Elections were held in the United States on November 4, 2025. Theoff-year election includedgubernatorial andstate legislative elections in a few states, as well as numerousmayoral races and a variety of other local offices on the ballot.Special elections to theUnited States Congress for newly vacant seats also took place.
In what was widely described as a "blue wave " election,Democrats both flipped thegovernorship of Virginia and held onto thegovernorship of New Jersey by landslide margins,flipped 13 seats in theVirginia House of Delegates ,flipped 5 seats in theNew Jersey General Assembly (reaching asupermajority in the chamber), scored adecisive redistricting referendum victory inCalifornia , and won several other down-ballot statewide races inVirginia ,Pennsylvania andGeorgia . InNew York City , Democrat and self-identifieddemocratic socialist Zohran Mamdani won a three-way race in themayoral election .
Democratic success in this election was driven by widespread concern over theeconomy . Voters felt that PresidentDonald Trump was failing to deliver onhis 2024 campaign promises of economic renewal from the2021–2023 inflation surge . Many voters also felt that Trump’ssweeping tariffs were worsening the state of the economy.[ 1] Northern Virginia is home to many federal government workers who suffered either from themass layoffs ordered by Trump andElon Musk with theDepartment of Government Efficiency throughout the year or theconcurrent federal government shutdown .[ 2]
Hispanic voters swung hard to the Democratic Party after a string of rightward shifts towards theRepublican Party starting in2020 , calling into question a perceived politicalrealignment among the constituency. Some Hispanic voters expressed frustration during and after the election with Trump’s handling of the economy andICE 'saggressive deportations under his administration.[ 3] [ 4]
Several elections also took place throughout the year, notably on April 1, 2025, which included anelection for the Wisconsin Supreme Court and two special elections for theUnited States House of Representatives in Florida's1st and6th congressional districts.[ 5]
House of Representatives [ edit ] Six special elections were held in 2025 to fill vacancies during the119th U.S. Congress .
Special elections for the two Florida seats were held on April 1. The Virginia special election was held on September 9. The Arizona special election was held on September 23. The special election in Texas was held on November 4.[ a]
Congressional district 2025PVI [ 6] Previous member Previous party Vacant since Reason for vacancy Replacement election Elected member Elected party status Arizona's 7th D+13 Raúl Grijalva Democratic March 13, 2025 Died[ 7] September 23, 2025 Adelita Grijalva Democratic hold Florida's 1st R+18 Matt Gaetz Republican November 13, 2024 Resigned during the previous Congress, chose not to assume seat April 1, 2025 Jimmy Patronis Republican hold Florida's 6th R+14 Mike Waltz Republican January 20, 2025 Resigned to serve asNational Security Advisor [ 8] April 1, 2025 Randy Fine Republican hold Tennessee's 7th R+10 Mark Green Republican July 20, 2025 Resigned[ 9] December 2, 2025 Matt Van Epps Republican hold Texas's 18th D+21 Sylvester Turner Democratic March 5, 2025 Died[ 10] November 4, 2025[ a] Christian Menefee Democratic hold Virginia's 11th D+18 Gerry Connolly Democratic May 21, 2025 Died[ 11] September 9, 2025 James Walkinshaw Democratic hold
Two states held gubernatorial elections in 2025:
Lieutenant gubernatorial [ edit ] One state held a lieutenant governor election in 2025:
One state held an attorney general election in 2025:
Two states held supreme court elections in 2025. One occurred on April 1, and the other on November 4.
One state held a superintendent election in 2025:
Wisconsin : One-term incumbentJill Underly ran for re-election in 2025.[ 23] [ 24] Public Service Commission [ edit ] One state held special elections for Public Service Commission in 2025:
Legislative elections were held for thelower house of theNew Jersey Legislature , and thelower house of theVirginia General Assembly .
There were also 97 state legislativespecial elections .
30 ballot measures in 9 states were held in 2025, 24 of which were decided at the November general election.[ 28]
Many U.S. cities held mayoral elections in 2025, including the following:
Albany, New York : Incumbent DemocratKathy Sheehan retired.[ 42] Dorcey Applyrs was elected.Democratic hold. Annapolis, Maryland : Incumbent DemocratGavin Buckley was ineligible to run for re-election due toterm limits . Democrat Jared Littmann was elected.Democratic hold. Billings, Montana : IncumbentBill Cole was ineligible to run for re-election due toterm limits .Mike Nelson was elected.[ 43] Dearborn Heights, Michigan : Incumbent RepublicanBill Bazzi was not running for re-election. Democrat Mo Baydoun was elected.Democratic gain. Detroit, Michigan : Incumbent IndependentMike Duggan retired.[ 44] Mary Sheffield was elected.Democratic gain. Fort Collins, Colorado : Incumbent Forward DemocratJeni Arndt retired.[ 45] Democratic hold. Garland, Texas : Incumbent Republican Scott LeMay was ineligible to run for re-election due toterm limits . Dylan Hedrick was elected.[ 46] Greensboro, North Carolina : Incumbent DemocratNancy Vaughan retired.[ 47] Democratic hold. Gulfport, Mississippi : Incumbent RepublicanBilly Hewes retired.[ 48] Democratic member of theMississippi House of Representatives Sonya Williams-Barnes .[ 49] Republican hold. Helena, Montana : IncumbentWilmot Collins retired.[ 50] Kansas City, Kansas : Incumbent DemocratTyrone Garner retired.[ 51] Democratic hold. Kalispell, Montana : Incumbent Mark Johnson retired.[ 52] [ 53] Mobile, Alabama : Incumbent RepublicanSandy Stimpson retired.[ 54] Spiro Cheriogotis was elected.Republican hold. New Orleans, Louisiana : Incumbent DemocratLaToya Cantrell was ineligible to run for re-election due to term limits. Member of theNew Orleans City Council Helena Moreno was elected.[ 55] Democratic hold. New York City, New York : Incumbent DemocratEric Adams retired.[ 56] New York State Assembly memberZohran Mamdani was elected.Democratic hold. Oakland, California (special) : Interim incumbent DemocratKevin Jenkins did not run for a full term.[ 57] Barbara Lee was elected.[ 58] Democratic hold. San Antonio, Texas : Incumbent IndependentRon Nirenberg was ineligible to run for re-election due toterm limits . DemocratGina Ortiz Jones , formerunder secretary of the Air Force was elected, beating formerRepublican Secretary of State of Texas Rolando Pablos .[ 59] Democratic gain. Santa Fe, New Mexico : Incumbent DemocratAlan Webber retired. Michael Garcia was elected.[ 60] Democratic hold. Springfield, Missouri : Incumbent Republican[ 61] Ken McClure retired. Jeff Schrag was elected.[ 62] Republican hold. Syracuse, New York : Incumbent IndependentBen Walsh was ineligible to run for re-election due toterm limits . DemocratSharon Owens was elected.Democratic gain. Topeka, Kansas : Incumbent DemocratMike Padilla retired.[ 63] Democratic hold. White Plains, New York : IncumbentTom Roach retired to run for Westchester County clerk. City councilmemberJustin Brasch was elected.[ 64] Democratic hold. Incumbents defeated [ edit ] Aurora, Illinois : Incumbent RepublicanRichard Irvin lost re-election to Democratic AldermanJohn Laesch .[ 65] Democratic gain. Bloomington, Illinois: Incumbent IndependentMboka Mwilambwe lost re-election to former Republican State RepresentativeDan Brady .[ 66] Republican gain. Buffalo, New York : Acting incumbent DemocratChristopher Scanlon lost the Democratic primary to State SenatorSean Ryan ,[ 67] Democratic hold. Dayton, Ohio : Incumbent DemocratJeff Mims lost re-election to Democratic City CommissionerShenise Turner-Sloss .Democratic hold. Erie, Pennsylvania : Incumbent DemocratJoe Schember lost renomination toDaria Devlin who won the general election.[ 68] [ 69] [ 70] Democratic hold. Fairbanks, Alaska : Incumbent Republican David Pruhs lost re-election to Democrat Mindy O'Neall.Democratic gain. [ 71] Hialeah, Florida : Interim incumbent Republican Jacqueline Garcia-Roves lost re-election to Republican Bryan Calvo.Republican hold. Jackson, Mississippi : Incumbent DemocratChokwe Antar Lumumba lost renomination in the primary to State SenatorJohn Horhn , who went on to win the general election.[ 72] [ 73] [ 74] Democratic hold. Norman, Oklahoma : Incumbent Republican Larry Heikkila lost re-election to Democrat[ 75] [ 76] [ 77] Democratic gain. Omaha, Nebraska : Incumbent RepublicanJean Stothert lost re-election to DemocratJohn Ewing Jr. .Democratic gain. [ 78] Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : Incumbent DemocratEd Gainey lost re-election in the primary to DemocratCorey O'Connor ,[ 79] Democratic hold. Richardson, Texas: Incumbent Bob Dubey lost re-election to DemocratAmir Omar .[ 80] Democratic gain. Roswell, Georgia : Incumbent mayor Republican[ 81] Mary Robichaux after being forced to a runoff[ 82] Democratic gain. Seattle, Washington : Incumbent DemocratBruce Harrell lost re-election to DemocratKatie Wilson .[ 83] [ 84] Democratic hold. St. Louis, Missouri : Incumbent DemocratTishaura Jones lost re-election to DemocratCara Spencer in the general election.[ 85] Democratic hold. St. Paul, Minnesota : Incumbent Democrat-Farmer-LaborMelvin Carter lost re-election to Democrat-Farmer-LaborKaohly Her .[ 86] Democratic hold. Stratford, Connecticut : Incumbent RepublicanLaura Hoydick lost re-election to Democrat David Chess.[ 87] Democratic gain. Incumbents re-elected [ edit ] Allentown, Pennsylvania : Incumbent DemocratMatthew Tuerk was re-elected to a second term.[ 88] Atlanta, Georgia : Incumbent DemocratAndre Dickens was re-elected to a second term.[ 89] Atlantic City, New Jersey : Incumbent DemocratMarty Small Sr. was re-elected to a second term.[ 90] Biloxi, Mississippi : Incumbent Republican Andrew Gilich was re-elected to a third term.[ 91] [ 92] Birmingham, Alabama : Incumbent DemocratRandall Woodfin was re-elected to a third term.[ 93] Boston, Massachusetts : Incumbent DemocratMichelle Wu was re-elected to a second term.[ 94] Cedar Rapids, Iowa : Incumbent Republican Tiffany O'Donnell was re-elected to a second term.[ 95] Charlotte, North Carolina : Incumbent DemocratVi Lyles was re-elected to a fifth term.[ 96] Chattanooga, Tennessee : Incumbent IndependentTim Kelly was re-elected to a second term.[ 97] [ 98] Cincinnati, Ohio : Incumbent DemocratAftab Pureval was re-elected to a second term.[ 99] Cleveland, Ohio : Incumbent DemocratJustin Bibb was re-elected to a second term.[ 100] Columbia, Missouri : IncumbentBarbara Buffaloe was re-elected to a second term.[ 101] [ 102] Columbia, South Carolina : Incumbent RepublicanDaniel Rickenmann was re-elected to a second term.[ 103] Concord, New Hampshire : Incumbent Democrat Byron Champlin was re-elected to a second term.[ 104] Dearborn, Michigan : Incumbent DemocratAbdullah Hammoud was re-elected to a second term.Durham, North Carolina : Incumbent DemocratLeonardo Williams was re-elected to a second term.[ 105] Fayetteville, North Carolina : Incumbent DemocratMitch Colvin was re-elected to a second term.[ 106] Fort Worth, Texas : Incumbent RepublicanMattie Parker was re-elected to a third term.[ 107] [ 108] Harrisburg, Pennsylvania : Incumbent DemocratWanda Williams was re-elected to a second term.[ 109] Lansing, Michigan : Incumbent DemocratAndy Schor was re-elected to a third term.[ 110] Manchester, New Hampshire : Incumbent RepublicanJay Ruais was re-elected to a second term.[ 111] Minneapolis, Minnesota : IncumbentDemocratic–Farmer–Labor candidateJacob Frey was re-elected to a third term.[ 112] Missoula, Montana : Incumbent Andrea Davis was re-elected to a second term.[ 113] New Haven, Connecticut : Incumbent DemocratJustin Elicker was re-elected to a second term.[ 114] Rochester, New York : Incumbent DemocratMalik Evans was re-elected to a second term.[ 115] Saratoga Springs, New York : Incumbent Republican John Safford was re-elected to a second term.[ 116] Scranton, Pennsylvania : Incumbent DemocratPaige Cognetti was re-elected to a second term.Stamford, Connecticut : Incumbent DemocratCaroline Simmons was re-elected to a second term.[ 117] Sterling Heights, Michigan : Incumbent Independent Michael C. Taylor was re-elected to a fourth term.[ 118] Toledo, Ohio : Incumbent DemocratWade Kapszukiewicz was re-elected to a third term.[ 119] Tupelo, Mississippi : Incumbent RepublicanTodd Jordan was re-elected to a second term.[ 120] Tuscaloosa, Alabama : Incumbent DemocratWalt Maddox was re-elected to a sixth term.[ 121] Other municipal elections [ edit ] Boston, Massachusetts:City Council Bloomington, Minnesota:City Council ,school board Charlotte, North Carolina:City Council Cleveland, Ohio:City Council Columbus, Ohio:City Council ,Columbus City Schools Board of Education Knoxville, Tennessee:City Council Manchester, New Hampshire: Board of Mayor and Aldermen Minneapolis, Minnesota:City Council ,other municipal offices New York, New York:Comptroller ,Public Advocate ,City Council ,borough presidents Seattle, Washington:City Council ,City Attorney Allegheny County, Pennsylvania :County council Democratic hold. Bucks County, Pennsylvania Dane County, Wisconsin :County executive Democratic hold. Delaware County, Pennsylvania Erie County, Pennsylvania :2025 Erie County, Pennsylvania Executive election . Incumbent Republican Brenton Davis lost re-election to Democrat Christina Vogel.Democratic gain. Hudson County, New Jersey :Sheriff Democratic gain. Jackson County, Missouri : DemocratFrank White wasrecalled . FormerKansas City MayorKay Barnes was appointed as interim County Executive for 30 days.[ 122] King County, Washington :County Executive Democratic hold. Lehigh County, Pennsylvania :County Executive andCounty council .Democratic hold. Nassau County, New York :County Executive ,District Attorney , andCounty legislature Republican hold. Northampton County, Pennsylvania :2025 Northampton County Executive election County Controller Tara Zriniski (D) faces county councilman Tom Giovanni (R).Democratic hold. Orange County, New York :County Executive Republican hold. Prince George's County, Maryland :County executive (special) Aisha Braveboy was elected over Jonathan White in a landslide.[ 123] Democratic hold. Rensselaer County, New York :County Executive Republican hold. Westchester County, New York :County Executive , preceded byFebruary special election Democratic hold. Winnebago County, Wisconsin :County Executive Democratic gain. ^ Goldmacher, Shane (November 5, 2025)."Elections Show Trump's Edge on the Economy Slipping" .The New York Times . RetrievedNovember 5, 2025 . ^ Flynn, Meagan; Cox, Erin (November 5, 2025)."Five takeaways from Virginia's general election" .The Washington Post . RetrievedNovember 5, 2025 . ^ Waddick, Karissa (November 7, 2025)."Republicans are losing this key voting bloc. Here's why" .USA Today . RetrievedNovember 7, 2025 . ^ Paz, Christian (November 5, 2025)."Republicans may have a Latino problem (again)" .Vox . 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RetrievedDecember 29, 2025 . ^ Lupiani, Joyce (August 18, 2025)."South Fulton mayor apparently changes mind, running for re-election" .fox5atlanta.com . Fox 5 Atlanta. RetrievedOctober 2, 2025 . ^ "Election Results" .results.sos.ga.gov . RetrievedNovember 13, 2025 .^ Daniel, Sam (November 5, 2025)."Controversial mayor out of running as South Fulton mayoral race heads to runoff" .FOX 5 Atlanta . RetrievedNovember 13, 2025 . ^ "McLaughlin joins the 2025 race for Albany mayor" .Spectrum News 1 Capital Region ^ Erickson, Kay (November 5, 2025)."Mike Nelson elected as next Mayor for Billings" .ypradio.org . ^ Afana, Dana (November 13, 2024)."Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan won't run for 4th term, keeps plans for future secret" .Detroit Free Press Archived from the original on November 13, 2024. RetrievedNovember 16, 2024 . ^ Powell, Rebecca."Jeni Arndt won't run for third term as Fort Collins mayor" .Fort Collins Coloradoan . RetrievedDecember 7, 2025 . ^ Rice, Priscilla (June 8, 2025)."Garland voters appear to elect former city council member Dylan Hedrick as mayor" .KERA News . ^ Reynolds, Dolan; Lundy, Justin (May 7, 2024)."Greensboro Mayor Nancy Vaughan not running for reelection" .FOX8 WGHP .WGHP . RetrievedNovember 16, 2024 . ^ Krauss, Ethan (June 3, 2024)."Gulfport Mayor Billy Hewes not seeking fourth term as mayor" .WXXV News 25 . RetrievedJune 9, 2024 . ^ "Hugh Keating elected as next Gulfport mayor" .WLOX . June 4, 2025.^ Compton, Christine (April 9, 2025)."Commissioner Emily Dean to run for Helena mayor, Mayor Collins endorses her" .Independent Record . RetrievedApril 27, 2025 . ^ Lukitsch, Bill (November 19, 2024)."Kansas City, Kansas, Mayor Tyrone Garner not seeking 2nd term, opening contest for 2025" .The Kansas City Star . RetrievedNovember 6, 2025 . ^ Rison, Sadie (January 24, 2025)."Kalispell mayor announces he will not run for another term" .KECI . RetrievedNovember 17, 2025 . ^ SHIELDS, HANNAH (November 5, 2025)."Ryan Hunter elected as Kalispell's next mayor, Flathead County jail bond passes" .Daily Inter Lake . RetrievedNovember 17, 2025 . ^ Brantley, Mike (September 25, 2024)."Mobile Mayor Sandy Stimpson will not seek reelection in 2025" . RetrievedNovember 20, 2024 . ^ "Helena Moreno Makes History as New Orleans' First Hispanic Mayor" .Azat TV . October 12, 2025.^ Egwuonwu, Nnmandi (September 28, 2025)."Eric Adams drops out of the New York city mayoral race" .NBC News . RetrievedSeptember 28, 2025 . ^ Natalie Orenstein; Eli Wolfe; Darwin BondGraham (November 13, 2024)."Who is running for Oakland mayor after Sheng Thao's recall?" .The Oaklandside . RetrievedNovember 20, 2024 . ^ "Barbara Lee wins tight race to become Oakland's next mayor-elect with Loren Taylor conceding" . April 19, 2025.^ Andrea Drusch (June 8, 2025)."Air Force veteran Gina Ortiz Jones wins runoff race for San Antonio mayor" .The Texas Tribune . ^ dchacon@sfnewmexican.com, Carina Julig and Daniel J. Chacón cjulig@sfnewmexican com (November 4, 2025)." .Santa Fe New Mexican . RetrievedNovember 13, 2025 . ^ Slevin, Peter (August 16, 2021)."State Republicans Are Gambling with the Delta Surge" .The New Yorker . RetrievedOctober 3, 2025 . ^ Holman, Gregory (April 9, 2025)."With 8,702 votes, business leader Jeff Schrag elected mayor of Missouri's third-largest city" .ksmu.org . KSMU. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025 . ^ Bickley, Madison; Anderson, Phil (February 25, 2025)."Topeka Mayor Mike Padilla announces he won't seek re-election" .www.wibw.com . ^ "White Plains elects new mayor for first time in 14 years" .^ "Aurora mayoral election: Two-term incumbent Richard Irvin concedes race to challenger John Laesch" .ABC7 Chicago . April 1, 2025. RetrievedApril 6, 2025 .^ "Dan Brady pledges a 'safer, stronger Bloomington' as mayor while Mboka Mwilambwe finishes 3rd" .WGLT . April 2, 2025. RetrievedApril 6, 2025 .^ Gans, Jared."Acting Buffalo mayor loses Democratic primary" .thehill.com . The Hill. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025 . ^ "Daria Devlin Elected as City of Erie's Next Mayor" .Erie News Now . November 4, 2025.^ "Daria Devlin Secures Democratic Primary Victory for Mayor of Erie, Defeating Two-Term Incumbent" .^ Flowers, Kevin."Erie School Board's Devlin to challenge incumbent Dem Schember in May 2025 mayoral primary" .Erie Times-News . RetrievedNovember 20, 2024 . ^ Parks, Molly (October 8, 2025)."Democrat Mindy O'Neall ousts Fairbanks Republican David Pruhs" .Washington Examiner . RetrievedNovember 3, 2025 . ^ "Horhn is projected winner of Jackson Democratic mayoral primary runoff" .WJTV .^ Warren, Anthony; Fields, Christopher (January 31, 2025)."Jackson Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba seeking third term" .www.wlbt.com . ^ Corder, Frank (June 4, 2025)."Democrats have good night in Mississippi mayor elections" . ^ "Facebook" .www.facebook.com . RetrievedApril 24, 2025 .^ McGuigan, Patrick B. (February 10, 2025)."Norman mayoral race features the incumbent, and two challengers -- a veteran city council member and a well-known lawyer" .Oklahoma City Sentinel . RetrievedFebruary 27, 2025 . ^ "Stephen Tyler Holman defeats Larry Heikkila, Riley Mulinix for Norman mayor" . February 11, 2025.^ Sanderford, Aaron (March 26, 2024)."Stothert running for a record fourth term as Omaha mayor" .Nebraska Examiner . RetrievedNovember 16, 2024 . ^ "Gainey launches bid for second term as Pittsburgh's mayor" .WESA (FM) . RetrievedNovember 11, 2024 .^ Kite, Amber (May 4, 2025)."Amir Omar defeats incumbent Bob Dubey to become mayor of Richardson" .KDFW Fox News . RetrievedMay 26, 2025 . ^ Northam, Mitchell."Former 6th District candidate drops out of N. Fulton city's mayor race" .Atlanta Journal Constitution .Archived from the original on December 17, 2025. RetrievedDecember 30, 2025 . ^ Yahne, Hannah (November 5, 2025)."Robichaux, Wilson head to runoff in Roswell mayoral race" .Appen Media . RetrievedNovember 6, 2025 . ^ Kroman, David (December 9, 2024)."Seattle Mayor Bruce Harrell running for reelection" .The Seattle Times . RetrievedDecember 10, 2024 . ^ Hall, Seattle City; Council, focusing on the City; mayor; Office, City Attorney’s; Agencies, Other City (November 12, 2025)."Katie Wilson elected Seattle's next mayor" .The Seattle Times . RetrievedNovember 13, 2025 . ^ Banker, Andy (May 16, 2024)."Tishaura Jones aims for second term as St. Louis mayor" .KTVI . 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RetrievedOctober 2, 2025 . ^ Pappas, Steven (January 10, 2025)."Rochester Mayor Malik Evans launches reelection bid" .WHAM . ^ "Re-Elect Mayor John Safford: Saratoga Springs" .Safford for Mayor . RetrievedOctober 1, 2025 .^ Fedor, Tyler (March 13, 2025)."Stamford Mayor Caroline Simmons running for reelection" .Stamford Advocate Hearst Communications . RetrievedApril 14, 2025 . ^ Snabes, Anne."Michael Taylor and Laura Kropp reelected mayors of Sterling Heights and Mount Clemens" .The Detroit News . RetrievedNovember 5, 2025 . ^ Ludwig, Karmann (November 6, 2024)."Toledo mayor announces he will seek third term in office" .WTOL . RetrievedNovember 16, 2024 . ^ Martin, Allie (January 17, 2025)."Todd Jordan qualifies for second term as Tupelo Mayor" .WCBI . RetrievedFebruary 21, 2025 . ^ "ArcGIS Dashboards" .^ Ketz, Kris (October 2, 2025)."Kay Barnes named interim Jackson County executive after Frank White recall" .kmbc.com . KMBC 9. RetrievedOctober 6, 2025 . ^ Gonzalez, John; Rodgers, Winston (June 4, 2025)."Aisha Braveboy wins Prince George's County Executive seat in landslide victory" .wjla.com . ABC 7. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025 . ^a b Since no candidate received a majority of the vote in the nonpartisan primary, a runoff election was held on January 31, 2026.
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