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2025 Bolivian general election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2025 Bolivian general election
← 2020
2030 →
Presidential election
17 August 2025
19 October 2025 (runoff)
Turnout86.95% (first round)Decrease 1.47pp
85.32% (second round)Decrease 1.63pp
 
NomineeRodrigo Paz PereiraJorge Quiroga
PartyPDCIndependent
Alliance—Libre
Running mateEdmand LaraJuan Pablo Velasco
Popular vote3,519,5342,884,661
Percentage54.96%45.04%
Results by department (first round)
Results by department (second round)
Results by municipality (first round)
President before election

Luis Arce
MAS-IPSP

ElectedPresident

Rodrigo Paz Pereira
PDC

Chamber of Deputies
17 August 2025
All 130 seats in theChamber of Deputies
66 seats needed for a majority
PartySeats+/–
PDC

49
Libre

39
Unity

26New
AP

8New
APB Súmate

5New
MAS-IPSP

2−73
BIA-YUQUI

1+1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chamber of Senators
17 August 2025
All 36 seats in theChamber of Senators
19 seats needed for a majority
PartyVote %Seats+/–
PDC

32.1516
Libre

26.6812
Unity

19.857New
APB Súmate

6.641New
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

General elections were held inBolivia on 17 August 2025 to elect thepresident,vice president, and all members of thePlurinational Legislative Assembly. Incumbent presidentLuis Arce of the rulingMovimiento al Socialismo (MAS-IPSP) did not seek reelection, amid internal party divisions and widespread dissatisfaction over shortages of essential goods. No candidate secured a majority in the presidential election, leading to arunoff on 19 October 2025 between SenatorRodrigo Paz Pereira of theChristian Democratic Party (PDC) and former presidentJorge Quiroga ofLibre. Paz Pereira won with 55.0% of the vote, marking the first time in Bolivian history that the presidency changed hands through a runoff election and ending two decades of MAS dominance. Incumbent party MAS suffered historic losses, retaining only two seats in theChamber of Deputies and losing all seats in theSenate.[1]

Background

[edit]
See also:2024 Bolivian protests

The election was held amid a schism within the rulingMovimiento al Socialismo (MAS) between incumbent presidentLuis Arce and former presidentEvo Morales. The former allies fell out after Arce'selection in 2020, when Morales—returning from exile following thepolitical unrest triggered by hiscontested reelection bid—sought to regain control of the party.[2] Public dissatisfaction with the Arce government was further spurred by shortages of essential goods like gasoline, diesel, food, and medicine in late 2024 and early 2025.[3][4]

Morales announced his intention to run as the candidate of the Front for Victory (FPV), despite a ban from thePlurinational Constitutional Tribunal on his running for president again.[5] The government subsequently deregistered the FPV, citing its failure to meet the mandatory 3% threshold in the previous election.[6] In reaction to being barred from the race, Morales called for a boycott of the vote. From a rural compound guarded by supporters,[7] he promised to mobilize his supporters and "give battle on the streets" if a right-wing candidate won.[8] Right-wing figures likeJorge Quiroga vowed to arrest Morales if they won, leading ruralcoca unions such as the Six Federations to pledge a guerrilla war in his defense.[9]

On 14 May 2025, President Arce announced he would not seek a second term.[10][11] The MAS nominated government ministerEduardo Del Castillo in his place. Two days later, on 16 May, demonstrators attempting to register Morales as a candidate clashed with police inLa Paz.[12][13]

Meanwhile, right-leaning parties formed a Unity Bloc to oppose the MAS; its candidates includedSamuel Doria Medina and Jorge Quiroga. Several candidates, including Quiroga andChi Hyun Chung, registered their campaigns using minor party labels, such as theRevolutionary Left Front (FRI) and theRevolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), despite the historical ideological differences between these parties and the candidates.[14]

Electoral system

[edit]
Main article:Elections in Bolivia

Approximately 7.9 million people were eligible to vote in the 2025 election.[15]

The President is elected through a modifiedtwo-round system. A candidate wins outright in the first round by receiving either more than 50% of the vote, or at least 40% of the vote and a lead of 10 percentage points over the nearest rival.[16] If neither condition is met, a run-off is held between the top two candidates.[17]

The 130 members of theChamber of Deputies are elected through amixed-member proportional representation (MMP) system with two votes:

  • 63 deputies are elected byfirst-past-the-post in single-member districts.[citation needed]
  • 60 deputies are elected byparty-list proportional representation from closed lists on a departmental basis, using a 3% electoral threshold.[18] These list seats are allocated to parties proportionally based on the presidential vote, subtracting the seats they won in single-member districts to ensure overall proportionality.
  • 7 deputies are reserved for indigenous representatives and elected byusos y costumbres (customary law). A voter may only vote in one type of constituency (coexistence).[19]
  • Electoral rules mandate gender parity: party lists must alternate between men and women. For single-member districts, a male candidate must have a female alternate, and vice versa, ensuring that women hold at least 50% of these seats.[citation needed]
  • The 36 members of theChamber of Senators—four from each of the nine departments—are elected from closed party lists using theD'Hondt method.[19] Senate seats are also awarded based on the presidential vote.

This election uses a form of thedouble simultaneous vote, meaning a single vote is used to elect the President (first round), Deputies, and Senators simultaneously. Consequently, voters cannotsplit their ticket between the executive and legislative branches, though they can vote for a different party in the single-member deputy district elections.[citation needed]

Voting is compulsory for all citizens over 18. Voters receive a card as proof of participation, which is required to withdraw one's salary from a bank for three months following the election.[20] This compulsory voting is linked to a relatively high rate of invalid ballots,[21] a factor often reflected in poll percentages for "would not vote."

Candidates

[edit]
CandidacyParties and
alliances		Presidential candidateExperienceVice Presidential candidate
AP
List
  • Third System Movement (MTS)
  • Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR)
  • Autonomist Movement for Work and Stability (MATE)
Andrónico Rodríguez
(age36)		President of the Chamber of Senators(2020–present)
Senator forCochabamba(2020–present)		Mariana Prado
LYP-ADN
List
Pavel Aracena
(age55)		EngineerVictor Hugo Núñez del Prado
APB SúmateManfred Reyes Villa
(age70)		Mayor ofCochabamba(1994–2000, 2021–present)
Prefect of Cochabamba(2006–2008)
Presidential candidate in2002 and2009		Juan Carlos Medrano
LibreJorge Quiroga
(age65)		62ndPresident of Bolivia(2001–2002)
36thVice President of Bolivia(1997–2001)
Minister of Finance(1992)
Presidential candidate in2005 and2014		Juan Pablo Velasco
FP
List
Jhonny Fernández
(age61)		Mayor ofSanta Cruz de la Sierra(1995–2002, 2021–present)
Presidential candidate in2002		Rosa Huanca
MAS-IPSPEduardo Del Castillo
(age36)		Minister of Government(2020–2025)Milan Berna
UnidadSamuel Doria Medina
(age66)		Minister of Planning and Coordination(1991–1993)
Presidential candidate in2005,2009 and2014		José Luis Lupo
PDCRodrigo Paz Pereira
(age58)		Senator forTarija(2020–present)
Mayor ofTarija(2015–2020)
Deputy forTarija(2002–2009)		Edmand Lara

Withdrew

[edit]
CandidacyParties and
alliances		Presidential candidateExperienceVice Presidential candidateWithdrawal date
NGP
List
  • New Patriotic Generation (NGP)
Fidel TapiaNoneEdgar Uriona Veizaga26 June 2025[22]
MORENAEva Copa
(age38)		Mayor ofEl Alto(2021–present)
President of the Chamber of Senators(2019–2020)
Senator forLa Paz(2015–2020)		Jorge Richter28 July 2025[23]

Disqualified candidates

[edit]

The following notable individuals were the subject of speculation or declared their intention to run but were declared ineligible by the Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (TCP) or were otherwise unable to register as candidates.

Declined to run

[edit]

The following notable individuals were the subject of speculation about a potential candidacy but publicly declined to run:

Campaign

[edit]

The campaign was marked by the first televised debate in 20 years, following a ban imposed during Evo Morales's presidency. The debates featured sharp exchanges, including Samuel Doria Medina's accusations that Eduardo del Castillo had links to drug traffickers and del Castillo's criticism of Doria Medina's past electoral failures. Andrónico Rodríguez and Jorge Quiroga also clashed over alleged involvement in extrajudicial killings.[15]

Candidate platforms

[edit]

The right-leaning candidates, Samuel Doria Medina and Jorge "Tuto" Quiroga, presented similar platforms focused on economic liberalization and a foreign policy re-alignment. Both pledged to:

  • Arrest former president Evo Morales.[39][40]
  • Restore diplomatic relations with the United States and Israel.[41]
  • Cut public spending and eliminate fuel subsidies.[42][40]
  • Partially reverse the nationalizations under Morales and attract foreign investment, particularly for lithium mining.[39][42]
  • Dismantle inefficient state-owned companies.[42]

Doria Medina specifically promised to resolve fuel shortages within his first 100 days, a goal reflected in his campaign slogan, "100 days, dammit!"—a phrase he used after surviving a 2005 plane crash.[40][43] He also pledged to maintain anti-poverty programs.[44]

Quiroga proposed a more radical economic overhaul, praising Argentine presidentJavier Milei's libertarian policies. His proposals included:

  • Closing theCentral Bank of Bolivia, which he accused of being a "credit card" for the Arce administration.[42]
  • Establishing a "popular property title" valued at $1,500 for every adult Bolivian to use as loan collateral.[41]
  • Seeking a $12 billion bailout from theInternational Monetary Fund.[41]
  • A "liberal ownership revolution" to replace collective Indigenous land titles with individual, inheritable rights.[45]
  • Canceling lithium agreements with Russia and China signed under Arce.[46]
  • Distancing Bolivia from Iran and withdrawing recognition ofNicolás Maduro as president of Venezuela.[45]

Rodrigo Paz campaigned on a platform of "Capitalism for All",[47] which included:

  • A "50–50 economic model" where half of public funds would be managed by regional governments.[41]
  • Cutting $1.2 billion in fuel subsidies while retaining assistance for schoolchildren and the elderly.[46][48]
  • Usingblockchain for transparency and creating a currency stabilization fund that incorporatescryptocurrency.[41]
  • Opposing Doria Medina's proposals for foreign lithium investment and IMF loans.[47]

The MAS candidate, Eduardo del Castillo, campaigned under the slogan "We Are a National Option with Authentic Ideas,"[15] while his party colleague Andrónico Rodríguez ran on a platform of "Unity for All" and also supported cutting fuel subsidies.[15][49]

Environmental and post-first round dynamics

[edit]

On environmental policy, both Paz and Quiroga supported using carbon bonds. Quiroga advocated for expandingbiofuel production and soy and cattle farming in eastern Bolivia, while Paz pledged to crack down on illegal gold mining and regulate agricultural fires.[50]

After being barred from the election, Evo Morales called the vote illegitimate, labeled Rodríguez a "traitor", and urged his supporters to cast null ballots. He claimed that if null votes exceeded the winning candidate's share, it would represent a victory for him.[40][51]

Following the first round, Samuel Doria Medina endorsed Rodrigo Paz for the runoff.[52]

Opinion polls

[edit]

Runoff

[edit]
Polling firmFieldwork dateSample sizeBlank voteVoid voteUndecided
Quiroga
Libre		Paz
PDC
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[53]6–9 Oct2,50044.936.53.75.69.3
Captura Consulting/Red Uno[54][55]3–7 Oct2,56042.938.72.65.810.0
CB Consultora Opinión Pública[56]1–6 Oct1,02844.436.212.17.3
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[57][58]18–21 Sep2,50047.039.33.54.75.5

First round

[edit]
Local regression of polls conducted for the first round

After registration of candidacies

[edit]
Polling firmFieldwork dateSample sizeBlank voteVoid voteUndecided
Medina
Unity		Quiroga
Libre		Paz
PDC		Rodríguez
AP		Manfred
APB Súmate		Castillo
MAS		Fernández
FP		Aracena
LYP-ADN		Copa
MORENA		Tapia
NGP
AtlasIntel[59]11–13 Aug1,91618.022.37.511.44.08.12.63.1––14.68.4
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[60]2–6 Aug2,50021.220.08.35.57.71.52.00.50.2–5.214.613.3
SPIE/El Deber[61]31 Jul – 4 Aug2,50023.624.59.18.58.81.82.40.30.2–9.95.75.1
Captura Consulting/Red Uno[62][63]27 Jul – 3 Aug2,50021.620.06.47.29.72.02.00.70.4–5.010.614.4
SPIE/El Deber[64]25–28 Jul2,50024.522.97.67.47.22.11.70.41.0–12.17.45.5
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[65]25–27 Jul2,50021.519.64.36.18.32.11.80.30.4–8.113.612.4
SPIE/El Deber[66]5–10 Jul2,50021.820.74.08.310.01.92.50.41.14.814.84.55.3
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[67]5–7 Jul2,50018.718.13.211.88.22.32.50.20.62.48.212.511.3
Captura Consulting/Red Uno-Cadena A[68][69]10–20 Jun2,50019.616.66.413.78.81.43.8–1.10.75.07.415.5
SPIE/El Deber[70]7–14 Jun2,50024.022.15.614.79.41.72.60.61.40.79.84.53.0
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[71]22–26 May2,50019.118.44.314.27.92.33.70.51.71.06.510.510.0

Before registration of candidacies

[edit]
SourceDateSampleLinkMorales
EVO Pueblo		Quiroga
FRI		Manfred
APB Súmate		Rodríguez
MAS		Medina
UN		Chung
AMAR		Arce
MAS		Choquehuanca
MAS		Cuellar
Cambio25		OthersNull BlankUndecidedLead
15 May 2025Bolivia'sUnited Nations delegation announces its nomination ofDavid Choquehuanca asUN Secretary-General.[72]
14 May 2025Bolivia constitutional court upholds ruling blocking Evo Morales' election eligibility.[73]
13 May 2025Luis Arce withdraws his candidacy for re-election.[10]
Panterra30 March 20255,000[74]–15%11%25%16%13%–––––20%9%
Captura Consulting27 March 20251,500[75]–16%13%18%17%11%1%––4%–14%1%
8 March 2025Vicente Cuellar withdraws his candidacy, endorsing Doria Medina.[76]
26 February 2025Luis Arce announces his candidacy pending final decision fromMAS.[28]
20 February 2025Evo Morales announces his intention to run for president.[77]
UAGRM14 February 20252,200[78]14%8%15%10%10%14%2%–1%4%–7%1%
Captura Consulting23 Jan – 7 Feb–[79]8%19%13%–16%13%2%––9%–19%3%
Bolivia3605–21 Jan 20252,000[80]–9%15%16%8%13%2%–2%7%_8%1%
Diagnosis11–12 Jan 20251,800[81]9%10%15%10%9%5%7%2%3%13%5%10%2%
5 January 2025Manfred Reyes Villa announces his candidacy.[82]

2021–2024

[edit]
DatePolling firmMorales
MAS		Mesa
CC		Rodríguez
MAS		Galindo
Ind.		Manfred
Súmate		Arce
MAS		Chi Hyun
Ind.		Camacho
Creemos		Quiroga
Libre 21		Copa
Ind.		Medina
UN		Cuellar
Cambio25		Soliz
PDC		Claure
Ind.		Lara
NIL		Paz
CC		Choquehuanca
MAS		UndecidedLead
15 November 2024Consultora Morris–1%25%–35%12%1%6%14%–2%0.8%–––0.2%––10%
2–15 Nov 2024Panterra17%6%––18%4%–9%9%–13%–––––21%1%
Sep 2024Diagonsis10%8%10%–10%16%–4%––4%9%–––3%9%6%
Jun 2024Captura Consulting–6%13%10%13%–6%10%4%–9%5%––3%–19%0
May 2024Diagnosis9%9%7%5%19%–3%––2%7%–––––10%12%
Apr 2024Coolosa Comunicaciones7.73%7.52%0.79%5.80%11.06%8.79%–1.71%3.86%1.25%5.95%10.77%1.29%–5.04%2.82%–4.22%0.83%
16–17 Mar 2024Diagnosis12%10%7%–2%17%–2%––4%9%–––––5%
15 March 2024Captura Consulting–8%11%7%12%16%2%7%––9%3%–7%––18%4%
Nov 2023Diagnosis11%12%––3%21%–4%––5%9%––––12%9%
9–10 Sep 2023Diagnosis9%11%––4%18%–4%––6%9%––––14%7%
19–20 Aug 2023Diagnosis10%13%3%–3%14%–2%––4%6%––––18%1%
Aug 2023Poder y Placer11%10%–6%8%12%–9%–2%9%3%–4%–1%24%1%
8–9 Jul 2023Diagnosis9%13%––3%14%–2%––4%6%–––––1%
22 May-22 Jun 2023Poder y Placer12%13%–10%4%17%–1%2%8%13%1%–3%1%2%–4%
29 Dec 2022-19 Jan 2023Poder y Placer11%19%–2%9%21%–13%––19%––13%––7%2%
Jul 2022Captura Consulting11%11%–––18%–8%5%3%3%––––––7%
9–19 Apr 2022Captura Consulting11%11%––10%17%–15%7%5%4%–3%–––20%2%
Dec 2021Captura Consulting–13%––12%23%–15%3%–7%–––––8%

Conduct

[edit]

Voting for the first round took place on 17 August 2025, with polls open from 08:00 to 16:00.[83]

The day was marked by several security incidents. InChapare Province, former president Evo Morales cast a null ballot while being protected by a human chain of coca growers' union members, who were shielding him from a potential arrest.[1]

InEntre Ríos, Cochabamba, Andrónico Rodríguez was targeted by a mob that threw stones at him as he went to vote, requiring a soldier to escort him.[84] Rodríguez blamed the attack on "a small group of extremists identified as supporters of Morales."[85] An explosive device was later detonated at the same polling station, though it caused no significant damage or injuries.[86]

Results

[edit]

The first-round results ended two decades of left-wing dominance in Bolivia and produced the country's first-ever presidential runoff,[87] defying pre-election polls.[1][85] In a surprise outcome, centrist Rodrigo Paz Pereira led with 32.06% of the vote, followed by conservative Jorge Quiroga Ramírez with 26.70%, while Samuel Doria Medina (19.69%) was eliminated.[85] True to his pledge to back the leading candidate if defeated, Doria Medina endorsed Paz for the runoff.[88] Altogether, right-leaning candidates obtained more than 78% of the vote.

The ruling Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) suffered a historic setback. Its nominees, Andrónico Rodríguez (8.51%) and Eduardo del Castillo (3.17%), failed to reach the second round—marking the party's first presidential loss in twenty years.[87] MAS was nearly wiped out in Congress, losing all 21 Senate seats and retaining only two of its 75 in the Chamber of Deputies.[89] The election also saw an unusually high protest vote, with invalid and blank ballots exceeding 20% of the total.[90] Former president Evo Morales, who had urged supporters to cast null votes after his exclusion from the race, hailed the result as a symbolic victory.[91][85]

The presidential runoff took place on 19 October 2025.[92] Preliminary results released after 21:00 local time showed Rodrigo Paz winning with 54.53% of the vote against Jorge Quiroga's 45.47%.[93] Quiroga conceded several hours later,[94] acknowledging Paz's victory and calling on his supporters and the nation to pursue reconciliation and a peaceful transition of power.[95]

President

[edit]
CandidateRunning mateParty or allianceFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Rodrigo Paz PereiraEdmand LaraChristian Democratic Party1,717,43232.063,519,53454.96
Jorge QuirogaJuan Pablo VelascoLibre – Freedom and Democracy1,430,17626.702,884,66145.04
Samuel Doria MedinaJosé Luis LupoUnity Bloc1,054,56819.69
Andrónico RodríguezMariana PradoPopular Alliance456,0028.51
Manfred Reyes VillaJuan Carlos MedranoAutonomy for Bolivia – Súmate361,6406.75
Eduardo Del CastilloMilán BernaMovimiento al Socialismo169,8873.17
Jhonny FernándezRosa HuancaForce of the People89,2531.67
Pavel AracenaVíctor Hugo NúñezLiberty and Progress ADN77,5761.45
Total5,356,534100.006,404,195100.00
Valid votes5,356,53477.636,404,19594.57
Invalid votes1,371,04919.87317,8474.69
Blank votes172,8352.5049,7690.73
Total votes6,900,418100.006,771,811100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,936,51586.957,936,51585.32
Source:OEP

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]
Party or allianceProportionalConstituencyIndigenousTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Christian Democratic Party1,683,89132.15171,121,86525.85305,26612.59249New
Libre – Liberty and Democracy1,397,22626.68171,192,39427.47208,25419.73239New
Unity Bloc1,039,42619.8515939,03821.64118,11919.41026New
Popular Alliance439,3888.395336,7357.7626,63015.8518New
Autonomy for Bolivia – Súmate347,5746.645373,1038.6002,3445.6005New
Movimiento al Socialismo166,9173.191209,0404.8206,38215.2612–73
Force of the People86,1541.65081,5861.8801,5223.6400New
Liberty and Progress ADN76,3491.46086,5221.9906391.5300New
Indigenous Organisation of Chiquitanía2,2665.42000
Yuqui Bia Recuate Indigenous Council4120.9811+1
Total5,236,925100.00604,340,283100.006341,834100.0071300
Valid votes5,236,92577.794,340,28365.3041,83450.05
Invalid votes1,325,59619.691,244,72818.7315,87618.99
Blank votes169,3272.521,062,02815.9825,87830.96
Total votes6,731,848100.006,647,039100.0083,588100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,567,20788.967,567,20787.8494,87188.11
Source:OEP,OEP

Chamber of Senators

[edit]
Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Christian Democratic Party1,683,89132.1516New
Libre – Liberty and Democracy1,397,22626.6812New
Unity Bloc1,039,42619.857New
Popular Alliance439,3888.390New
Autonomy for Bolivia – Súmate347,5746.641New
Movimiento al Socialismo166,9173.190–21
Force of the People86,1541.650New
Liberty and Progress ADN76,3491.460New
Total5,236,925100.00360
Valid votes5,236,92577.79
Invalid votes1,325,59619.69
Blank votes169,3272.52
Total votes6,731,848100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,567,20788.96
Source:OEP,OEP

Reactions

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcDeBre, Isabel (18 August 2025)."Bolivia heads to a presidential runoff as 2 decades of left-wing dominance ends".AP News. Retrieved18 August 2025.
  2. ^Meakem, Allison (2 January 2025)."Elections to Watch in 2025".Foreign Policy. Retrieved7 April 2025.
  3. ^Flores, Paola; DeBre, Isabel (28 November 2024)."'Everything is expensive!' Bolivia faces a shocking economic collapse".AP News. Retrieved19 May 2025.
  4. ^Bueno, Boris (19 May 2025)."Agenda informativa: ocho organizaciones políticas inscribirán a sus binomios y a las planchas legislativas; Evo Morales también anuncia su registro".eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved19 May 2025.
  5. ^Bueno, Boris (15 March 2025)."Doria Medina y Tuto Quiroga aceleran la conformación de alianzas para sostener su probable candidatura por el bloque de unidad".EJU (in Spanish). Retrieved18 March 2025.
  6. ^Bueno, Boris (19 May 2025)."Un Evo desesperado advierte ante la casi inminente inhabilitación de su candidatura".eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved19 May 2025.
  7. ^Safi, Michael; Rogero, Tiago; McDonagh, George; Block, Eli; Manley, Ivor; Yusuf, Courtney (15 May 2025)."From president to fugitive: in the jungle hideout of Evo Morales".The Guardian. Retrieved17 August 2025.
  8. ^Krukov, Mark (17 August 2025)."Fears of unrest surge as Bolivia readies for its first democratic handover in over two decades".Latin America Reports. Retrieved24 August 2025.
  9. ^"Bolivia's crazy kingdom of coca".The Economist. 14 August 2025. Retrieved17 August 2025.The Six Federations is preparing to resist. María Eugenia Ledezma, its top female leader until a few months ago, says they will use guerrilla tactics against soldiers who venture into the Chapare, depriving them of sleep, then attacking with sticks and stones. She says miners have been teaching people how to make boobytraps with dynamite; sympathisers in the army have been training the young. 'Many of us, many leaders, will surely die or be imprisoned,' she says, grim-faced.
  10. ^abc"Bolivia President Arce says he will not run for re-election".ThePrint. Reuters. 14 May 2025. Retrieved14 May 2025.
  11. ^"Presidente boliviano Luis Arce anuncia que no buscará la reelección en comicios de agosto".AP News (in Spanish). 14 May 2025. Retrieved14 May 2025.
  12. ^"Supporters of Bolivia's ex-leader Morales clash with police in push to secure his candidacy".CNN. 17 May 2025. Retrieved17 May 2025.
  13. ^"Bolivia police teargas Morales supporters protesting electoral ban".The Straits Times. 17 May 2025.ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved17 May 2025.
  14. ^Molina, Fernando (28 April 2025)."Guerra electoral en Bolivia: partidos 'en préstamo', 13 candidatos y el resultado más incierto en 20 años".El País América (in Spanish). Retrieved15 May 2025.
  15. ^abcdDeBre, Isabel; Valdez, Carlos (15 August 2025)."Bolivian voters are hungry for change — and disillusioned by the options ahead of election".AP News. Retrieved15 August 2025.
  16. ^"Will Bolivians give Evo Morales a fourth term?".BBC. 20 October 2019.Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved21 October 2019.
  17. ^"El Tribunal Electoral define la eventual segunda vuelta para el 15 de diciembre".El Deber.Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved2 April 2019.
  18. ^"Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010".Lexivox. Retrieved10 February 2015.
  19. ^ab"Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010".Lexivox. Retrieved8 October 2020.
  20. ^"Voting is compulsory in some countries". 20 July 2018.
  21. ^Singh, Shane P. (January 2019)."Politically Unengaged, Distrusting, and Disaffected Individuals Drive the Link Between Compulsory Voting and Invalid Balloting".Political Science Research and Methods.7 (1):107–123.doi:10.1017/psrm.2017.11.S2CID 157099704.
  22. ^Franco, Hans (25 June 2025)."Fidel Tapia renuncia a su candidatura y deja en vilo la habilitación de Nueva Generación Patriótica".Red Uno (in Spanish). Retrieved17 July 2025.
  23. ^"Eva Copa se baja a poco de las elecciones".Correo del Sur. Retrieved29 July 2025.
  24. ^"Evo Morales anuncia su candidatura presidencial".dw.com (in Spanish). Retrieved22 February 2025.
  25. ^"Chi se presenta como candidato del PDC, pero el TSE inscribe a Rodrigo Paz".Correo del Sur. 20 May 2025. Retrieved25 August 2025.
  26. ^Álvarez, David (11 July 2025)."El Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Bolivia no habilitó a Jaime Dunn como candidato presidencial" (in Spanish). EFE. Retrieved17 July 2025.
  27. ^"Luis Arce será candidato del MÁS en el 2025, sí las organizaciones lo permiten" [Luis Arce will be a candidate for MÁS in 2025, if the organizations allow it].Bolivia.com (in Spanish). 30 April 2024. Retrieved25 September 2024.
  28. ^abVillegas, Antonio (26 February 2025)."Arce rompe el silencio y se declara precandidato para los comicios presidenciales: "Hay que completar todo lo que falta por hacer"".
  29. ^"Diputada de CC asegura que Carlos Mesa se presentará como candidato el 2025 y que busca unificar a la oposición" [CC deputy assures that Carlos Mesa will present himself as a candidate in 2025 and that he seeks to unify the opposition].Periódico La Patria (in Spanish). 21 July 2023. Retrieved27 June 2024.
  30. ^"Mesa no va, el líder de CC declina candidatura presidencial: 'no es el rol que hoy me toca'".Opinión Bolivia. 24 January 2025.
  31. ^Pereyra, Omar (17 December 2024)."Camacho trabaja para que precandidatos dialoguen con miras a los comicios de 2025, según diputado" [Camacho is working to ensure that pre-candidates can engage in dialogue with a view to the 2025 elections, according to a deputy].EJU (in Spanish). Retrieved17 December 2024.
  32. ^"Bolivia's opposition leader undergoes medical tests as his pre-trial detention drags on for months".AP News. 6 September 2023. Retrieved14 May 2025.
  33. ^"Rodríguez Veltzé: "No fui, no soy ni seré candidato en próximas elecciones"".El Deber (in Spanish). 19 February 2025. Retrieved18 May 2025.
  34. ^Mendoza, Luz (9 April 2024)."Costas impulsa desde Cochabamba estrategia rumbo a elecciones de 2025" [From Cochabamba, Costas promotes a strategy towards the 2025 elections].eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2024.
  35. ^"Marinkovic fue presentado como candidato en encuentro donde están Milei y Bolsonaro" [Marinkovic was presented as a candidate in a meeting where Milei and Bolsonaro are present].Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 7 July 2024. Retrieved25 September 2024.
  36. ^"amparo ballivián se presenta como candidata la presidencia".Brújula (in Spanish). 26 February 2024. Retrieved5 April 2025.
  37. ^"El rector Cuéllar abre paso a su alianza Cambio 25 para darle pelea al MAS en 2025" [Rector Cuéllar makes way for his Cambio 25 alliance to fight the MAS in 2025].Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). 21 November 2023. Retrieved27 June 2024.
  38. ^"El abogado Jaime Soliz Phiel anuncia su candidatura a la Presidencia de Bolivia" [Lawyer Jaime Soliz Phiel announces his candidacy for the Presidency of Bolivia].El Deber (in Spanish). 8 February 2024. Retrieved27 June 2024.
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  42. ^abcd"Bolivia's election may spell the end of its long-ruling left. Here's what to know".AP News. 12 August 2025. Retrieved15 August 2025.
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  46. ^ab"Bolivia candidate vows to scrap China, Russia lithium deals".France 24. 26 August 2025. Retrieved26 August 2025.
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  52. ^"Rodrigo Paz and Tuto Quiroga will compete for the Bolivian presidency in October".El País. 18 August 2025. Retrieved18 August 2025.
  53. ^"Última encuesta: Tuto aumenta ventaja sobre Rodrigo y crecen los indecisos".UNITEL (in Spanish). 12 October 2025.
  54. ^"Conozca los resultados de la Gran Encuesta Nacional de la Red Uno".Red Uno (in Spanish). 11 October 2025.
  55. ^"Esta es la ficha técnica de la Gran Encuesta Nacional de Red Uno rumbo a la segunda vuelta".Red Uno (in Spanish). 10 October 2025.
  56. ^"Segunda vuelta: Tuto Quiroga supera por 7,7 puntos a Rodrigo Paz en la primera encuesta nacional de intención de voto".cbconsultoraop.com (in Spanish). 6 October 2025. Retrieved7 October 2025.
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  60. ^"Última encuesta de UNITEL: Samuel y Tuto siguen liderando y se perfila una histórica segunda vuelta en octubre".UNITEL (in Spanish). 10 August 2025.
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  62. ^"Esta es la ficha técnica de la Gran Encuesta a una semana de la elección".Red Uno (in Spanish). 10 August 2025.
  63. ^"Gran Encuesta; Samuel lidera con 21,6%, seguido por Tuto con el 20%".Red Uno (in Spanish). 10 August 2025.
  64. ^"Samuel y Tuto lideran la intención de voto en Bolivia; Andrónico queda relegado al cuarto lugar".El Deber (in Spanish). 1 August 2025.
  65. ^"Encuesta de Unitel: Samuel y Tuto siguen liderando intención de voto; Andrónico cae al cuarto lugar".UNITEL (in Spanish). 30 July 2025.
  66. ^"La segunda encuesta de EL DEBER revela una pugna cerrada entre Samuel Doria Medina y Tuto Quiroga".El Deber (in Spanish). 16 July 2025.
  67. ^"Segunda encuesta nacional: Doria Medina y Tuto Quiroga siguen liderando intención de voto; Andrónico pierde apoyo".UNITEL (in Spanish). 13 July 2025.
  68. ^"¿Cuántas personas fueron consultadas en la segunda gran encuesta? Esta es la ficha técnica".Red Uno (in Spanish). 29 June 2025.
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  70. ^"Samuel y Tuto lideran la intención de voto en la primera encuesta de EL DEBER".El Deber (in Spanish). 18 June 2025.
  71. ^"Samuel y Tuto lideran la primera encuesta nacional de candidatos inscritos a las elecciones 2025".UNITEL (in Spanish). 1 June 2025.
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  78. ^"Manfred y Chi lideran encuesta realizada por la UAGRM; Evo, Doria, Andrónico y Tuto les siguen".Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). 14 February 2025. Retrieved5 April 2025.
  79. ^Villegas, Antonio (11 February 2025)."Encuesta: Tuto lidera intención de voto; le siguen Samuel y Manfred, Evo es quinto en un escenario sin Andrónico".eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved15 May 2025.
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  81. ^Mendoza, Luz (21 January 2025)."Reyes Villa lidera encuesta de Diagnosis con 15%, le siguen Tuto y Samuel entre los opositores".eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved18 March 2025.
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  84. ^"Una turba apedrea al candidato Andrónico Rodríguez tras emitir su voto en Bolivia".Qué Pasa Media Network (in Spanish). 17 August 2025. Retrieved17 August 2025.
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  91. ^"Présidentielle en Bolivie: l'ancien président Evo Morales salue l'ampleur du vote nul" [Presidential election in Bolivia: Former president Evo Morales applauds invalid vote numbers].La Libre (in French). 18 August 2025. Retrieved26 August 2025.
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  94. ^"Bolivian presidential candidate Jorge 'Tuto' Quiroga concedes election defeat".Yahoo! News. 19 October 2025.
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  98. ^Ovalle, Christian (20 October 2025)."Boric felicita a presidente electo de Bolivia Rodrigo Paz y reafirma compromiso de trabajo conjunto".BioBioChile – La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved22 October 2025.
  99. ^Eichner, Itamar (20 October 2025)."Bolivia is ready to renew relations with Israel: 'A new page'".Ynet. Retrieved21 October 2025.
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  101. ^Template:Cita nota de prensa
  102. ^Template:Cita nota de prensa
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