2061: Odyssey Three

Cover of the first edition
Author	Arthur C. Clarke
Illustrator	Michael Whelan
Language	English
Series	The Space Odyssey series
Genre	Science fiction
Publisher	Del Rey
Publication date	December 1987
Publication place	United Kingdom
Media type	Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages	256
ISBN	0-345-35173-8
OCLC	16756201
Dewey Decimal	823/.914 19
LC Class	PR6005.L36 A617 1988
Preceded by	2010: Odyssey Two
Followed by	3001: The Final Odyssey

2061: Odyssey Three is a science fiction novel by the British writerArthur C. Clarke, published in 1987. It is the third book in Clarke'sSpace Odyssey series. It returns to one of the lead characters of the previous novels, Heywood Floyd, and his adventures from the 2061 return ofHalley's Comet toJupiter's moonEuropa.

Clarke had originally intended to write the third book afterNASA'sGalileo mission to Jupiter had returned its findings in the late 1980s. The probe had been initially scheduled for launch in 1984 but this was delayed, first to 1985 and then to 1986. It was delayed further in wake of theSpace ShuttleChallenger disaster.^[1] Deciding not to wait, Clarke took inspiration for his sequel from the return of Halley's Comet.Galileo was eventually launched bySpace Shuttle Atlantis on theSTS-34 mission in October 1989.^[2] It arrived in Jovian orbit almost eight years after the publication of2061: Odyssey Three.

The opening chapters of2061 gradually explain the events that have taken place in the interim years. The new sun, dubbed "Lucifer", has transformed the moons of the former Jupiter:Io is a volcanic hellhole, Europa an ocean world shrouded by clouds, andGanymede a temperate world that the human race is colonizing. Large-scaleinterplanetary travel is now commercially viable withmuon-catalyzed fusion-powered spacecraft. Humanity is wary of sending spacecraft close to Europa despite its fascinating mysteries, including the appearance of a large mountain, dubbed "Mount Zeus", on its surface. On Earth, a period of relative peace has evolved among theUnited States,Soviet Union andChina, although a non-violent revolution has taken place inSouth Africa (now the United States of Southern Africa or USSA); the white population has fled, taking most of the country's wealth with them and leaving the black population to rebuild the economy, which they do in a matter of weeks thanks to the country's diamond mines.

Dr.Heywood Floyd, the protagonist of2010, has had an accident and becomes a permanent resident of an orbital space hospital. His estranged grandson, Chris II, works aboard the spacecraftGalaxy. Now, at the age of 103, Floyd is chosen as one of six "celebrity guests" to travel aboard the privately owned spacelinerUniverse for the first-ever human landing on the surface of Halley's Comet as it again nears Earth. TheUniverse lands on Halley, and the crew explores its surface and its caves.

On Ganymede, Rolf van der Berg, a second-generationAfrikaner refugee, studies data on satellite surveys of Mount Zeus and forms an astonishing thesis about its nature. He communicates his discovery to his uncle Paul Kreuger, and van der Berg is also invited to join the crew of the spacecraftGalaxy for its flyby of Europa. AsGalaxy nears Europa, Rosie, a stewardess, attempts to hijack the craft, forcing it to crash into Europa's ocean. Failing in her plan, she commits suicide, and theGalaxy's crew is stranded. Observing the burgeoning aquatic life forms of Europa, the crew pilotsGalaxy to an island that they name Haven.

Universe abandons its exploration of Halley to rescueGalaxy. After siphoning water from Halley's vents to refuel,Universe heads directly for Europa. During the flight, the celebrity passengers discuss the mystery surrounding Dave Bowman and the monoliths, and whether they would be allowed to land on Europa to rescueGalaxy's crew. Floyd follows a suggestion that he simply try to call Bowman on the radio, and later has a strange dream in which he sees a small monolith floating at the foot of his bed.

On Europa, Van der Berg and Chris Floyd take the shuttleWilliam Tsung (nicknamedBill Tee) to study Mount Zeus. Near Mount Zeus, van der Berg relays the message "LUCY IS HERE" to his uncle Paul. It is revealed that Van der Berg's hypothesis, now proven true, was that Mount Zeus is one huge diamond, a remnant from the core of the exploded Jupiter. The revelation about Mount Zeus explains how Van der Berg got ontoGalaxyand why Rosie tried to hijack it; the rulers of the USSA are concerned and the exiled Afrikaners are interested about what might happen to the world diamond market if a vast mountain of diamond were discovered.

Travelling further, the two men find the wreck of the Chinese spacecraftTsien, which has been completely stripped of its metals, and then find the enormous monolith lying on its side at the border between the dayside and nightside, dubbed the "Great Wall". Beneath it is a town ofigloo-like dwellings, but the inhabitants are not in sight. There, Chris sees an image of his grandfather, who tells him that theUniverse is coming.

Universe rescuesGalaxy's crew; they are brought to Ganymede, where they watch as Mount Zeus, which has been steadily sinking, finally disappears beneath the Europan surface. Kreuger writes a follow-up article forNature, stating that Mount Zeus was a mere fragment of Jupiter's diamond material, and that it is almost certain that many more such large pieces of diamond are currently in orbit around Lucifer. Kreuger therefore proposes a scouting project to seek diamond in the Lucifer system, for eventual mining.

Floyd, Chris, and van der Berg become close. In a later chapter, another Heywood Floyd, now a disembodied creature of pure consciousness, talks withDave Bowman. It is revealed that the small monolith duplicated Floyd's consciousness; there are now two Heywood Floyds, one an immortal being who resides with Bowman andHAL inside the Great Wall, another who will live and die without knowing this. Bowman shows Floyd images of his experience of studying the life forms of Jupiter before they were killed in the creation of Lucifer, explaining that the monolith weighed the Jovians against the Europans and decided the latter held more promise. Bowman states that during the diamond meteor impact, the immensely powerful monolith tipped over on its side, and may be damaged. He and HAL believe that when Lucifer begins to fail, the monolith will weigh the Europans against humanity and they have only about a thousand years to prepare for that moment.

In an epilogue, set in 3001, the original monolith discovered on the Moon in 1999 has been placed in the plaza of the ancientUnited Nations Building. Humans have found more quantities of diamond from the former Jupiter and have used it to createspace elevators and anorbital ring connecting them, as suggested by Kreuger. Suddenly, Lucifer's light begins to fade and the Monolith reawakens for the first time in a thousand years.

Late in the novel (Chapter 56, "Perturbation Theory"), two real scientific articles are explicitly cited by Paul Krueger, van der Berg's uncle. A 1981 article inNature lends plausibility to2061's basic premise that other solar system bodies may contain massive quantities of diamond material,^[3] and serves as the basis for2061's premise of a large diamond being discovered on Europa. A 1966 article inScience examines the feasibility of various materials for the theoretical construction of a space elevator, identifying diamond as the best available known material,^[4] and likewise serves as a basis for the space elevators (or towers) which extend from Earth's surface out into space.

The elevators are major pieces of technology in the sequel novel3001, and settings of much of the latter novel's action. The intervening implication is that over the next millennium, humanity finds other large sources of diamond in the Lucifer–Jupiter system, precipitate which resulted from the transformation of the latter into the former, and mines this diamond material, using it for (previously impossible) construction projects.

• Dr. Heywood Floyd: Floyd is an elderly man, world-famous for his involvement with theDiscovery andLeonov missions. His life has been extended because he has lived off Earth in lower gravity (which simultaneously prevents him from ever returning to Earth itself). Floyd travels with five other celebrities to Halley's Comet during its Earth approach aboard theUniverse, a new, state-of-the-art spacecraft financed by the Tsung family.
• Christopher Floyd II is Floyd's grandson who hops various space flights and quietly finds work without keeping up with his family, to their dismay. He is second officer of theGalaxy, an older craft also financed by the Tsung family. He is estranged from his grandfather Heywood. One of the novel's themes, therefore, is that the protagonist reconnects with his family after years of estrangement both from them and from Earth.
• Rolf van der Berg is a Ganymede-based planetary scientist who develops a shocking theory regarding a structure on Europa. He has the opportunity to confirm his theory that Europa contains a giant diamond, a byproduct of Jupiter's collapse to become the small star Lucifer.

• The Floyd Family: Early in the novel, Floyd's now-long-distant old family lives are re-capitulated. Marion, his first wife, had long since been killed in a plane crash, and their two daughters now have families of their own, and are effectively estranged from Floyd. Further, during the events of 2010, Floyd's second wife Caroline and their son Christopher I had learned to forget about him; Caroline took up with another man in Floyd's absence, and Christopher I found his father-figure in this man. Later, Chris I married one Helena, an arrangement of which both Floyd and Caroline had initially disapproved. Despite this, Helena proved to be a good mother to Christopher II.
• The Tsung Family: Family of Sir Lawrence Tsung, Chinese tycoon benefactor and shipbuilder, responsible for financing the story's spacecraft, theCosmos, theGalaxy and theUniverse. The Tsung family do not directly feature in the story, apart from being mentioned for their financial backing role, and in general descriptions of geopolitics. Lawrence is inspired to finance the development of spacecraft after reviewing the history of theTsien disaster, which centers around the dramatic death of Rupert Chang (now identified with his first name in this novel), which had occurred in the previous novel and is retold in the current one. Tsung's wife is one Lady Jasmine; children include William Tsung, Charles Tsung and several unnamed siblings (in all, five brothers and five sisters), each subsequent birth requiring a very large, doubled fee per a modification of China'sOne-child policy.
• TheLeonov Crew: It is established very early on that all of theLeonov crew of 2010 have since died, with the lone exceptions of Floyd and Zenia Marchenko, the latter not otherwise figuring in the present story. In particular, it is revealed that Dr. Chandra died in hibernation during theLeonov's return trip, which is attributed to his sadness at losing HAL.
• Captain Smith: Captain of theUniverse, Smith is a practical, stock captain character, concerned for the safety of his ship, his crew and his passengers.
• Yva Merlin, aka Evelyn Miles: A rather mysterious, aged movie star, who is emblazoned on the public consciousness for her earlier roles. Merlin joins theUniverse voyage as one of its celebrity passengers.
• Dimitri Mihailovich: A classical composer who provides some comic relief, Mihailovich is another of the celebrity passengers. The name and minor character role echo the basic plot function of Dimitri Moisevitch, of the earlier works.
• Victor Willis: A pop-science personality with a prodigious beard, Willis is another of the celebrity passengers.
• Clifford Greenberg: First man to set foot on Mercury, "Cliff" is another of the celebrity passengers. He later becomes an honorary crew-member and is a more "useful" passenger due to his spaceflight experience.
• Margeret M'Bala: An author who popularized and explained the connections between ancient Greek and Roman mythology and now-common astronomical nomenclature, "Maggie M" is another of the celebrity passengers.
• George and Jerry: An old gay couple who are two of Floyd's longest and closest friends; they had worked in the arts in earlier life. George and Jerry help to manage Floyd's personal affairs while he is away.
• Eric Laplace: Captain of theGalaxy.
• Rosie: A stewardess who hijacks theGalaxy. Although her motives are never made perfectly clear, context strongly suggests that Rosie is affiliated with a South African faction of some kind, who have somehow learned of van der Berg's Europan diamond theory and want to make an investigation of their own. Shortly after her introduction, the character is inconsistently named as Rose McMahon or Rose McCullen. Later, the hijacker is identified as one Ruth Mason.
• Second Officer Walter Chang: Not to be confused with theTsien astronaut, Walter Chang is theGalaxy pilot on duty when Rosie hijacks the ship and is charged by Rosie with landing on Europa.
• Paul Kreuger: van der Berg's uncle, Kreuger is entrusted with the secret of Europa's diamond deposit early on, and later opines in a letter toNature on the implications of large quantities of diamond for construction, citing two real scientific papers.

In 2000,Yahoo! reported that MGM and actor/directorTom Hanks were in discussions regarding adapting both2061: Odyssey Three and3001: The Final Odyssey into movies, with Hanks reportedly to play Frank Poole in the3001 film. An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project.^[5]

• 2061: Odyssey Three title listing at theInternet Speculative Fiction Database
• 2061: Odyssey Three atOpen Library

• 1987 British novels
• 1987 science fiction novels
• Fiction set in 2061
• Fiction about comets
• Del Rey books
• Novels set on Europa (moon)
• Fiction about Halley's Comet
• Novels by Arthur C. Clarke
• Space Odyssey
• Novels set in the 2060s

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