| Most recent season or competition: 2025 EFL play-offs | |
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| Sport | Football |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1987 |
| No. of teams | 12 (4 per division) |
| Region | England Wales |
| Most recent champions | Leeds United (2nd title) |
| Most titles | Blackpool (6 titles) |
| Broadcasters |
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| Streaming partners | |
| Official website | EFL Play-offs |
TheEnglish Football League (EFL) play-offs are a series ofplay-off matches contested by fourassociation football teams finishing immediately below the automaticpromotion places in the second, third and fourth tiers of theEnglish football league system, namely theEFL Championship,EFL League One andEFL League Two.
As of 2022[update], the play-offs comprise two semi-finals, each conducted as atwo-legged tie with games played at each side's home ground. Theaggregate winners of the semi-finals progress to the final, which is contested atWembley Stadium; the victorious side is promoted to the league above, and the runners-up remain in the same division. In the event of drawn ties or finals,extra time followed by apenalty shoot-out are employed as necessary.
The play-offs were introduced to theEnglish Football League in 1987 and have been staged at the conclusion of every season since. The first three play-off seasons saw the finals also being conducted over two legs, on a home-and-away basis. Since 1990 the winners of each division's play-off competition have been determined in a one-off final. The venue for the final was theoriginal Wembley Stadium for ten years before being moved to theMillennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, during Wembley's reconstruction, between 2000 and 2006. Since then, the finals have taken place at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium every year with the exception of2011, when the third- and fourth-tier finals were hosted atOld Trafford as a result of a clash of fixtures withthat year's UEFA Champions League final. The highest attendance for a championship final was in the2013–14 season, whenQPR beatDerby County 1–0 before a crowd of 87,348. The play-off finals took placebehind closed doors in the2020 season as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic, while a restricted attendance watchedthe following season's finals.
In 2020,Deloitte reported that the club winning the Championship play-off final could expect a financial bonus of between £135 million and £265 million. This has led to the second-tier play-off final being variously described as "one of the most lucrative games in all of football" and "the richest game in football".
In 2022, VAR was introduced to all 3 of the finals at Wembley.
The mid-1980s saw a decline in attendances at football matches and public disenchantment with English football. A number of instances of violence and tragedy struck the game. In March 1985 at the semi-final of the1984–85 Football League Cup betweenChelsea andSunderland more than 100 people were arrested after various invasions of theStamford Bridge pitch and more than 40 people, including 20 policemen, were injured.[1] Nine days later,violence flared at theFA Cup match betweenMillwall andLuton Town: seats were used as missiles against the police and Luton Town subsequently banned away supporters.[2] On 11 May, 56 people were killed and 265 injured in theBradford City stadium fire and less than three weeks later, 39 supporters died and more than 600 were injured in theHeysel Stadium disaster whileLiverpool were playingJuventus in theEuropean Cup final.[3]
In an attempt to persuade fans to return to the stadia, the Football League had rejected a £19 million television deal to broadcast matches live on theBBC andITV before the1985–86 Football League season, with League presidentJack Dunnett suggesting that "football is prepared to have a year or two with no television".[4] In December 1985 a ten-point plan was agreed which aimed to revitalise the financial affairs of the league. This "Heathrow Agreement" included a structural reorganisation of the league, reducing the top tier from 22 clubs to 20, and the introduction of play-offs to facilitate the change.[5] The play-offs were brought in at the end of the1986–87 Football League season.[6] They were initially introduced for two years, with the provision that if they were successful with the general public they would be retained permanently.[7]
For the first two seasons after the play-offs were inaugurated, the semi-finals were played between the three sides finishing below the automaticpromotion places and the team one place above the relegation zone in the division above.[6]
As of 2021[update], the English Football League play-offs involve the four teams that finish directly below the automaticpromotion places in each of theChampionship,League One andLeague Two (the second, third, and fourth tiers of theEnglish football league system). These teams meet in a series of play-off matches to determine the final team that will be promoted. The best-ranked team that fails to get automatically promoted plays the worst team that makes the playoffs while the other two teams play against each other, both in atwo-legged tie: these matches are referred to as the "play-off semi-finals". The first leg between two teams in the semi-finals is played at the ground of the lower-position team in the league, while the second leg takes place at the higher-ranking side's ground. According to theEFL, "this is designed to give the highest finishing team anadvantage".[8]
The winner of each semi-final is determined by theaggregate score of the two legs. If the two teams are level on goals at the end of the regular 90 minutes of the second leg, the match goes intoextra time, two 15-minute halves being played. If the score remains level at the end of extra time, the tie is decided by apenalty shootout. Theaway goals rule does not apply in the play-off semi-finals.[8] The two semi-final winners then meet atWembley Stadium, aneutral venue, for a one-off match referred to as the "play-off final". If required, extra time and a penalty shootout can be employed in the same manner as for the semi-finals to determine the winner. The runner-up and losing semi-finalists remain in the same league while the winning side are promoted.[8]
| Years | Second tier | Third tier | Fourth tier |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1987–1992 | Football League Second Division play-offs | Football League Third Division play-offs | Football League Fourth Division play-offs |
| 1993–2004 | Football League First Division play-offs | Football League Second Division play-offs | Football League Third Division play-offs |
| 2005–2015 | Football League Championship play-offs | Football League One play-offs | Football League Two play-offs |
| 2016–present | EFL Championship play-offs | EFL League One play-offs | EFL League Two play-offs |
During the first two stagings of the play-offs in 1987 and 1988, the four teams involved were the three clubs that finished directly below the automatic promotions positions, plus the club which finished directly above the automatic relegation places in the division above, similar to theFootball League test matches of the 1890s. These play-offs were part of the league's two-season-long restructuring to reduce the number of teams in the top tier from 22 to 20 while increasing the number in the lower divisions to create three divisions of 24 clubs. During these seasons, only one club that entered the play-offs in a relegation place managed to win the play-offs and thereby retain their divisional status,Charlton Athletic in 1987.
In the seasons prior to the 1990 play-offs, the finals were two-legged ties with both teams hosting the other once. If the two teams could not be separated, a tie-breaker was then staged at a neutral venue. This was used on three occasions: the 1987 Second Division final was played atBirmingham City'sSt. Andrews; the 1987 Third Division final was played atCrystal Palace'sSelhurst Park; and the 1988 Third Division final was played atWalsall'sFellows Park (though this was not a neutral venue, as Walsall was one of the clubs involved).
Before the1999–2000 season away goals were used as a tie-breaker after extra time had been played, but this was abolished following a club initiative launched by then-Ipswich Town chairmanDavid Sheepshanks, after his club had twice lost on away goals in 1997 and 1999. Since then away goals have played no part in the play-off system.[9]
In 2003 Crystal Palace chief executivePhil Alexander proposed a change to the format of the play-offs. Alexander recommended expanding the number of teams in each play-off series from four to six, providing more clubs with a chance at promotion. Additionally, the two-legged semi-finals would have been replaced by one-off quarter-final and semi-final games, both of which would givehome advantage to the team that finished higher during the league season. The two highest placed clubs in the play-off series would advance directly to the semi-final, while the other four clubs would contest the quarter-final.[10] The proposed changes were narrowly approved by Football League chairmen and were set to be voted upon at the league'sannual general meeting.[11] However, the motion was withdrawn because of objections from thePremier League and theFootball Association.[12]
| Years | Venue |
|---|---|
| 1987–1989 | Home and away |
| 1990–2000 | Wembley Stadium (former) |
| 2001–2006 | Millennium Stadium |
| 2007–2010 | Wembley Stadium |
| 2011 | Wembley Stadium/Old Trafford |
| 2012–Present | Wembley Stadium |
Throughout the history of the English Football League play-offs, the semi-finals have been conducted as two-legged matches played at the two stadia of the competing teams, less than a week apart. Between the1987 and1989 play-offs, the finals were also played on a home-and-away basis over two matches, occasionally with a replay being required: in the1988 Football League Third Division play-off final, the aggregate score after the two legs betweenWalsall andBristol City was 3–3, so a penalty shoot-out was used to determine which side would host the replay. Walsall won 4–2 and earned the right to play the deciding match at their home ground,Fellows Park,[13] where they triumphed 4–0.[14]
From the1990 play-offs, each play-off final was a single match, which was hosted atthe original Wembley Stadium. Typically, the finals of the three divisions took place, one match per day, across the secondbank holiday weekend in May.[15] During that first "Wembley Weekend" in 1990, spectators totalled almost 130,000, including nearly 73,000 for theSecond Division final betweenSwindon Town andSunderland. This was markedly greater than the largest crowd during the1989–90 First Division season, around 47,000, atOld Trafford to watchManchester United againstArsenal, and roughly the same as the attendance at the1990 FIFA World Cup Final.[16] All of the second tier play-off finals played between 1990 and 1999 attracted crowds in excess of 55,000, with half of them seeing more than 70,000 in attendance.[17] During that period, the record attendance for the third-tier decider came at the1999 Second Division play-off final, when 76,935 people watchedManchester City beatGillingham in a penalty shoot-out after scoring twice in the final two minutes to force the match into extra time.[18] The former Wembley Stadium record for attendance in the fourth tier play-off final came in1997 when a crowd of 46,804 witnessedNorthampton Town'sJohn Frain score in the last minute of the match to beatSwansea City 1–0.[19]
The play-off finals were held outside England for the first time from the2000 season. Due to the redevelopment of Wembley Stadium, along with theFA Cup Final, they were hosted by theMillennium Stadium inCardiff,Wales.[20] Teams who prepared for matches, including in cup competitions, in the south changing room went undefeated in twelve consecutive games; however, the "jinx" was broken in the2002 Second Division play-off final, whenStoke City beatBrentford after having used the north changing room.[21][22] Attendances continued to be high at the Welsh national stadium, with the second tier finals attracting more than 65,000 spectators on all but one occasion and the2003 third tier final watched by 66,096 people whenCardiff City beatQueens Park Rangers 1–0 with an extra-time goal fromAndy Campbell.[23]
The play-off finals returned to Wembley Stadium for the first time after its reconstruction in the2007 season, and over the next five seasons attendances improved further. The2007 fourth tier play-off final betweenBristol Rovers andShrewsbury Town drew a crowd of 61,589,[24] while 75,132 people watchedDoncaster Rovers beatLeeds United 1–0 in the2008 Football League One play-off final.[25] The same season saw 86,703 in attendance at theChampionship play-off final in whichHull City beat Bristol City 1–0.[25] Owing to the2011 UEFA Champions League Final being held at Wembley Stadium on 28 May 2011, it was confirmed in January 2011 that Wembley would host the Championship play-off final on 30 May, whileOld Trafford would host the League Two and League One finals on the preceding two days.[26] From the2012 final onwards, the final matches for all three divisions have been at Wembley. For the2020 finals, all three games were delayed until August and playedbehind closed doors, with an official attendance of zero, because of theCOVID-19 pandemic.[27][28][29]The following season, a restricted number of supporters were allowed to attend the finals.[30] That year theChampionship play-off final was watched by 11,689 spectators,[31] while the third and fourth tier finals both saw crowds of under 10,000.[32][33]
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The significant financial boost from winning the Championship play-off final has led to it being described as "one of the most lucrative games in all of football", and "the richest game in soccer".[37][38] AccountantsDeloitte described the 2020 final as the "contest for biggest financial prize in world football" with promotion worth at least £135 million in the first season after promotion and an additional £130 million the following season should an immediate relegation be avoided.[39][40][41] However, by convention the two finalists agree that the loser will keep all thegate receipts from the game, to slightly soften the financial blow of missing out.[42][43]
As the gulf in financial power between clubs in the Premier League and the Championship widened, in the 2006-07 seasonparachute payments were introduced to reduce the impact of relegation. Thus for two seasons following relegation a club would receive half of the per-club Premier League basic television money. As a result, should the Championship play-off winners be relegated in their first season in the Premier League, as of 2020[update] they would still receive a total of around £75 million in "parachute payments" over the next two seasons.[39] The parachute payments were intended to lower the risk of a club going intoadministration because of the high cost base (mainly player wages) they brought from the higher division.[44]
The financial value of winning the EFL League One play-off is the additional remuneration clubs receive in the Championship. As of 2018[update] clubs in the third tier receive around £1.4 million, comprising a "basic award" and a "solidarity" payment, the latter of which is funded by thePremier League to help mitigate concerns about the impact the parachute payments might have to the competitive balance of the league.[45] In the second tier, the total funding rises to around £7 million, a fivefold increase in revenue.[46][47] Similarly the financial benefit of winning the lower league play-offs is derived from the additional remuneration clubs receive in the league above. For example, as of 2020[update], clubs in League One receive around £675,000 from the Premier League as a "core club" payment compared to £450,000 in League Two.[48][49] The winners of each final also receive a trophy.[50][51][52][53]
| Year | Link to play-off article for specified year |
|---|---|
| Winner (X) | Team that won play-off final, (X) indicates cumulative number of play-off final victories |
| Score | Link to play-off final article for the specified match |
| ^ | Final played over two legs |
| R | Final decided by areplay |
| a.e.t. | Final went toextra time |
| pen. | Final decided by apenalty shoot-out |
| Runner-up | Team that lost play-off final |