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360s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
3rd century 4th century 5th century
Decades
340s 350s 360s 370s 380s
Years
360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The360s decade ran from January 1, 360, to December 31, 369.

Events

360

This section istranscluded fromAD 360.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

February –Julian, RomanCaesar, is proclaimed emperor by theGallic legions inLutetia (modernParis), at theThermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against KingShapur II ofPersia, and revolt.
TheAlamanni raidRaetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind theRhine by Julian, into theBlack Forest.
King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses, capturingSingara,Bezabde andNisibis.
EmperorConstantius II and Julian exchange several letters, both hoping to avoid acivil war.

Europe

TheHuns invadeEurope by the thousands, spreading terror as they take over territories held for generations byAlans,Heruls,Ostrogoths andVisigoths.

Asia

By topic

Agriculture

Roman authorities inBritain exportwheat to supply the legions on the Rhine; they have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.

Religion

Council of Constantinople (360): Emperor Constantius II requests a church council, atConstantinople; both the eastern and westernbishops attend the meeting.Ulfilas also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council severalhomoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, includingMacedonius I of Constantinople andCyril of Jerusalem.
At about this date,Ligugé Abbey in France is founded for the monasticOrder of Saint Benedict byMartin of Tours, under dispensation from BishopHilary of Poitiers.

361

This section istranscluded fromAD 361.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

November 3 – EmperorConstantius II dies of afever atMopsuestia inCilicia, age 44; on his deathbed he isbaptised, and declares his cousinJulian the Apostate rightful successor.
December 11 – Julian becomes sole emperor of theRoman Empire; he rules fromConstantinople, and tries to restorepaganism. Constantius II is buried in theChurch of the Holy Apostles.
Ministers and followers of Constantius II are put on trial, at theChalcedon Tribunal.

China

July 10 –Sixteen Kingdoms:Jin Aidi, age 20, succeedsJin Mudi, as emperor of theEastern Jin Dynasty.

By topic

Art

361–363 – AJulian the Apostate coin is issued. It is now kept at theBritish Museum,London.

Medicine

Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system forphysicians.^[1]

Religion

Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it forChristianity.Pope Liberius repudiates theArian creed, and declares that the Council ofArminium has no authority to issue decrees.
Gregory Nazianzus (Saint Gregory the Theologian) returns toNazianzus and is appointed apriest by his father, who wants him to assist localChristians.
Construction of theMonastery of Saint Anthony in theEastern Desert of Egypt begins.
December 24 –George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruding bishop ofAlexandria, is murdered in his see andAthanasius of Alexandria returns to his native city in triumph.

362

This section istranscluded fromAD 362.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

July 18 – EmperorJulian arrives atAntioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against thePersian Empire. He secures the co-operation of KingArsaces ofArmenia, who fights a bloodyguerrilla war against the Persians.
Julian builds a fleet of 50warships, and more than 1,000 transport boats atSamosata, for his expedition inPersia against KingShapur II the Great.
Anearthquake strikesNicaea (Turkey).
Anearthquake strikesAl-Karak (Jordan).

By topic

Religion

February 21 –Athanasius returns toAlexandria and convenes acouncil, at which he appeals for unity amongChristians who differ interminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile inUpper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.
October 22 – The temple ofApollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.

363

This section istranscluded fromAD 363.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

March 5 – EmperorJulian departs fromAntioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards theEuphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousinProcopius toArmenia.
April – Julian crosses the Euphrates nearHierapolis, using 50pontoon ships, and moves eastwards toCarrhae. He destroysPerisapora and overruns Persian forts along the desert frontier (Limes Arabicus).
May 29 –Battle of Ctesiphon: Julian reaches the vicinity of the strongly fortified capitalCtesiphon. KingShapur II in charge of a large Persian army adopts ascorched earth policy, leaving theRomans desperately short of supplies.
June 16 – TheRoman army starts its retreat northward toCorduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up theTigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from thePersians.
June 26 –Battle of Samarra: Julian is mortally wounded in a skirmish and dies from a wound received during the fighting nearSamarra (Iraq).Jovian, general of the Guard, succeeds him and is proclaimedEmperor by the troops.
Emperor Jovian negotiates a disastrous peace withPersia, surrendering four of the fiveRoman provinces gained byCaesar Galerius in298, and the citiesNisibis andSingara (Mesopotamia).

Europe

TheHuns first appear in Europe and reach theCaspian Sea.

Middle East

May 18–19 –Galilee earthquake of 363.Petra, capital of theNabataeans (in modern-day Syria), is seriously damaged.
363 Arsakawan earthquake. It affected the cities of Arsakawan (modernDoğubayazıt) and Salat (modernSisian).^[2]

By topic

Astronomy

April 20 – The planetVenus occults the planetJupiter.

Religion

TheCouncil of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held. The majorcanon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on theSabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring theLord onSunday.
Mar Mattai Monastery is founded onMount Alfaf.

364

This section istranscluded fromAD 364.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

February 17 – EmperorJovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent atTyana (Asia Minor) en route back toConstantinople, in suspicious circumstances.
February 26 –Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of theRoman army atNicaea inBithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds theValentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of theRoman Empire, fromCaledonia (Scotland) to theRhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles inParis and establishes a militia to defend the region.
March 28 –Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (Augustus) in the palace ofHebdomon (Turkey). He rules the Eastern portion of theRoman Empire, from theDanube to the Persian border, and begins the first anti-pagan persecutions.
Britain is forced to endure fierce barbarian raids.

By topic

Religion

TheCouncil of Laodicea decides some disciplinary questions of the church and attempts to establish theBiblical canon, but fails.

Science

Theon of Alexandria, Greekmathematician, observes asolar eclipse (June 16) and alunar eclipse (November 25). He gains some renown for his version ofEuclid'sElements and his commentaries onPtolemy'sAlmagest.

365

This section istranscluded fromAD 365.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

July 21 –An earthquake andtsunami devastateCrete andAlexandria and affectsItaly,Greece, andPalestine.^[3]^[4]
September 28 –Procopius revolts and bribes twolegions passing byConstantinople. He proclaims himselfEmperor, and takes control ofThrace andBithynia.
November 1 – TheAlamanni cross theRhine and invadeGaul. EmperorValentinian I moves toParis to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.

China

March 30 –Sixteen Kingdoms:Jin Feidi, age 23, succeeds his brotherJin Aidi as emperor of theEastern Jin Dynasty. He has no actual power; governmental matters are largely in the hands of his granduncleSima Yu.

By topic

Religion

Basil of Caesarea becomespresbyter ofCaesarea.
EmperorValens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishopAthanasius from hissee, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.
Antipope Felix II dies after a 9-year reign, ending the double occupancy of thepapacy.

366

This section istranscluded fromAD 366.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

January 2 – TheAlamanni cross the frozenRhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They captureAlsace and a large part of theSwiss Plateau.
April –Battle of Thyatira: EmperorValens defeats the troops ofProcopius, bringing an end to his revolt;Serenianus andMarcellus are killed. Procopius flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens.
Valens builds apontoon bridge across theDanube, and drives theVisigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancingHuns.
Winter – EmperorValentinian I appointsJovinus, hisMaster of the Horse (Magister Equitum), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles, and pushes them out ofGaul.

By topic

Art and Science

TheTabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time.

Religion

January 31 –Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestraltomb outsideAlexandria.
Buddhist monk Lè Zūn has a vision of "golden rays of light shining down on 1,000Buddhas", resulting in the creation of theMogao Caves.
October 1 –Pope Liberius dies after a 14-year reign and is succeeded byDamasus I as 37thpope. Romans unhappy with this choice elect theantipope Ursicinus.^[5]

367

This section istranscluded fromAD 367.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Battle of Solicinium: EmperorValentinian I launches apunitive expedition against theAlamanni, due to the crises inBritannia andGaul. The Alamanni re-cross theRhine and plunderMoguntiacum (modernMainz).
Valentinian I declares that Christians will not be forced into gladiator training schools.^[6]
Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison onHadrian's Wall revolts and allowsPicts fromCaledonia to devastateBritain. SimultaneouslyAttacotti, theScotti fromHibernia (Ireland), and theSaxons fromGermania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslaveRomano-British civilians.
Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished toMauretania for harbouring the usurperProcopius.
August 4 –Gratian receives the title ofAugustus under his father, Valentinian I.
Winter – Valentinian I mobilises a massive army for his campaign against the Alamanni and theFranks. He summons the Italian and Illyrianlegions for a spring offensive.

Asia

The firstKorean envoy arrives inJapan, emissary of the government ofKudara.

By topic

Religion

The first Listing of theNew Testament (Bible) is made bySt. Athanasius of Alexandria.
November 16 –Antipope Ursicinus is banished by thepraefecti to Gaul.
Epiphanius of Salamis becomesbishop ofSalamis, Cyprus.^[7]
EmperorValens isbaptized byEudoxius of Antioch.

Science

In the region of the constellationPerseus, a star not visible to the naked eye, and 1,533 light years distant from Earth, explodes in anova. The light from the star, now calledGK Persei, was first detected on Earth onFebruary 21, 1901.^[8]

368

This section istranscluded fromAD 368.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Spring – EmperorValentinian I and his 8-year-old son,Gratian, cross theRhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats theAlemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed withMacrian, king of theBucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capitalAugusta Treverorum (modernTrier).
Great Conspiracy:Picts,Scotti andSaxons reachRoman London and plunder the city.Theodosius, a general (Comes Britanniarum), is sent with a relief force toBritannia. He marches fromRichborough,Kent, to deal with the invaders.
Winter – The barbarians are driven back to their homelands,Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to theRoman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions inHibernia (Ireland).

Asia

Anearthquake strikesNicaea (modernTurkey).^[9]

369

This section istranscluded fromAD 369.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Spring – EmperorValens crosses theDanube,^[10] and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi andTervingi). Valens andAthanaric, the Gothic king, eventually sign a treaty.^[10]
Fritigern becomes king of theVisigoths; amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asks Valens and theThracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts toChristianity.
Count Theodosius bringsBritain fully back to the Empire after theGreat Conspiracy of 367.

Persia

KingShapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom ofArmenia. He besieges Artogerassa in modernGeorgia, wherePapas (Pap), son of KingArsaces II (Arshak II), defends the fortress and the royal treasure againstPersian forces.

Asia

Chinese troops of theJin Dynasty are defeated byFormer Yan of theXianbei.
Goguryeo invadesBaekje (approximate date).

By topic

Art and Science

Wulfila creates aGothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek andRoman letters, as well as some Germanicrunes. He converts theGoths toArian Christianity.

Significant people

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Births

Transcluding articles:AD 360,361,362,363,364,AD 365,366,367,368, and369

360

John Cassian,Desert Father and Christiansaint (approximate date)
Saint Mesrob, Armenianmonk andtheologian (approximate date)
Saint Ninian,missionary toScotland (approximate date)
Tao Sheng,Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
Wang Fahui, empress during theJin Dynasty (d.380)^[11]

362

Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter ofConstantius II (approximate date)
Mesrop Mashtots, Armenian linguist (d.440)
Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of theEastern Jin Dynasty (d.396)

363

Sulpicius Severus, Christian writer (approximate date)
Wu Di (orLiu Yu), Chinese emperor ofLiu Song (d.422)

364

Blaesilla, Roman noblewoman (d.384)
Huiguo, ChineseBuddhist nun (d.433)
Sima Daozi, Chinese prince andregent (d.403)
Xu Xianzhi, Chinese official and regent (d.426)

365

Julius Agricola, Romanconsul andpraetorian prefect
Kou Qianzhi, Chinese high official andtaoist (d.448)
Tao Yuanming, Chinese poet and politician (d.427)
Tufa Rutan, Chinese prince of theSouthern Liang (d.415)

366

January 18 –Valentinianus Galates, Roman emperor (d.370)
Yao Xing, Chinese emperor of theLater Qin Dynasty (d.416)

368

Eustochium, ChristianDesert Mother and saint (approximate date)
Juqu Mengxun, Chinese prince of theNorthern Liang (d.433)
Philostorgius,Anomoean church historian and writer (d.439)

369

Huan Xuan, Chinese warlord and emperor of theJin Dynasty (d.404)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:AD 360,361,362,363,364,AD 365,366,367,368, and369

360

SaintJudas Cyriacus

SaintAbramios the Recluse

May 4 –Judas Cyriacus,Roman Catholic priest and saint
October 14 –Gaudentius of Rimini,Roman Catholic priest and saint
November 11 –Abramios the Recluse, ByzantineOrthodox priest and saint
December 18 –Auxentius of Mopsuestia, ByzantineOrthodox priest and saint

Eusebius of Emesa, ByzantineOrthodox bishop and saint (b.290)
Murong Jun, emperor of theFormer Yan (b.319)

361

SaintMaximus of Naples

EmperorConstantius II

November –Constantius II,Roman Emperor^[12] (b.317)
December 24
- George of Cappadocia, ByzantineOrthodox archbishop and saint
- George of Laodicea, ByzantineOrthodox archbishop and saint

Apodemius, Roman officer andsecret agent
Eusebius, Roman officer
Jin Mudi, emperor of theEastern Jin Dynasty (b.343)
Li Shi, emperor of the ChineseBa-Di stateCheng Han
Maximus of Naples,Roman Catholic archbishop and saint
Song Hun,regent of the Chinese stateFormer Liang
Wang Xizhi, Chinesecalligrapher (b.303)
Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (b.292)^[13]

362

SaintsGordianus and Epimachus

SaintDorotheus of Tyre

SaintCrispus, Crispinianus, and Benedicta

SaintBasil of Ancyra

SaintDonatus of Arezzo

SaintEliphius

SaintArtemis

SaintGemellus of Ancyra

January 1 –Paulus Catena, Roman politician
February 25 –Reginos, GreekOrthodox bishop and saint
May 10 –Gordianus and Epimachus,Roman Catholic priests, martyrs and saints^[14]
June 5 –Dorotheus of Tyre,Roman Catholic bishop and martyr (b.255)
June 27 –Crispus, Crispinianus, and Benedicta,Roman Catholic, priests, martyrs and saints
June 28 –Basil of Ancyra, ByzantineOrthodox bishop and saint
August 5 –Eusignius of Antioch, ByzantineOrthodox bishop and martyr (b.252)
August 7 –Donatus of Arezzo,Roman Catholic bishop and saint
October 16 –Eliphius,Roman Catholic priest and saint
October 20
- Artemius, EgyptianOrthodox martyr and saint
- Theodoret of Antioch, Syrian Christian priest andmartyr
December 10 –Gemellus of Ancyra, ByzantineOrthodox bishop and saint

Princess Dowager Ma,concubine ofZhang Jun

363

June 26 –Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (b.331)^[15]
Aemilia Hilaria, Galo-Roman physician and writer (b.300)
Lucillianus, Roman commander (magister equitum)
Zhang Xuanjing, Chinese ruler ofFormer Liang (b.350)
Zhou (orCheng), Chineseconcubine ofJin Chengdi

364

February 17 –Jovian, Roman emperor (b.331)
Ge Hong, Chinese scholar andtaoist (b.283)
Theophilos the Indian, Christian bishop

365

March 30 –Ai of Jin (orQianling), Chinese emperor (b.341)
November 22 –Felix II, antipope ofRome (b.287)^[16]
Feng Yi (orZizhuan), Chinese official and general
Sima Xun (orWeichang), Chinese warlord (b.306)
Wang Muzhi, Chinese empress of theJin Dynasty

366

Saint Marinus

Pope Liberius

May 16 –Ajabel, Christian priest and martyr
May 27 –Procopius, Roman general and usurper
August 1 –Leo of Montefeltro, Christian bishop and saint
September 24 –Liberius, pope of theCatholic Church (b.310)

Acacius of Caesarea, Christian bishop
Marcellus, Roman general and usurper
Marinus, Christianhermit and saint (b.275)
Serenianus, Roman general of theImperial Guard
Yu Daolian, Chinese empress and wife ofJin Feidi
Zhi Dun, ChineseBuddhist monk andphilosopher (b.314)

367

SaintHilary of Poitiers

January 13 –Hilary of Poitiers, Byzantine bishop,Doctor of the Church and saint (b.c. 315)^[17]

Murong Ke, Chinese general andstatesman ofFormer Yan
Yang Wu (orShiqiu), Chinese official, general andregent

368

July 7 –Maternien, Christian bishop and saint

Caesarius of Nazianzus, Roman physician and politician
Vulcacius Rufinus, Roman prefect, consul and politician
Yue Wan, Chinese general and politician ofFormer Yan

369

SaintJuvenal of Narni

May 3 –Juvenal of Narni, Roman Catholic bishop, confessor and saint
Caesarius of Nazianzus, Byzantine physician and politician (b.331)
Pharantzem, Armenian queen andregent (approximate date)
Valentinus, Roman criminal and rebel leader

References

^Stephens, Myles (2004), Talbot, John; and Patrick Waller (eds.),Stephens' Detection of New Adverse Drug Reactions (5th ed.), West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 3,ISBN 0-470-84552-X
^Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 113.
^Earthquakes site Archived March 25, 2007, at theWayback Machine
^Kelly, Gavin (2004),"Ammianus and the Great Tsunami"(PDF),The Journal of Roman Studies,94:141–167,doi:10.2307/4135013,hdl:20.500.11820/635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24,JSTOR 4135013,S2CID 160152988,archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-07-20.
^"Liberius | Roman Catholic Church, 4th-century Rome, Excommunication | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2024-03-07.
^Rachael Hanel (2007).Gladiators. The Creative Company. p. 38.ISBN 978-1583415351.
^"Saint Epiphanius of Constantia - bishop of Salamis".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved7 November 2017.
^Peter O. K. Krehl,History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference (Springer, 2008) p425
^Guiley, Rosemary (2001).The Encyclopedia of Saints. New York, New York:Facts on File. p. 60.ISBN 9781438130262.
^^a ^bFrassetto, Michael (14 March 2013).The Early Medieval World [2 volumes]: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.ISBN 979-8-216-07680-3. Retrieved5 February 2024.
^Urbanization in Early and Medieval China: Gazetteers for the City of Suzhou. University of Washington Press. 1 August 2015. p. 313.ISBN 978-0-295-80610-5.
^Kopff, E Christian; Perowne, Stewart Henry."Julian". Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedFebruary 24, 2024.
^Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (26 March 2015).Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Routledge. p. 391.ISBN 978-1-317-47591-0.
^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sts. Gordianus and Epimachus". New Advent. RetrievedNovember 7, 2024.
^Kopff, E Christian; Perowne, Stewart Henry (February 23, 2024)."Julian". Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedFebruary 24, 2024.
^"Felix (II) | antipope".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved21 October 2020.
^"Saint Hilary of Poitiers - bishop of Poitiers".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved7 November 2017.

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