidney Clarke (R)(4–5 Democratic)
▌ 1 Lawrence S. Trimble (D)▌ 2 Burwell C. Ritter (D)▌ 3 Henry Grider (D), until September 7, 1866▌ Elijah Hise (D), from December 3, 1866▌ 4 Aaron Harding (D)▌ 5 Lovell H. Rousseau (UU), until July 21, 1866, and from December 3, 1866▌ 6 Green C. Smith (UU), until July ??, 1866▌ Andrew H. Ward (D), from December 3, 1866▌ 7 George S. Shanklin (D)▌ 8 William H. Randall (UU)▌ 9 Samuel McKee (UU)1 2 3 4 5 (5 Republicans)
▌ 1 John Lynch (R)▌ 2 Sidney Perham (R)▌ 3 James G. Blaine (R)▌ 4 John H. Rice (R)▌ 5 Frederick A. Pike (R)(3–2 Unconditional Unionist)
▌ 1 Hiram McCullough (D)▌ 2 Edwin H. Webster (UU), until July ??, 1865▌ John L. Thomas Jr. (UU), from December 4, 1865▌ 3 Charles E. Phelps (UU)▌ 4 Francis Thomas (UU)▌ 5 Benjamin G. Harris (D)(10 Republicans)
▌ 1 Thomas D. Eliot (R)▌ 2 Oakes Ames (R)▌ 3 Alexander H. Rice (R)▌ 4 Samuel Hooper (R)▌ 5 John B. Alley (R)▌ 6 Daniel W. Gooch (R), until September 1, 1865▌ Nathaniel P. Banks (R), from December 4, 1865▌ 7 George S. Boutwell (R)▌ 8 John D. Baldwin (R)▌ 9 William B. Washburn (R)▌ 10 Henry L. Dawes (R)(6 Republicans)
▌ 1 Fernando C. Beaman (R)▌ 2 Charles Upson (R)▌ 3 John W. Longyear (R)▌ 4 Thomas W. Ferry (R)▌ 5 Rowland E. Trowbridge (R)▌ 6 John F. Driggs (R)(2 Republicans)
▌ 1 William Windom (R)▌ 2 Ignatius L. Donnelly (R)1 2 3 4 5 (8–1 Republican)
▌ 1 John Hogan (D)▌ 2 Henry T. Blow (R)▌ 3 Thomas E. Noell (R)▌ 4 John R. Kelso (IR)▌ 5 Joseph W. McClurg (R)▌ 6 Robert T. Van Horn (R)▌ 7 Benjamin F. Loan (R)▌ 8 John F. Benjamin (R)▌ 9 George W. Anderson (R)(1 Republican)
▌ At-large Turner M. Marquette (R), from March 2, 1867 (newly admitted state)(1 Republican)
▌ At-large Delos R. Ashley (R)(3 Republicans)
▌ 1 Gilman Marston (R)▌ 2 Edward H. Rollins (R)▌ 3 James W. Patterson (R)(3–2 Democratic)
▌ 1 John F. Starr (R)▌ 2 William A. Newell (R)▌ 3 Charles Sitgreaves (D)▌ 4 Andrew J. Rogers (D)▌ 5 Edwin R. V. Wright (D)(20–11 Republican)
▌ 1 Stephen Taber (D)▌ 2 Teunis G. Bergen (D)▌ 3 James Humphrey (R), until June 16, 1866▌ John W. Hunter (D), from December 4, 1866▌ 4 Morgan Jones (D)▌ 5 Nelson Taylor (D)▌ 6 Henry J. Raymond (R)▌ 7 John W. Chanler (D)▌ 8 James Brooks (D), until April 7, 1866▌ William E. Dodge (R), from April 7, 1866▌ 9 William A. Darling (R)▌ 10 William Radford (D)▌ 11 Charles H. Winfield (D)▌ 12 John H. Ketcham (R)▌ 13 Edwin N. Hubbell (D)▌ 14 Charles Goodyear (D)▌ 15 John Augustus Griswold (R)▌ 16 Orlando Kellogg (R), until August 24, 1865▌ Robert S. Hale (R), from December 3, 1865▌ 17 Calvin T. Hulburd (R)▌ 18 James M. Marvin (R)▌ 19 Demas Hubbard Jr. (R)▌ 20 Addison H. Laflin (R)▌ 21 Roscoe Conkling (R)▌ 22 Sidney T. Holmes (R)▌ 23 Thomas T. Davis (R)▌ 24 Theodore M. Pomeroy (R)▌ 25 Daniel Morris (R)▌ 26 Giles W. Hotchkiss (R)▌ 27 Hamilton Ward Sr. (R)▌ 28 Roswell Hart (R)▌ 29 Burt Van Horn (R)▌ 30 James M. Humphrey (D)▌ 31 Henry H. Van Aernam (R)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (17–2 Republican)
▌ 1 Benjamin Eggleston (R)▌ 2 Rutherford B. Hayes (R)▌ 3 Robert C. Schenck (R)▌ 4 William Lawrence (R)▌ 5 Francis C. Le Blond (D)▌ 6 Reader W. Clarke (R)▌ 7 Samuel Shellabarger (R)▌ 8 James R. Hubbell (R)▌ 9 Ralph P. Buckland (R)▌ 10 James M. Ashley (R)▌ 11 Hezekiah S. Bundy (R)▌ 12 William E. Finck (D)▌ 13 Columbus Delano (R)▌ 14 Martin Welker (R)▌ 15 Tobias A. Plants (R)▌ 16 John Bingham (R)▌ 17 Ephraim R. Eckley (R)▌ 18 Rufus P. Spalding (R)▌ 19 James A. Garfield (R)(1 Republican)
▌ At-large James H. D. Henderson (R)(15–9 Republican)
▌ 1 Samuel J. Randall (D)▌ 2 Charles O'Neill (R)▌ 3 Leonard Myers (R)▌ 4 William D. Kelley (R)▌ 5 M. Russell Thayer (R)▌ 6 Benjamin M. Boyer (D)▌ 7 John M. Broomall (R)▌ 8 Sydenham E. Ancona (D)▌ 9 Thaddeus Stevens (R)▌ 10 Myer Strouse (D)▌ 11 Philip Johnson (D), until January 29, 1867▌ 12 Charles Denison (D)▌ 13 Ulysses Mercur (R)▌ 14 George F. Miller (R)▌ 15 Adam J. Glossbrenner (D)▌ 16 Alexander H. Coffroth (D), February 19, 1866 – July 18, 1866▌ William H. Koontz (R), from July 18, 1866▌ 17 Abraham A. Barker (R)▌ 18 Stephen F. Wilson (R)▌ 19 Glenni W. Scofield (R)▌ 20 Charles V. Culver (R)▌ 21 John L. Dawson (D)▌ 22 James K. Moorhead (R)▌ 23 Thomas Williams (R)▌ 24 George V. Lawrence (R)(2 Republicans)
▌ 1 Thomas A. Jenckes (R)▌ 2 Nathan F. Dixon Jr. (R)1 2 3 4 (4 Unconditional Unionists; 4 Unionists)
▌ 1 Nathaniel G. Taylor (U), from July 24, 1866▌ 2 Horace Maynard (UU), from July 24, 1866▌ 3 William B. Stokes (UU), from July 24, 1866▌ 4 Edmund Cooper (U), from July 24, 1866▌ 5 William B. Campbell (U), from July 24, 1866▌ 6 Samuel M. Arnell (UU), from July 24, 1866▌ 7 Isaac R. Hawkins (U), from July 24, 1866▌ 8 John W. Leftwich (UU), from July 24, 18661 2 3 4 (3 Republicans)
▌ 1 Frederick E. Woodbridge (R)▌ 2 Justin S. Morrill (R)▌ 3 Portus Baxter (R)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (3 Unconditional Unionists)
▌ 1 Chester D. Hubbard (UU)▌ 2 George R. Latham (UU)▌ 3 Kellian Whaley (UU)(5–1 Republican)
▌ 1 Halbert E. Paine (R)▌ 2 Ithamar C. Sloan (R)▌ 3 Amasa Cobb (R)▌ 4 Charles A. Eldredge (D)▌ 5 Philetus Sawyer (R)▌ 6 Walter D. McIndoe (R)(6–3 Republican)
▌ Arizona Territory John N. Goodwin (R)▌ Colorado Territory Allen A. Bradford (R)▌ Dakota Territory Walter A. Burleigh (R)▌ Idaho Territory Edward D. Holbrook (D)▌ Montana Territory Samuel McLean (D)▌ Nebraska Territory Phineas W. Hitchcock (R), until March 1, 1867▌ New Mexico Territory J. Francisco Chaves (R)▌ Utah Territory William H. Hooper (D)▌ Washington Territory Arthur A. Denny (R)House seats by party holding plurality in state 80.1–100% Democratic
80.1–100% Republican
60.1–80% Democratic
60.1–80% Republican
Up to 60% Democratic
Up to 60% Republican
Speaker of the HouseSchuyler Colfax
Changes in membership [ edit ] The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Replacements: 8 Deaths: 4 Resignations: 2 Vacancy: 1 Seats of newly admitted states: 2 Seats of re-admitted states: 2 Total seats with changes: 12 Senate changes State Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's formal installation[ d] Maryland (3)Vacant Sen.Thomas Hicks had died during previous congress. John Creswell (UU)March 9, 1865 New Jersey (2)Vacant Although elected in time for this Congress, the Senator-elect was not seated until March 15, 1865. John P. Stockton (D)March 15, 1865 Tennessee (2)Vacant Tennessee re-admitted to the Union.elected July 24, 1866. Joseph S. Fowler (U)July 24, 1866 Tennessee (1)David T. Patterson (U)July 28, 1866 Iowa (3)James Harlan (R)Resigned May 15, 1865, after being appointedU.S. Secretary of the Interior .elected January 13, 1866. Samuel J. Kirkwood (R)January 13, 1866 Vermont (3)Jacob Collamer (R)Died November 9, 1865.elected October 24, 1866, to finish the term.[ 3] Luke P. Poland (R)November 21, 1865 New Jersey (2)John P. Stockton (D)Disputed election led to Senate vacating the seat March 27, 1866. Alexander G. Cattell (R)September 19, 1866 Vermont (1)Solomon Foot (R)Died March 28, 1866.elected October 24, 1866, to finish the term.[ 3] George F. Edmunds (R)April 3, 1866 Kansas (2)Jim Lane (R)Died July 11, 1866, after being mortally wounded from a self-inflicted gunshot 10 days earlierelected January 23, 1867, to finish the term.[ 4] Edmund G. Ross (R)July 19, 1866 New Hampshire (3)Daniel Clark (R)Resigned July 27, 1866, after being appointed Judge of theU.S. District Court for the District of New Hampshire . George G. Fogg (R)August 31, 1866 New Jersey (1)William Wright (D)Died November 1, 1866.elected January 23, 1867, to finish the term.[ 5] Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (R)November 12, 1866 Nebraska (1)New seat Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. Thomas Tipton (R)March 1, 1867 Nebraska (2)John M. Thayer (R)
House of Representatives [ edit ] Replacements: 9Democratic : 1-seat net gainRepublican : 2-seat net gainUnconditional Unionist: 1 seat net loss Unionist: 0 net change Deaths: 4 Resignations: 4 Contested election: 3 Seats from newly admitted states: 1 Seats from re-admitted states: 8 Total seats with changes: 21 House changes District Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's formal installation[ d] Tennessee 1st Vacant Tennessee re-admitted into the Union Nathaniel G. Taylor (U)July 24, 1866 Tennessee 2nd Horace Maynard (UU)Tennessee 3rd William B. Stokes (UU)Tennessee 4th Edmund Cooper (U)Tennessee 5th William B. Campbell (U)Tennessee 6th Samuel M. Arnell (UU)Tennessee 7th Isaac R. Hawkins (U)Tennessee 8th John W. Leftwich (UU)Maryland 2nd Edwin H. Webster (UU)Resigned some time in July, 1865 after being appointed Collector of Customs for the port ofBaltimore John L. Thomas Jr. (UU)December 4, 1865 New York 16th Orlando Kellogg (R)Died August 24, 1865 Robert S. Hale (R)December 3, 1865 Massachusetts 6th Daniel W. Gooch (R)Resigned September 1, 1865, after being appointed Navy Agent for the port of Boston Nathaniel P. Banks (R)December 4, 1865 Pennsylvania 16th Vacant incumbent Coffroth prevented from taking seat due to election contest Alexander H. Coffroth (D)February 19, 1866 Pennsylvania 16th Alexander H. Coffroth (D)Lost contested election July 18, 1866 William H. Koontz (R)July 18, 1866 Indiana 7th Daniel W. Voorhees (D)Lost contested election February 23, 1866 Henry D. Washburn (R)February 23, 1866 New York 8th James Brooks (D)Lost contested election April 7, 1866 William E. Dodge (R)April 7, 1866 New York 3rd James Humphrey (R)Died June 16, 1866 John W. Hunter (D)December 4, 1866 Kentucky 6th Green C. Smith (UU)Resigned some time in July, 1866 after being appointed Governor of theMontana Territory . Andrew H. Ward (D)December 3, 1866 Kentucky 5th Lovell Rousseau (UU)Resigned July 21, 1866, after being reprimanded for his assault of Iowa Rep.Josiah B. Grinnell . Was re-elected to fill his own seat. Lovell Rousseau (UU)December 3, 1866 Kentucky 3rd Henry Grider (D)Died September 7, 1866 Elijah Hise (D)December 3, 1866 Pennsylvania 11th Philip Johnson (D)Died January 29, 1867 Vacant Not filled this term Nebraska Territory At-large Phineas Hitchcock (R)Nebraska achieved statehood March 1, 1867 District eliminated Nebraska At-large New State Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. Seat remained vacant until March 2, 1867 Turner M. Marquette (R)March 2, 1867
Lists of committees and their party leaders for members of the House and Senate committees can be found through the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of this article. The directory after the pages of terms of service lists committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and, after that, House/Senate committee assignments. On the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
House of Representatives [ edit ] House of Representatives [ edit ] ^ Andrew Johnson, a former War Democrat, was elected Vice President (and became President of the Senate) through the Republican-affiliated “National Union” party. ^ Special session of the Senate. ^ Conservative & Conservative Republican^a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began. Aynes, Richard L. "The 39th Congress (1865–1867) and the 14th Amendment: Some Preliminary Perspectives,"Akron Law Review, 42 (no. 4, 2009), 1019–49. Martis, Kenneth C. (1989).The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Martis, Kenneth C. (1982).The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Byrd, Robert C. ; Wolff, Wendy (October 1, 1993).The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992 U.S. Government Printing Office .ISBN 9780160632563 Transcripts of debates and proceedings [ edit ] TheCongressional Globe Globe , which are downloadable and/or searchable viaGoogle Books HathiTrust
Congressional Globe , 39th Congress, external links to full textSession Part Start date End date Pages Google Hathi First One December 4, 1865 February 21, 1866 1 to 960 EL EL First Two February 21, 1866 April 12, 1866 961 to 1920 EL EL First Three April 12, 1866 May 29, 1866 1921 to 2880 EL EL First Four May 29, 1866 July 16, 1866 2881 to 3840 EL EL First Five July 16, 1866 July 28, 1866 3841 to 4310, plus Appendix EL EL Second One December 3, 1866 January 25, 1867 1 to 752 EL EL Second Two January 25, 1867 February 18, 1867 753 to 1504 EL EL Second Three February 18, 1867 March 2, 1867 1505 to 2005, plus Appendix EL EL
The congressional debates pertaining to the Fourteenth Amendment can be found at “Congressional Debates of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ”.
