| 319th Operations Group | |
|---|---|
 RQ-4 Global Hawk landing atGrand Forks AFB | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1946–1949; 1949–1951; 1955–1957; 1991–2010; 2019-present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | air refueling |
| Engagements | Mediterranean Theater of Operations Pacific Ocean Theater[1] |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation French Croix de Guerre with Palm[1] |
| Insignia | |
| 319th Operations Group emblem[note 1] |  |
| Postwar 319th Bombardment Group emblem[note 2] |  |
The319th Operations Group is aUnited States Air Force unit assigned to319th Reconnaissance Wing,Air Combat Command. It is stationed at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota operatingRQ-4 Global Hawk remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) role.
The group was first activated duringWorld War II as the319th Bombardment Group, the firstMartin B-26 Marauder group in theMediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) during the war. The group received twoDistinguished Unit Citations during the war. In 1945, the group was re-equipped with theNorth American B-25 Mitchell in combat in the MTO before returning to the US to transition to theDouglas A-26 Invader. After retraining the group deployed toOkinawa, where it flew combat missions over China as part ofSeventh Air Force against Imperial Japanese forces until the war's end. One of the originalMercury Seven astronauts,Deke Slayton, flew A-26s from Okinawa as a part of the group's438th Bombardment Squadron in 1945.
The group was reactivated in thereserve in December 1946. It does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped, and whenmobilized in 1951 for theKorean War, its personnel were used to man other units and the group was inactivated. It again became part of the reserve force in 1955 as the319th Fighter-Bomber Group, but was inactivated in 1957, when the reserves converted to the troop carrier mission. It remained inactive until 1991.
In 2019 the group was reactivated at Grand Forks Air Force Base as the Operations Group in charge of all active duty RQ-4 Global Hawk operations.
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The319th Bombardment Group trained in Louisiana inMartin B-26 Marauders and after completing initial training, the group reported in October and November 1942 to England for staging to theMediterranean Theater of Operations, where it was assigned to the Twelfth Air Force.[2]
After it moved to Algeria as the first Marauder unit in that theater, arriving with just 15 aircraft and losing group commander Col. Alvord Rutherford over France en route, the 319th entered combat for the first time on 28 November, bombing and strafing warehouses, docks, and railroad yards atSfax in Tunisia. From then to March 1943, the group bombed German and Italian targets in Tunisia and Libya, including airfields andenemy shipping along the Mediterranean Coast. The 319th trained in French Morocco from March, then returned to combat in June 1943, attacking enemy targets on Italian islands in the Mediterranean, including Sicily, Sardinia, andPantelleria. From bases in Algeria and Tunisia, the group supported theAlliedinvasion of Italy, bombing bridges andmarshalling yards during the late summer and early autumn of 1943. In November, it moved to Sardinia, to strike Axis targets in central Italy. Early in 1944, the 319th supported Allied ground forces as they advanced in theCassino andAnzio areas. Later in the year, usingNorth American B-25 Mitchell bombers the group attacked German supply lines in northern Italy, bombing bridges, marshalling yards, and roads. In March, it earned twoDistinguished Unit Citations for raids on marshalling yards in Rome andFlorence that damaged enemy communications without destroying cultural monuments. For supporting the Allied ground advance in Italy during April, May, and June 1944, the group earned theFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm. During the summer, it bombed bridges over thePo River in northern Italy using B-25 bombers to block the stream of German supplies and reinforcements going southward. The 319th Bombardment Group supported theinvasion of southern France in August 1944 by attacking coastalbatteries, radar stations, and bridges. From Corsica, it hit railroad bridges in Northern Italy and late in the year attacked railroad lines through theBrenner Pass that connected Germany and Austria with Italy.[2]
In January 1945, the 319th returned to the United States, where it began to train withDouglas A-26 Invader aircraft for operations in thePacific Ocean Theater. Between May and July 1945, the group moved by ship toOkinawa, and on 16 July flew its first mission against Japan. From then until the end of the fighting in early August, the 319th attacked enemy targets such as airfields and industrial centers onKyūshū and occupied Shanghai area of China, and shipping around theRyukyu Islands and in the East China Sea. In November and December 1945, the group returned to the United States.[2]
The group was activated again in thereserve underAir Defense Command (ADC) atMitchel Field, New York in December 1946, although as a headquarters only, with no squadrons assigned.[1] Its four World War II squadrons had all been allotted to theNational Guard,[3][4][5][6] and it was not until April 1947 that it was assigned squadrons, the46th Bombardment Squadron, a newly constituted unit,[note 3] and the50th Bombardment Squadron, which had been disbanded during the war.[7] The group was filled out in July 1947, when two more disbanded squadrons, the51st and59th Bombardment Squadrons, were reconstituted and assigned to the group.[8][9]
At Mitchel, the group trained under the supervision of the 113th AAF Base Unit (later the 2230 Air Force Reserve Training Center), although it is not clear whether any of its elements were fully manned or equipped during this period. In July 1948Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve andAir National Guard units from ADC.[10] The 319th's stay at Mitchel ended when ConAC reorganized its reserve units under thewing base organization system in June 1949.[1] PresidentTruman's reduced 1949 defense budget also required reductions in the number of groups in the Air Force to 49.[11] and group was replaced as the reserve flying unit at Mitchel by the84th Fighter Group, a corollary reserve unit integrated with the active duty52d Fighter Wing.[1][12][13][14]
The group moved on paper toReading Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania, where it replaced the322d Bombardment Group.[15] Under the new organizational model, it became part of the319th Bombardment Wing.[16] At Reading the group trained under the supervision of the 2237th Air Force Reserve Training Center. Although the group was assigned four squadrons rather than the three of active duty units, they were manned at 25% of normal strength.[17] Runway length at Reading, however, led ConAC to decide to station a troop carrier unit there, and the group was inactivated on 2 October 1949 and its equipment and personnel were transferred to the512th Troop Carrier Group.[1][18]
The group activated again about a month later, on 10 October 1949 atBirmingham Municipal Airport, Alabama, where it replaced the514th Troop Carrier Group. Training at Birmingham was conducted by the 2587th Air Force Reserve Training Center. All reserve combat and corollary units weremobilized for the Korean war,[19] and the 319th was called up on 10 March 1951. Its personnel and aircraft were used as fillers for other units,[20] and the group was inactivated on 22 March.[1]
The reserve mobilization for the Korean War had left the reserve without aircraft, and reserve units did not receive aircraft until July 1952.[21] The Air Force desired that all reserve units be designed to augment the regular forces in the event of a national emergency. The six reserve pilot training wings, including the 8710th Pilot Training Wing atMemphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee, had no mobilization mission. On 18 May 1955, the 8710th was discontinued and replaced by the 319th Fighter-Bomber Wing.[22] The group, redesignated the319th Fighter-Bomber Group, was activated as the wing's flying headquarters, with the 46th Fighter-Bomber Squadron as its only component.[1] The group flewRepublic F-84 Thunderjets until 1957, when it began to receiveNorth American F-86 Sabres.[16] Despite its designation as afighter bomber group, its mission initially was in theair defense role and it was gained by ADC upon mobilization.[23][24] Later the group assumed a tactical fighter role.[23] In 1957, the 50th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was added to the group, although it was located atNew Orleans Naval Air Station, under what was termed the Detached Squadron Concept.[7][25]
Meanwhile, theJoint Chiefs of Staff were pressuring the Air Force to provide more wartime airlift. At the same time, about 150Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars became available from the active force. Consequently, in November 1956 the Air Force directed ConAC to convert three reserve fighter bomber wings to the troop carrier mission by September 1957. In addition, within the Air Staff was a recommendation that the reserve fighter mission given to theAir National Guard and replaced by the troop carrier mission.[26] Cuts in the budget in 1957 also led to a reduction in the number of reserve wings from 24 to 15.[27] The 319th Fighter-Bomber Wing and its support elements were inactivated on 16 November 1957 in this reduction of reserve wings. Although the 319th Group was also inactivated that day, its place was taken by the445th Troop Carrier Group.[1][16][28]
The group was reactivated atGrand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota in on 1 September 1991 as the319th Operations Group whenStrategic Air Command (SAC) implemented the Objective Wing organization for its units. The group was assigned to the 319th Wing and was assigned the 46th Bomb Squadron, flying theRockwell B-1B Lancer, the905th Air Refueling Squadron, flying theBoeing KC-135 Stratotanker and the 319th Operations Support Squadron. Shortly after the group was activated, PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush directed on 28 September that the group no longer keep half of its aircraft on nuclear alert and the group began to focus on training for conventional bombing missions. This became the group's primary mission in February 1993.[29]
In July 1992, the Air Force reorganized its combat commands. SAC's The bomber mission and the 319th Wing were assigned toAir Combat Command (ACC), while theair refueling mission was assigned toAir Mobility Command (AMC). In this reorganization, the 905th Air Refueling Squadron was reassigned from the group, although it remained at Grand Forks. In late February and March 1992, the group set a dozen world time-to-climb records to various altitudes with its Lancer aircraft.[30] However, the transfer of the air refueling mission required a major realignment of the tanker force and by 1994, the Air Force decided that Grand Forks was to become one of three "super tanker" bases. On 1 October 1993, the 319th transferred from ACC to AMC. It regained the 905th Air Refueling Squadron, but the 46th Bomb Squadron was transferred to the 319th Bomb Group.[31][note 4]
In 1994, the 319th gained the906th,911th and912th Air Refueling Squadrons equipped with KC-135R and KC-135T aircraft.[32][33][34] In its first active years, the group deployed aircrews and aircraft to supportOperation Provide Comfort, humanitarian relief toKurds fleeing Iraq to in Turkey;Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the no fly zone in southern Iraq;Operation Vigilant Warrior, the deployment of forces to Saudi Arabia to counter threats from Iraq;Operation Deny Flight, enforcing the no-fly zone in Bosnia Herzegovina;Operation Uphold Democracy, the removal of amilitary junta in Haiti; andOperation Constant Vigil, counter-drug operations based in Panama.[31]
Toward the end of 1998 and into 1999, the group deployed resources to the Persian Gulf and Europe in support ofOperation Desert Fox, attacks on Iraqi WMD sites for failing to comply withUnited Nations mandates; andOperation Allied Force, operations in Kosovo against Serbia. During the summer of 2000, the group operated fromMacDill Air Force Base, Florida as major repairs were made to the runways at Grand Forks. From MacDill, the 319th continued to deploy for Operations Northern and Southern Watch and alsoOperation Joint Forge in Bosnia Herzegovina, operating fromIstres-Le Tubé Air Base, France. Following the9/11 attacks, the group stood up a quick reaction alert force to support homeland defense inOperation Noble Eagle, and deployed resources forOperation Enduring Freedom.[35]
The group's deployments included deployments in which it was the primary force provider for expeditionary operations. In those cases, a 319th Air Expeditionary Group was activated as a provisional unit, deployed to a makeshift tent city somewhere in the arid desert of Southwest Asia. From the start of air operations over Afghanistan 7 October, by 2 November 2001 the 319th Air Expeditionary Group ad flown over 150 sorties and more than 1050 hours; pumping over 1.4 million US gallons (5,300 m3) of gas into more than 450 planes. The expeditionary group includes not only operational, but maintenance organizations. Its deployment location was not officially identified, but is likely to have beenMasirah Air Base, where the RAF and USAF have long had facilities.
The group began to diminish in size in June 2007, when the 911th Air Refueling Squadron inactivated.[33] The 906th Squadron followed on 2 October 2009,[32] and the 912th on 1 October 2010.[34] The group's first refueling squadron, the 905th, was the last operational squadron of the group. The wing frequently deployed elements to Southwest Asia, occasionally being the major force provider for the 319th Air Expeditionary Group. They both inactivated on 31 December 2010, as manned flying operations ended at Grand Forks.[36][37]
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This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
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