| 2025 Atlantic hurricane season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | June 23, 2025 |
| Last system dissipated | Season ongoing |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | Melissa (Tied for third-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record) |
| • Maximum winds | 185 mph (295 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
| • Lowest pressure | 892mbar (hPa; 26.34inHg) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 13 |
| Total storms | 13 |
| Hurricanes | 5 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 4 |
| ACE | 132.5 |
| Total fatalities | 134 total |
| Total damage | > $10.555 billion (2025USD) |
| Related articles | |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 2023,2024,2025,2026,2027 | |
The2025 Atlantic hurricane season is the ongoingAtlantic hurricane season in theNorthern Hemisphere. The season has seen bursts of intensetropical cyclone activity over exceptionallywarm waters between long and quiet stretches with light or no tropical activity. It has featured three Category 5 hurricanes, the highest rank on theSaffir-Simpson scale, behind only the2005 season. Due in large part to these systems, and despite a below average number ofnamed storms and hurricanes, the season has an above-normalaccumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 132.5 units. Among the three wasHurricane Melissa, the strongest tropical cyclone of the year globally to date, among the most intenseAtlantic hurricanes on record in terms of both lowestbarometric pressure and one-minute sustained wind speeds, as well as the strongest tropical cyclone to makelandfall inJamaica on record.
The season officially began on June 1, and will end on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most subtropical ortropical cyclogenesis occurs in theAtlantic Ocean. Overall, 13 named storms have formed to date; 5 of those became hurricanes, of which 4 strengthened into major hurricanes (Category three or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale). The first system, Tropical Storm Andrea, formed on June 23, marking the latest start to an Atlantic season since2014.
Early this season, two weak tropical storms made landfall. In June,Barry struckVeracruz and, in July,Chantal hitSouth Carolina. No hurricanes made landfall in the United States this season, for the first time since2015. In August,Hurricane Erin reachedCategory 5 strength. Though never making landfall, it impactedCape Verde, and had indirect effects on the easternCaribbean and the Atlantic coast of the United States. Afterwards, unfavorable conditions caused tropical cyclogenesis to cease for nearly a month through the end of August and the first two weeks of September, during the typical peak of the hurricane season. In mid-September, activity resumed with the formation ofHurricane Gabrielle in the central Atlantic. Next came Hurricanes Humberto andImelda. Humberto attained Category 5 strength, but, like Erin, did not make landfall. In October, Hurricane Melissa intensified into a Category 5 hurricane south of Jamaica and made landfall there at peak intensity, resulting in catastrophic destruction.
So far, the season has caused at least 134 fatalities and has resulted in at least US$10.555 billion in monetary losses, mostly due to Melissa.
| Source | Date | Named storms | Hurricanes | Major hurricanes | Ref |
| Average(1991–2020) | 14.4 | 7.2 | 3.2 | [1] | |
| Record high activity | 30 | 15 | 7† | [2] | |
| Record low activity | 1 | 0† | 0† | [2] | |
| TSR | December 10, 2024 | 15 | 7 | 3 | [3] |
| CSU | April 3, 2025 | 17 | 9 | 4 | [4] |
| TSR | April 7, 2025 | 14 | 7 | 3 | [5] |
| UA | April 9, 2025 | 15 | 7 | 3 | [6] |
| MU | April 14, 2025 | 12–16 | 7–9 | 3–4 | [7] |
| NCSU | April 15, 2025 | 12–15 | 6–8 | 2–3 | [8] |
| TWC | April 17, 2025 | 19 | 9 | 4 | [9] |
| UPenn | April 23, 2025 | 10–18 | N/A | N/A | [10] |
| SMN | May 7, 2025 | 13–17 | 6–8 | 3–4 | [11] |
| UKMO | May 21, 2025 | 16 | 9 | 4 | [12] |
| NOAA | May 22, 2025 | 13–19 | 6–10 | 3–5 | [13] |
| TSR | May 23, 2025 | 16 | 8 | 4 | [14] |
| CSU | June 11, 2025 | 17 | 9 | 4 | [15] |
| UA | June 17, 2025 | 17 | 7 | 3 | [16] |
| TSR | July 8, 2025 | 15 | 7 | 3 | [17] |
| CSU | July 9, 2025 | 16 | 8 | 3 | [18] |
| NOAA | August 7, 2025 | 13–18 | 5–9 | 2–5 | [19] |
| Actual activity | 13 | 5 | 4 | ||
| † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all) | |||||
In advance of, and during, each hurricane season, severalforecasts of hurricane activity are issued by national meteorological services, scientific agencies, and noted hurricane experts. These include forecasters from the United StatesNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'sClimate Prediction Center, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), the United Kingdom'sMet Office, andColorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular season.
According to NOAA and CSU, the average hurricane season between 1991 and 2020 contained about 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes (Category 3 and higher), as well as anaccumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 72–111 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is the measure of the power of a tropical orsubtropical cyclone multiplied by the length of time it existed. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical or subtropical cyclones reaching wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h) or higher. NOAA typically describes a season as above-average, average, or below-average depending on the cumulative ACE index, but the number of tropical storms, hurricanes or major hurricanes can also be considered.
On December 10, 2024, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) released its extended range forecast for the 2025 season, predicting an average season with 15named storms, 7hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes,[nb 1] and an ACE index of 129, but noted that the forecast had higher than normal uncertainty due to environmental factors.[3]
On April 3, 2025, Colorado State University (CSU) released its forecast, which predicts an above-average hurricane season with 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, with an ACE index of 155, citing extremely warm Atlantic sea surface temperatures and a weakeningLa Niña transitioning to a neutral phase by summer.[4] Four days later, TSR issued an updated forecast, again calling for a near-average season reducing the number of tropical storms to 14, but maintained the numbers of hurricanes at 7 and majors at 3 and ACE index of 120.[5]
On April 9, theUniversity of Arizona (UA) posted their forecast calling for a fairly normal season featuring 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 110 units.[6] On April 14,University of Missouri (MU) issued their prediction of 12–16 named storms, 7–9 hurricanes, and 3–4 major hurricanes.[7] On April 15,North Carolina State University (NCSU) predicted a season with 12–15 tropical storms, 6–8 hurricanes, and 2–3 major hurricanes.[8] On April 17,The Weather Company (TWC) released their outlook anticipating a well above average season with 19 named systems, 9 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes.[9] On April 23, theUniversity of Pennsylvania (UPenn) issued their forecast of 10–18 named storms with a best guess of 14 storms.[10]
On May 7, theServicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) issued their forecast of 13–17 tropical storms, 6–8 hurricanes, and 3–4 major hurricanes.[11] On May 21, theMet Office (UKMO) released their prediction of 16 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes as well as ACE Index of 154.[12] On May 22, theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released their forecast, calling for an above-average season, expecting 13–19 named storms, 6–10 hurricanes, and 3–5 major hurricanes as well as an ACE index of 95–180.[13] On May 23, 2025, TSR updated its forecast, calling for an above-average season, expecting 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 146.[14]
On June 11, CSU updated its prediction, continuing to show an above average season, with 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 155. It is the same prediction they had in April.[15] On June 17, theUniversity of Arizona (UA) updated their forecast, continuing to call for a season featuring 17 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, but an above-normal ACE index of 155 units—higher than predicted in April.[16]
On July 8, TSR updated their forecast, calling for 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, an ACE index of 126 units,[17] with CSU updating their predictions the next day, slightly downgrading their forecast to 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 140 units.[18] Weeks later, on August 7, NOAA updated its predictions as well, continuing to forecast an above-average season, but slightly decreasing their forecasted totals of storms. NOAA's predictions were reduced to 13–18 named storms, 5–9 hurricanes, and 2–5 major hurricanes.[19]
The 2025 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, and will end on November 30.[21] So far, 13 tropical cyclones have formed, all of which intensified intonamed storms. Five storms strengthened into hurricanes, four of which became major hurricanes,[22] the highest percentage ever observed in an Atlantic hurricane season.[23]
This season's ACE index, as of November 15, is approximately 132.5 units, as officially calculated by theNational Hurricane Center (NHC).[22] This number represents the sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speeds (measured inknots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000.
Tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic Ocean began on June 23 with the formation of Tropical Storm Andrea,[24] three weeks after the official start of the season and three days later than the basin's average first named storm date.[25] This marked the latest start to an Atlantic hurricane season since2014, whenHurricane Arthur developed on July 1.[26] Andrea remained over open waters in the central Atlantic.[24] The second storm,Tropical Storm Barry, formed in theBay of Campeche on June 28[27] and made landfall nearTampico the following day.[28]
Early-season storm formation was limited by several factors. A sprawlingNorth Atlantic High steeredtropical waves emerging fromWest Africa farther south than usual, towardCentral America and into the easternPacific Ocean. PersistentSaharan dust and the interaction ofKelvin andRossby waves over theAmericas contributed to a hostile environment for tropical development.[29][30] The third storm,Tropical Storm Chantal, developed off the Atlantic coast of theSoutheastern United States on July 4[31] and made landfall two days later inSouth Carolina.[32] All three early-season storms were short-lived, lasting a combined 2.5 days as named storms, well below the 1991–2020 average of 9.1 days through August 2.[33]
After nearly a month of inactivity, Tropical Storm Dexter developed along a stalled front off theNorth Carolina coast on August 3 before moving out to sea.[34]Hurricane Erin formed nearCape Verde on August 11[35] and traversed the Atlantic, intensifying into a Category 5 hurricane near the northernLeeward Islands on August 16.[36] It then brought rain, wind, and rip currents toPuerto Rico,Turks and Caicos,the Bahamas, and theEast Coast of the United States, while remaining off shore.[37]
Shortly after Erin became extratropical, Tropical Storm Fernand formed in the open Atlantic, southeast of Bermuda.[38] Wind shear along with dry air and stable atmospheric conditions inhibited tropical cyclogenesis during the first half of September, the climatological peak of hurricane season.[nb 2][39] This highly unusual, nearly three-week long inactive stretch came to an end with the formation ofHurricane Gabrielle on September 17, far to the east of the northern Leeward Islands.[40] The only other season in theweather satellite era to have no named storm active between the end of August and mid-September was the1992 season.[39][41] Gabrielle approached Bermuda at Category 4 hurricane, completed a right turn just southeast of the island, then moved toward theAzores.[42]
On September 24, Hurricane Humberto formed in the central Atlantic.[43] It ultimately became the second Category 5 hurricane of the season.[44] To its west,Hurricane Imelda formed on September 27.[45] On September 30, the centers of these two systems came within 465 mi (750 km) of each other, closer together than any other two storms in the Atlantic in the satellite era.[46] This led to aFujiwhara interaction between the two cyclones, in which they mutually influenced each other's movements.
On October 7, Tropical Storm Jerry formed in the tropical Atlantic, bringing heavy winds and rains to the Leeward Islands; then came short-lived Subtropical Storm Karen, which formed in the Northern Atlantic on October 10.[47] Next, on October 13, Tropical Storm Lorenzo formed in the open Eastern Atlantic.[48] Later, on October 21,Hurricane Melissa formed in theCaribbean Sea.[49] It became the third Category 5 hurricane of the season, and the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane by central pressure on record, tied with the1935 Labor Day hurricane. These three Category 5 hurricanes are the second-most of any season after2005, the only other season to have more than two Category 5 hurricanes.[23][50]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 23 – June 24 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h)(1-min); 1014 mbar (hPa) |
On June 22, an area of low pressure developed east-southeast ofBermuda,[51] along a decayingstationary front. Deep convection and organization increased, with a tropical depression forming at 06:00 UTC on June 23, about 490 mi (790 km) east of Bermuda. Andrea reached peak intensity of 40 mph (60 km/h) six hours later. Andrea existed in a high-pressure environment, leading to it having an above average central pressure, estimated through theKnaff-Zehr-Courtney relationship at 1014 mbar (29.9 inHg).[24] Deep convection collapsed by 15:00 UTC on June 24.[52] By 18:00 UTC on June 24, Andrea degenerated to anextratropical low and completely dissipated by the next day, at 18:00 UTC on June 25.[24]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 28 – June 30 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h)(1-min); 1006 mbar (hPa) |
On June 27, a broad area of low pressure formed over theYucatán Peninsula.[53] As the disturbance emerged into the Bay of Campeche the following morning, a well-defined surface circulation began developing; also, its shower and thunderstorm activity began to show signs of organization.[54] This trend continued, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Two that afternoon.[27] The system became Tropical Storm Barry on the morning of June 29, about 90 mi (140 km) east-southeast ofTuxpan,Veracruz.[55]
The storm moved northwestward, steered by a stationary low-to-mid level ridge in the centralGulf. Its intensity increased little during this time, due to wind shear.[56] That same evening, Barry weakened to a tropical depression, and made landfall south ofTampico,Tamaulipas, with sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).[57] Inland, Barry's low-level circulation soon dissipated over themountains of northeastern Mexico.[58]
Thetropical wave that spawned Barry caused flooding and damage inQuintana Roo. Water levels reached from 16 to 39 in (40 to 100 cm) in some areas, while a maximum of 428 mm (16.9 in) of rain fell. Total damages from the flooding are estimated at Mex$35 million (US$1.87 million).[59] In neighboringChiapas, heavy rains triggered landslides, leaving communication links to several communities cut off.[60][61] Heavy rain was also reported inBelize, where severe damage was reported to infrastructure with numerous buildings collapsing in rural communities. Flooding affected more than 20 communities as water levels rose at least 50 cm (19.7 in).[62][63]
InVeracruz, Veracruz, two people drowned after rough surf swept them out to sea in their car.[64] Two young people drowned inSanta María del Río,San Luis Potosí, when the motorcycle on which they were riding was swept away by the current of a flooded river.[65] Additionally, one person inMatamoros, Tamaulipas, drowned after his car was swept away by an overflowing sewage canal.[66]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | July 4 – July 7 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h)(1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
On June 29, the NHC began monitoring a decaying frontal boundary along thesoutheastern United States coastline for potential tropical development.[67] Early on July 4, a weak area of low pressure developed along the boundary, off the coast of northeastern Florida.[68] Wind shear in the region was weak at the time, and sea surface temperatures were seasonably warm, around 82 to 84 °F (28 to 29 °C).[69] That afternoon, the circulation associated with the low became well-defined and was designated Tropical Depression Three by the NHC.[70]
The system became better organized overnight, showing a significant burst of deep convection onGOES-19 infrared imagery,[71] and became Tropical Storm Chantal at 12:00 UTC on July 5.[72] That afternoon, the storm maintained a concentrated area of deep convection over the eastern half of its dense cloud cover, while moving northward off the coast of theCarolinas against moderate wind shear.[73] Early on July 6, Chantal briefly intensified to 60 mph (95 km/h), and slightly turned north-northwestward, before making landfall nearLitchfield Beach, South Carolina, at approximately 08:00 UTC.[74] The storm moved northward inland, weakening to a tropical depression strength by late morning.[75] A day later, Chantal transitioned to a post-tropical cyclone overnorthern Virginia.[76]
InFlorida, the precursor to Chantal prompted the cancellation of severalFourth of July events due to rain.[77] As Chantal moved ashore inSouth Carolina, highest reported wind gust reached 56 mph (90 km/h) inMyrtle Beach. InNorth Carolina, maximum totals of 7–8 in (180–200 mm) of rain fell.[78] Flooding and power outages were reported.[79] InOrange County, a state of emergency was declared due to flash flooding.[80] Over 50 water rescues were conducted across the county.[81] An EF1 tornado damaged two airplanes and two hangars atRaleigh Executive Jetport.[82]
InDurham County, North Carolina, rescue crews performed over eighty rescue missions by boat; theEno River rose 22 feet (6.7 m) within a four hour-period.[81][83] TheHaw River rose to 32.5 feet (9.91 meters), the second-highest river stage ever recorded.[81][84] In North Carolina, four people were found deceased in cars as a result of flooding, two inAlamance County, one inChatham County, and one inOrange County. Additionally, two boaters were found dead after going missing while boating onJordan Lake. In all, six people have been confirmed dead in the state.[85] Losses totaled to US$500 million according to Gallagher Re.[86]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | August 3 – August 6 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h)(1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
On August 2, a non-tropical area of low pressure with a well-defined circulation formed off the coast of North Carolina from astationary front. The attached front began degrading to the west-southwest and the low developed gale-force winds in the morning of August 3. By the afternoon, its associated shower and thunderstorm activity was increasing and the front to the east-northeast began to degrade. By 18:00 UTC that same day, the front was shed and the low became Tropical Storm Dexter.[34]
After formation, additional strengthening was, for a time, stifled by strong westerly wind shear,[87] and the storm appeared to be weakening the next morning.[88] Despite the shear, which increased to 40–45 mph (65–75 km/h) by the morning of August 6, Dexter continued to display convection, and managed to strengthen to 60 mph (95 km/h) due to the influence of an upper-leveltrough.[89] Dexter completed its extratropical transition the following day, upon merging with a mid- to upper-level trough.[90]
After completing its extratropical transition, Dexter's remnant further intensified into a powerful, hurricane-force extratropical low on August 8 as baroclinic processes continued to strengthen the cyclone. As the following days passed, post-tropical Dexter weakened substantially, ultimately dissipating more than a hundred miles southwest of Ireland on August 13.[34]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | August 11 – August 22 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 160 mph (260 km/h)(1-min); 915 mbar (hPa) |
On August 9, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa.[91] As the disturbance moved out to sea and toward theCape Verde Islands the following day, a well-defined low formed, producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms, with sustained near gale-force winds.[92] On the morning of August 11, the disturbance organized into Tropical Storm Erin, as its sustained winds increased to about 45 mph (75 km/h).[93] Erin moved quickly to the west after forming, where it encountered a poor thermodynamic environment which inhibited additional development.[94] Erin was unable to become noticeably better organized on August 12 and deep convection decreased during the morning.[95] Though the conditions around the storm were again only marginally conducive on August 13, the convection became more concentrated near its center, and Erin strengthened slightly that afternoon.[96]
Due to persistent dry air entrainment, the storm continued to struggle the following day with establishing an inner core, and convection diminished somewhat over the low-level center late that day.[97] Nonetheless, Erin was able to attain hurricane strength on the morning of August 15.[98] Later that day, its structure improved dramatically, and the hurricane intensified to Category 2 strength.[99] On August 16, while moving to the west-northwest at about 20 mph (31 km/h), Erinrapidly intensified to Category 4 strength by 09:50 UTC that morning.[100] Next, at 15:20 UTC,Air ForceHurricane Hunters reported that Erin strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane,[101] attaining maximum sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum centralpressure of 915 mbar (27.02 inHg), about 135 mi (220 km) north-northwest ofAnguilla.[102] Then, after holding this intensity for much of the day, the storm commenced aneyewall replacement cycle.[103] During the replacement cycle, the system's peak winds decreased to Category 3 strength early on August 17.[104] After the cycle was completed, Erin reintensified to Category 4 early the following morning, with a wider eye, and an expanding wind field.[105] Late that same day, the system weakened again to Category 3, as it tracked to the northwest, east ofthe Bahamas.[106] Erin, now at Category 2 strength, turned to the east-northeast early on August 21, sending rain and tropical storm-force winds across theOuter Banks ofNorth Carolina. At 06:00 UTC that day, it passed about 200 mi (320 km) southeast ofCape Hatteras, North Carolina. It was also about 465 mi (750 km) west-northwest ofBermuda at that time.[107] Later, on the morning of August 22, the hurricane weakened to Category 1 strength due to 35–40 mph (56–65 km/h) of southwesterly wind shear and falling sea surface temperatures, leading to the beginning of its extratropical transition as it moved northeastward over the open North Atlantic.[108]
In Cape Verde, there were nine flooding-related deaths onSão Vicente.[109] Between 00:00 to 05:00local time on August 11, the island recorded 7.57 in (192.3 mm) of rainfall. On account of widespread property and infrastructure damage from the storm, the Cape Verde government issued a disaster declaration for São Vicente andSanto Antão.[110] Five people were reported missing and 1,500 people were displaced.[111] Rough seas and storms impacted much of the northernCaribbean.[112][113] One man drowned in theDominican Republic due to dangerous swimming conditions.[114] Erin would go on to impact theEast Coast of the United States in a similar way.[115]Tide gauges atDuck, North Carolina,Virginia Beach, Virginia, andKiptopeke, Virginia, recorded major flooding late on August 21, aroundhigh tide. Minor to moderate coastal flooding was reported in nine other states, fromMaryland north toMaine.[116]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | August 23 – August 27 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h)(1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
From August 14 to August 15, a tropical wave moved off of the west coast of Africa. The wave progressed westward for a week across the Atlantic. The shower and thunderstorm activity within the low began to show some signs of organization on August 22, as the disturbance tracked near the northern Leeward Islands. The northern portion of the wave began moving north.[117] The disturbance was moving northwestward, amid very warm 82–84 °F (28–29 °C) waters, toward asteering flow weakness created earlier by Hurricane Erin.[116] Then, on the afternoon of August 23, the disturbance organized into Tropical Storm Fernand.[118] Fernand tracked north-northeastward the following day, and began to strengthen.[119] At 13:43 on August 25, Fernand reached a peak intensity of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 999 millibars, based on measurements fromASCAT and the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney wind-pressure relationship, respectively.[117] Later that day, the storm's structure deteriorated and winds decreased due to northerly wind shear.[120] It also moved over a coolereddy in theGulf Stream early on August 26, resulting in the loss of all deep convection near its center;[121] though it reignited that afternoon,[122] resulting in some slight re-strengthening.[123] Fernand maintained maximum surface winds of around 50 mph (85 km/h) over the southern part of the circulation into August 27, though, by the end of the day, the system was producing only minimal shower activity, with little convection,[124] and degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone the following morning.[125] Fernand's remnants were ultimately absorbed by a developing extratropical system.[126][127]
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | September 17 – September 25 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h)(1-min); 948 mbar (hPa) |
On September 11, a tropical wave entered the far eastern Atlantic from Africa.[128] Though generating a large area of disorganized showers and thunderstorms as it moved across the ocean, dry and stable air stifled any potential for tropical development for several days.[129] The disturbance became better organized on September 16,[130] and became Tropical Depression Seven the following morning midway between Cabo Verde and theWindward Islands.[131] Despite having an ill-defined center with several embedded swirls, the system soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Gabrielle.[132] The center became more defined as it relocated to the north later that same day, though the storm was not noticeably more organized on satellite imagery.[133]
Gabrielle initially struggled to become better organized structurally due to westerly wind shear and continuous significant dry air entrainment. At the time, the storm was being steered west-northwestward by asubtropical ridge over the central Atlantic.[134] The storm's cloud pattern improved markedly on the afternoon of September 19, as a curved convective band pattern started to form, and the low-level center became partly covered by clouds spreading westward from new bursts of convection.[135] The storm continued to become better organized on the morning of September 20, with increased curved banding over the eastern semicircle, and it began to strengthen.[136] By the morning of September 21, cold convective cloud tops had begun to wrap around the circulation of the storm, and an eyewall was observed by an Air Force Reserve reconnaissance mission.[137] That afternoon, Gabrielle strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.[138] Overnight, the system turned northward as Gabrielle rounded the western part of the subtropical ridge.[139][140] During this time, it rapidly intensified into a Category 3 major hurricane.[141] Gabrielle continued to intensify through the afternoon, attaining Category 4 winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) about 180 mi (290 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[142] Gabrielle's sustained winds remained at that intensity into the morning of September 23, while it turned east-northeastward.[143] Later, as wind shear slowly increased, the system began to weaken,[144] and the system fell below major hurricane status the following morning.[145] Gabrielle's deep convection collapsed on September 25, as its low-level center became partially collapsed due to the surrounding high shear environment, and the storm became a post-tropical cyclone while dropping below hurricane intensity.[146]
The East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, and the South Coast of the United Kingdom were impacted by rough seas.[147][148][149] Some minor damage occurred in the Azores.[150] Iberia was impacted by rain and winds from Gabrielle.[149] Gabrielle's remnants caused significant flooding in easternSpain, with damages totaling to more than US$10 million.[151]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | September 24 – October 1 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 160 mph (260 km/h)(1-min); 924 mbar (hPa) |
On September 19, a tropical wave moved offshore from the west coast of Africa.[152] The shower and thunderstorm activity associated with the wave began showing some signs of organization a few days later, while traversing the central tropical Atlantic.[153] This trend continued, resulting in the formation of Tropical Storm Humberto on the afternoon of September 24.[154] Humberto gradually gained strength as it moved northwestward over the central tropical Atlantic the following day. Deep convection increased over the center, and the cloud pattern became more symmetric during the afternoon as wind shear diminished.[155] As a result, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of September 26.[156] Then, amid favorable conditions, it rapidly intensified into a Category 4 hurricane late that same day.[157] The strengthening trend was then halted by an eyewall replacement cycle, with Humberto maintaining its intensity during the cycle.[158]
After completing the cycle, Humberto resumed strengthening, intensifying into a Category 5 hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) on the afternoon of September 27,[159] while moving toward the west-northwest about 685 mi (1,105 km) south-southeast ofBermuda.[160] Curving northwestward the next morning, Humberto weakened to a high-end Category 4 hurricane,[161] as it underwent another eyewall replacement cycle.[162] Moving north-northwestward on September 29, the system continued to weaken due to northwesterly wind shear, falling to Category 3 strength by the end of the day,[163] and then to Category 1 the following morning.[164] Later, Humberto passed north-northwest of Bermuda on the morning of October 1,[165] where it was absorbed by a frontal zone.[166] Humberto's remnant moisture later contributed to the development ofStorm Amy, which brought severe weather to parts ofNorthern Europe.[151][167]
A tropical storm watch was issued for Bermuda on September 28.[168] Squally weather was reported there as Humberto passed by prior to the arrival of Hurricane Imelda.[169]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | September 27 – October 2 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 100 mph (155 km/h)(1-min); 966 mbar (hPa) |
On September 21, a tropical wave began producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms far east of the Windward Islands.[170] On September 25, the disturbance began showing signs of organization near Hispaniola.[171] A low-level circulation began to form within the disturbance the following day, at which time it was designated Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine.[172] On the morning of September 27, more organization occurred, and the disturbance became Tropical Depression Nine.[173] Moving slowly northward, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Imelda the following afternoon, about 370 mi (600 km) southeast ofCape Canaveral, Florida.[174] Early on September 30, while over the central Bahamas, deep convection redeveloped along the western side of Imelda, and it turned to the northeast.[175] That same morning, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.[176] Imelda's inner core structure continued to improve into October 1, and it intensified to Category 2.[177] That evening, as the system began its transition into an extratropical cyclone, the eye of Imelda brushed the coast of Bermuda, with sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h).[178] Then, while moving quickly toward the east-northeast out to sea early the next morning, the system weakened back to Category 1, then completed its extratropical transition.[179]
The precursor disturbance produced squalls with torrential rains across Puerto Rico and the eastern Dominican Republic on September 23 and 24.[180] A man died in Puerto Rico as flood waters swept his car away.[181][182] Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and eastern Cuba also experienced heavy rains and gusty winds of the disturbance.[183] Areas along the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast received strong wind gusts and rain showers from Imelda, along with rough surf from Imelda and Hurricane Humberto combined.[184] InVolusia County, Florida, a man drowned due in arip current.[185] InNorth Carolina, waves caused eight homes along theOuter Banks shoreline to collapse.[186] AON estimates that Imelda caused more than US$10 million in damage.[151]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | October 7 – October 11 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h)(1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
On October 3, a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa.[187] The next day, a large area of low pressure associated with the wave formed south of Cape Verde.[188] The system grew more organized over the next few days, and was named Tropical Storm Jerry on October 7, after developing a low-level center and organized thunderstorm activity.[189] Jerry formed far to the east of the Windward Islands, and initially moved quickly westward along the south-southwest side of a strong subtropical ridge.[190]
By the evening of October 8, the storm had intensified some, with its sustained winds reaching 65 mph (100 km/h).[191] The storm battled persistent northwesterly wind shear throughout the following day, while curving northwestward, and making its closest approach to the Leeward Islands.[192] Later, as Jerry turned to the north, its low-level circulation became more ill-defined due to strong wind shear, and its intensity fluctuated.[193] Jerry remained disheveled, and on October 11, degenerated into an elongated trough.[194]
Rainfall surpassed 9 in (230 mm) in some areas ofAntigua and Barbuda, generatingflash floods and minorlandslides.[195] Floods damaged equipment at the MET office building onAntigua.[196] Major roads and businesses in Guadeloupe were inundated.[197][198] Seven people were rescued after their boat encountered rough seas off Guadeloupe.[199] InLe Moule, Guadeloupe, floods swept away a car, killing the driver.[200] Around 600 people lost power on the island. Airports on Saint Martin suspended operations for 13 hours,[201] and government offices inSint Maarten were closed on October 10.[202]
| Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | October 10 – October 10 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h)(1-min); 998 mbar (hPa) |
On October 8, a gale-force non-tropical area of low pressure developed west-northwest of the Azores.[203] The shower and thunderstorm activity within the disturbance became better organized the following day.[204] After the system became detached from frontal boundaries and its wind field contracted, it transitioned to Subtropical Storm Karen early on October 10.[205] A compact storm with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), Karen tracked northeastward over cool waters, producing some displaced moderate convection.[206] As it moved north-northeastward that evening, however, the storm's convection fully dissipated, making the system a remnant low.[207]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | October 13 – October 15 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h)(1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa) |
On October 9, a tropical wave emerged into the tropical Atlantic,[208] passing south of Cape Verde,[209] while producing widespread disorganized showers and thunderstorms as it moved west-northwestward over the next few days.[210] Organization began on October 11.[208] The disturbance became better organized late on October 12, producing tropical-storm-force winds, along with a large burst of deep convection.[211] At 06:00 UTC on October 13, a well-defined circulation formed and the system became a tropical storm. At 00:00 UTC on October 14, wind speeds of 60 mph (97 km/h) was recorded, though maximum winds were likely undersampled. The maximum intensity was estimated to be 1000 millibars through the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney wind-pressure relationship.[208] The storm became embedded in a sheared and dry environment on October 14, however, causing it to weaken.[212] As a result of the adverse atmospheric conditions, the storm later struggled to produce organized convection and maintain a closed circulation,[213] and on October 15, Lorenzo degenerated into a remnant low over the open eastern Atlantic.[214]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | October 21 – October 31 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 185 mph (295 km/h)(1-min); 892 mbar (hPa) |
On October 19, an extensive tropical wave moved through the Windward Islands and into theCaribbean Sea.[215] The disturbance moved quickly westward, then slowed significantly, providing an opportunity for development of a well-defined center and organized deep convection early on October 21, becoming Tropical Storm Melissa.[216] On account of weak steering currents, Melissa moved slowly and erratically west to northwest over the very warm waters of the central Caribbean for the next several days following formation, and was unable to strengthen appreciably due to westerly wind shear.[217] Once the wind shear diminished, Melissa became better vertically aligned, turned more northward, and strengthened.[218] Then, enabled by very favorable conditions, Melissa began a period ofrapid intensification on October 25,[219] reaching Category 4 hurricane strength early the next day.[220] After a brief pause, intensification resumed, and while moving generally westward, Melissa attained Category 5 status early on October 27.[221] The system subsequently attained maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg) about 45 mi (70 km) south-southeast ofNegril,Jamaica the next morning.[222] The hurricane made landfall near New Hope inWestmoreland Parish, Jamaica, at that intensity later that afternoon.[223] The hurricane weakened inland over the mountains, and emerged off Jamaica's north coast into the Caribbean at Category 4 strength.[224] The system then further weakened to Category 3 hurricane soon thereafter.[225] At 07:10 UTC the next morning, Melissa made landfall in Cuba, about 20 mi (30 km) east ofChivirico, with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[226] Inland, the rugged terrain of Cuba led to additional weakening, with of the storm's sustained winds falling to low-end Category 2 strength by the time Melissa moved back offshore, into the Atlantic Ocean, eight hours later.[227] The system then further weakened to Category 1 strength soon thereafter, while beginning to accelerate to the northeast.[228] However, Melissa re-strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on October 30, after traversingthe Bahamas.[229] Melissa weakened again to Category 1 strength early on October 31, as it passed near Bermuda.[230] That same day, Melissa completed its transition into a hurricane-force extratropical cyclone.[231]
So far, there have been at least 102 fatalities related to Melissa. InHaiti, a river flood killed 25,[232] one person was killed by a falling tree inMarigot, while five others were injured by floods inArtibonite Department.[233] In total, at least 47 have died inHispaniola.[234][235][232] In theDominican Republic, streets acrossSanto Domingo became flooded.[235] Nationwide, over one million homes were left without water service,[236] as 56aqueducts were put out of service by the storm.[237] The precursor to Melissa brought heavy rain squalls toBarbados, where wind gusts up to 45 mph (74 km/h) were recorded atGrantley Adams International Airport. Additionally, peak gusts of 32 mph (52 km/h) atSaint Lucia and 37 mph (61 km/h) atMartinique were observed as well.[215]
The following list of names is being used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2025.[238] This is the same list used in the2019 season, with the exception ofDexter, which replacedDorian.[239] The nameDexter was used for the first time this season.Names retired, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2026.
|
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, intensities, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2025 USD.
| Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
| Storm name | Dates active | Stormcategory at peak intensity | Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) | Min. press. (mbar) | Areas affected | Damage (USD) | Deaths | Ref(s). | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrea | June 23–24 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1014 | None | None | None | |||
| Barry | June 28–30 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1006 | NorthernCentral America,Yucatán Peninsula, EasternMexico,South Texas | $32.3 million | 8 | [64][65][66] | ||
| Chantal | July 4–7 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 1002 | Southeastern United States,Mid-Atlantic United States | $500 million | 6 | [240][241][242] | ||
| Dexter | August 3–6 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 999 | None | None | None | |||
| Erin | August 11–22 | Category 5 hurricane | 160 (260) | 915 | Cape Verde,Leeward Islands,Puerto Rico,Hispaniola,Lucayan Archipelago,East Coast of the United States,Bermuda, CoastalNova Scotia andNewfoundland,Iceland | >$1 million | 12 | [243] | ||
| Fernand | August 23–27 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 999 | None | None | None | |||
| Gabrielle | September 17–25 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 948 | East Coast of the United States, Bermuda,Azores,Iberian Peninsula | >$11.7 million | None | |||
| Humberto | September 24 – October 1 | Category 5 hurricane | 160 (260) | 924 | Bermuda, East Coast of the United States | Minimal | None | |||
| Imelda | September 27 – October 2 | Category 2 hurricane | 100 (155) | 966 | Leeward Islands,Greater Antilles, Lucayan Archipelago, Southeastern United States, Bermuda | >$10 million | 5 | [181][185] | ||
| Jerry | October 7–11 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 999 | Lesser Antilles | Minimal | 1 | |||
| Karen | October 10 | Subtropical storm | 45 (75) | 998 | None | None | None | |||
| Lorenzo | October 13–15 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 1000 | None | None | None | |||
| Melissa | October 21–31 | Category 5 hurricane | 185 (295) | 892 | Windward Islands, Greater Antilles (particularlyJamaica, Hispaniola, and easternCuba), CoastalColombia, Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, CoastalNortheastern United States | $10 billion | 102 | [244] | ||
| Season aggregates | ||||||||||
| 13 systems | June 23 – present | 185 (295) | 892 | >$10.555 billion | 134 | |||||
