Current calendar year
Calendar year
2025 by topic By international organization
2025 (MMXXV ) is the current year, and is acommon year starting on Wednesday of theGregorian calendar , the 2025th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 3rd millennium and the21st century , and the 6th year of the2020s decade.
Calendar year
So far, the year has seen an escalation of major armed conflicts,[ 1] Russian invasion of Ukraine , which began peace negotiations involvingVladimir Putin andDonald Trump . There were also theSudanese civil andGaza wars , which had escalated into afamine and humanitarian crisis. Internal crises inArmenia ,Bangladesh ,Ecuador ,France ,Georgia ,Germany ,Haiti ,Peru ,Somalia , andSouth Korea continued into this year, with the latter leading to PresidentYoon Suk Yeol 'sarrest andremoval from office . The year has also seen awave of protests predominantly led by Generation Z , with some, likethose in Nepal andMadagascar , resulting in the overthrow of governments. Several brief conflicts out of longstanding tensions emerged mid-year—India–Pakistan in May,Iran–Israel in June, andCambodia–Thailand in July, in which aleaked phone call involving Thai prime ministerPaetongtarn Shinawatra and Cambodian senate presidentHun Sen resulted in the removal of the former.
In economics and business, thereturn of Donald Trump to theU.S. presidency ushered ina series of tariffs levied by America on most of the world , significantly disrupting global trade, in addition to reinvigorating theChina–United States trade war . The technology sector was additionally hit with the release ofDeepSeek 's chatbot, a Chineselarge language model which competes withChatGPT . Aviation and aerospace also saw accidents this year, including whenAir India Flight 171 crashed inAhmedabad , India. Several advances in space exploration were made as well, including thefirst crewed polar orbit spaceflight , and thefirst fully successful landing of a spacecraft on the Moon by a private company .
Events
January Collapsed house inTibet after the2025 Tibet earthquake on January 7 Aerial view of homes devastated by thePalisades Fire in the early evening hours of January 15 as part of theSouthern California wildfires Recovery of the wreck of Bombardier CRJ700 involved in amid-air collision over the Potomac River on January 29 January 1 January 6 –Indonesia becomes thetenth member to joinBRICS .[ 10] [ 11] January 7 January 8 – Eighteen gunmen and a soldier are killed in anattack on thepresidential palace inN'Djamena , the capital ofChad .[ 16] January 9 – TheCommander of the Lebanese Armed Forces ,Joseph Aoun , iselected the 14thpresident of Lebanon byparliament , ending the power vacuum that lasted over two years.[ 17] January 10 – The EuropeanCopernicus Climate Change Service reports that2024 was the world's hottest year on record, and the first calendar year to pass the symbolic threshold of1.5 °C ofglobal warming .[ 18] January 11 –A gas station explosion inAl Bayda , Yemen, results in 40 deaths and dozens of others injured.[ 19] January 12 –2024–25 Croatian presidential election :Zoran Milanović is re-elected for a second term.[ 20] January 13 –C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) , anon-periodic comet , reaches perihelion, and is dubbedThe Great Comet of 2025 .[ 21] [ 22] January 14 –February 2 – The2025 World Men's Handball Championship is held inCroatia ,Denmark andNorway , and is won byDenmark .[ 23] January 15 January 16 January 18 January 19 –Gaza war :A ceasefire goes into effect, lasting until anIsraeli surprise attack on 18 March.[ 34] January 21 – 78 people are killed after afire breaks out in a hotel in the ski resort ofKartalkaya , Turkey.[ 35] January 23 January 24 Storm Éowyn hitsIreland and theUnited Kingdom . Record high wind speeds of 183 km/h (114 mph) are recorded in Ireland, while over a million homes are left without power.[ 40] [ 41] [ 42] A series of ongoingboycotts in Southeastern European countries took place of several retail stores in that region, in response to raised food prices and alleged price fixing.[ 43] January 25 – TheDacian -eraHelmet of Coțofenești , on loan from theNational History Museum of Romania ,is stolen along with three other gold artifacts from theDrents Museum inAssen by thieves who broke into the museum using explosives.[ 44] January 26 – The2025 Belarusian presidential election is held,[ 45] Alexander Lukashenko (independent , but of theBelaya Rus alliance) being re-elected.[ 46] January 27 – Global technology shares outside China fall sharply in response to the release ofDeepSeek 'schatbot , a Chinese competitor toOpenAI 'sChatGPT . Chip giantNvidia loses almost $600 billion of its value, the biggest drop for a single company in U.S. stock market history.[ 47] [ 48] January 29
February Members of theGuatemalan Army andNational Civil Police participating in the search-and-rescue efforts following theGuatemala City bus crash on February 10 Student–led anti-government protests erupt across Indonesia on February 17 following the enactment of alegislation increasing military involvement in civilian government roles The meeting betweenVolodymyr Zelenskyy ,Donald Trump , andJD Vance in theOval Office on February 28, where Trump and Vance argued with Zelenskyy, increasing diplomatic tensions between their countriesFebruary 4 China–United States trade war : China announces export controls and increased tariffs on certain American imports in retaliation for Donald Trump's imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods.[ 52] At least 11 people are killed (and the perpetrator) and another 15 are injured after agunman opens fire at anadult education centre inÖrebro , Sweden, the deadliest mass shooting in the country's history.[ 53] [ 54] Donald Trump announces that the United States will take control of theGaza Strip in an agreement withIsrael , and that the U.S. military will be in charge of Gaza's reconstruction.[ 55] [ 56] [ 57] February 9 February 10 –A bus falls off a bridge over theLas Vacas River inGuatemala City , Guatemala, killing at least 55 people, and seriously injuring 9 others.[ 60] February 12 February 15 –Mahamoud Ali Youssouf iselected as thechairperson of the African Union Commission .[ 63] February 17 –2025 Indonesian protests : A series of ongoing nationwide protests are held following the enactment of alegislation increasing military involvement in civilian government roles .[ 64] February 18 February 19 –Croatia completes the process of joining theEuropean Economic Area .[ 70] February 23 –2025 German federal election : After being pushed forward as a result of the2024 German government crisis , the centre-rightCDU/CSU becomes the largest party, with big gains from the far-rightAfD , resulting in a second-place finish.[ 71] February 25 – AnAntonov An-26 of theSudanese Air Force crashes in a residential area, near theWadi Seidna Air Base . All 17 occupants onboard and 29 people on the ground die.[ 72] February 28 –A meeting betweenU.S. president Donald Trump andUkrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy takes place at theWhite House . Trump andV.P. JD Vance sharply criticise Zelenskyy, raising questions about support forUkraine , a proposed end to thewar , and the country's future in general.[ 73]
March A rendering ofBlue Ghost Mission 1 which landed on March 2 Remains of the Pulse nightclub inKočani , North Macedonia, where afire took place on March 16, killing 62 people and injuring 195 others Anti-government protests break out across Turkey followingthe arrest of Istanbul mayorEkrem İmamoğlu bythe national police on March 19Rescue efforts at thecollapsed building in Thailand caused by the2025 Myanmar earthquake on March 28 March 2 –Firefly Aerospace becomes the first commercial company to successfullyland on the Moon with no technical issues, with itsBlue Ghost Mission 1 .[ 74] [ 75] March 3 – TheTrump administration pausesmilitary aid to Ukraine , following theOval Office meeting withZelenskyy the previous week.[ 76] March 4 –Colossal Biosciences createswoolly mice as part ofde-extinction efforts for the woolly mammoth .[ 77] [ b] March 5 –Sudan files an application against theUnited Arab Emirates before theInternational Court of Justice , alleging violations of theConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by the UAE through its support for theRSF , which is responsible for thegenocide in Darfur .[ 78] March 8 – More than 1,000 people, including civilians, are reportedkilled in a crackdown bySyrian transitional government security forces in theAlawite region, described as the country's worst violence for years.[ 79] [ 80] [ 81] March 8 –17 – The2025 Special Olympics World Winter Games are held inTurin , Italy.[ 82] March 9 –2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election : AfterJustin Trudeau resigned as Canada's prime minister in January, formergovernor of the Bank of Canada Mark Carney becomes the leader of theLiberal Party of Canada , becoming thePrime Minister of Canada five days later. The next month in April, the Liberal Partywins a fourth consecutive reelection and forms a minority government.[ 83] [ 84] [ 85] [ 86] March 11 March 12 –2025 Belizean general election : The incumbentPeople's United Party wins a second term in a landslide victory.[ 90] March 16 March 18 March 19 –Nationwide protests erupt acrossTurkey following thearrest of the mayor ofIstanbul ,Ekrem İmamoğlu , on charges of corruption and terrorism.[ 96] [ 97] March 20 –Kirsty Coventry is elected as the 10th, first female and AfricanPresident of the International Olympic Committee in the first round of voting in the144th IOC Session .[ 98] March 21 March 28 – A 7.7-magnitudeearthquake occurs inMyanmar , resulting in 5,413 killed and 11,402 injured.[ 101] [ 102] [ 103] March 31 – TheCaribbean guilder is introduced, replacing theNetherlands Antillean guilder as the currency forCuraçao andSint Maarten .[ 104]
April Possible biosignatures are discovered in the atmosphere of exoplanetK2-18b (artistic impression of planet) Rescue of victims following theJet Set nightclub roof collapse on April 8 Smoke billowing after thePort of Shahid Rajaee explosion on April 26 View fromMadrid 'sPreciados Street towardsCallao Square during the2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout on April 28, with Preciados still dark while Callao has partial power restored April 1 –Fram2 launches aboard aSpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, becoming the firstcrewed spaceflight to enter apolar retrograde orbit .[ 105] [ 106] [ 107] April 2 – US PresidentDonald Trump issuessweeping trade tariffs on many countries, including a 10% baseline tariff for all imports.[ 108] [ 109] April 3 –Hungary withdraws from theInternational Criminal Court afterIsraeli Prime Minister and accused war criminalBenjamin Netanyahu lands inBudapest for a state visit, in defiance of theInternational Criminal Court's arrest warrant against him.[ 110] April 4 –Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol : TheConstitutional Court of Korea unanimously upholds Yoon's impeachment in an 8–0 vote, officially removing him from office.[ 111] April 7 – Colossal Biosciences showcasesthree grey wolves that aregenetically modified to exhibit the characteristics of thedire wolf .[ 112] April 8 – During a concert performance byRubby Pérez inSanto Domingo , anightclub roof collapses , killing at least 231 people, including Pérez, and injures more than 200 others.[ 113] [ 114] April 12 –2025 Gabonese presidential election : Incumbent transitional PresidentBrice Oligui Nguema wins a full term. The election is the first since the2023 Gabonese coup d'état , and was preceded by aconstitutional referendum in 2024.[ 115] April 13 –October 13 –Expo 2025 is held inOsaka , Japan.[ 116] April 13 –2025 Ecuadorian general election : Incumbent presidentDaniel Noboa is re-elected for a full term in the second round.[ 117] April 15 – A motorized wooden boat capsizes after catching fire in theCongo River near the town ofMbandaka in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo , killing at least 148 people.[ 118] [ 119] [ 120] April 17 – Theatmosphere ofK2-18b , a candidatewater world located 124light-years away, is found to contain large quantities ofdimethyl sulfide and/ordimethyl disulfide – two compounds that, onEarth , are only known to be produced by life.[ 121] [ 122] [ 123] [ 124] April 21 –Pope Francis , head of the Catholic Church since 2013,dies at the age of 88. World leaders pay tribute. Many countries have declarednational mourning .[ 125] [ 126] April 22 – Militants affiliated withThe Resistance Front open fire on a group of tourists at theBaisaran Valley inJammu and Kashmir , India, killing 26 and injuring at least 20.[ 127] April 26 April 28 April 30 – TheUkraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement is signed, providing an economic incentive for the US to continue to invest in Ukraine's defence and reconstruction, in exchange for access to the war-torn country's energy and mineral resources.[ 138]
May Robert Francis Prevost is elected asPope Leo XIV in the2025 papal conclave on May 8, becoming the firstNorth American ,Peruvian citizen andAugustinian pope in thehistory of the Catholic Church May 3 May 6 May 7 –8 –2025 conclave : 133 cardinal electors elect Robert Francis Prevost asPope Francis 's successor, on the fourth ballot. He takes the namePope Leo XIV , and becomes the first pope from North America, the first with Peruvian or U.S. citizenship, and the first from theOrder of Saint Augustine .[ 148] May 9 –25 – The2025 IIHF World Championship is held inStockholm , Sweden, andHerning , Denmark, andis won by theUnited States .[ 149] May 11 –2025 Albanian parliamentary election : The incumbentSocialist Party led byEdi Rama wins reelection, retaining a majority government.[ 150] May 12 May 13 –17 – TheEurovision Song Contest 2025 is held inBasel , Switzerland.Austrian contestantJJ wins with the song "Wasted Love ".[ 154] May 18 May 25 May 31 –Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat is sworn in as the new EpiscopalCo-Prince of Andorra andBishop of Urgell after the Vatican accepts the resignation ofJoan Enric Vives i Sicília for age limitation reasons.[ 159]
June California National Guard and protestors during the2025 Los Angeles protests on June 9The wreckage ofAir India Flight 171 's tail section wedged into theB. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad Explosions inTehran during theJune 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran on June 13 June 1 June 3 June 6 –June 2025 Los Angeles protests : Protests erupt inLos Angeles in response toImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) arrests and deportations ofillegal immigrants .[ 165] [ 166] [ 167] [ 168] June 10 – 10 people are killed and another >30 injured after a gunmanopens fire at a school inGraz ,Austria .[ 169] June 12 –Air India Flight 171 , a London-boundBoeing 787 , crashes into a building after take-off fromAhmedabad , India, killing 229 passengers, 12 crew on board, and 19 people on the ground.One passenger survives the crash .[ 170] [ 171] hull loss involving aBoeing 787 Dreamliner .[ 172] June 13 –Iran–Israel war : Israel conducts air strikes against Iran's nuclear facilities, killing military commanders includingHossein Salami ; Iran retaliates.[ 173] [ 174] June 14 –July 13 – The2025 FIFA Club World Cup is held in theUnited States , andis won byChelsea .[ 175] June 14 – TheNo Kings protests occur across many cities in the U.S., as well as Canada, Europe, Japan and Mexico, against Donald Trump.[ 176] [ 177] June 16 –17 – The51st G7 summit is held inKananaskis, Canada .[ 178] June 22 –Iran–Israel war : TheUnited States carries outB-2 bomber airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear sites inFordow ,Natanz , andIsfahan .[ 179] June 23 – Iranlaunches missiles at US bases inQatar andIraq in response to the previous day's strikes.[ 180] June 24 –25 – ANATO summit is held at theWorld Forum inThe Hague, Netherlands .[ 181] June 25 – TheAxiom Mission 4 is launched. The mission involves four astronauts, including the first astronauts from Poland (Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski ) and India (Shubhanshu Shukla ) since the end of theCold War .[ 182] [ 183] June 27 – The U.S., with Qatari support, brokers a preliminarypeace treaty between theDemocratic Republic of the Congo andRwanda , endingtheir armed conflict that started in 2022.[ 184]
July Aerial photo of theJuly 2025 Central Texas floods nearHunt Angara Airlines Flight 2311 crashes near the Eastern Siberian city ofTynda , Amur Oblast, Russia, on July 24
August Vladimir Putin andDonald Trump arriving inAnchorage, Alaska , for the2025 Russia–United States Summit on August 15Amagnitude-6.0 earthquake strikes easternAfghanistan on August 30, killing over 2,200 people and injuring 3,500 more August 7 –17 – The2025 World Games are held inChengdu , China.[ 196] August 7 –OpenAI 's modelGPT-5 is released.[ 197] August 8 –Armenia andAzerbaijan sign apeace deal mediated by theUnited States to end 37-year-old hostilities regarding theNagorno-Karabakh conflict .[ 198] August 15 –2025 Russia–United States Summit : US president Donald Trump meets with Russian president Vladimir Putin inAnchorage, Alaska , to discuss a plan for resolving theconflict in Ukraine .[ 199] August 15 –17 – The firstWorld Humanoid Robot Games are held inBeijing ,China .[ 200] [ 201] August 19 – Amulti-vehicle collision involving a bus carryingmigrants deported from Iran , a motorcycle and a truck kills at least 79 people inHerat Province ,Afghanistan .[ 202] August 22 –Famine is confirmed inGaza City for the first time after the UN-backed body responsible for monitoring food security raises its classification toPhase 5 , the highest and worst level. The IPC says more than 500,000 people are now facing "starvation, destitution and death".[ 203] August 22 –September 27 – The2025 Women's Rugby World Cup is held in, andis won by,England .[ 204] August 30 –2025 Thai political crisis : TheConstitutional Court of Thailand removesPrime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra from office for ethical misconduct overleaked phone calls she had with formerCambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen .[ 205] [ 206] August 31
September Immediate aftermath of theAscensor da Glória derailment on September 3, as seen fromRestauradores Square , with dark yellow derailed car toppled into building on right Students during the2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests on September 8 ThePhilippine Army and theBureau of Fire Protection join the rescue efforts to the buildings collapsed due to the2025 Cebu earthquake September 3 – At least 16 people are killed and over 21 are injured after theGlória funicular derailment in the centre ofLisbon ,Portugal .[ 210] [ 211] September 8 September 9 September 10 –Charlie Kirk , an American right-wing activist and influential ally ofPresident Trump , isassassinated at a campus event inUtah , prompting widespread reactions both domestically and internationally.[ 218] September 11 – TheSupreme Federal Court convicts formerBrazilian president Jair Bolsonaro to 27 years in prison for his involvement in the2022 Brazilian coup plot .[ 219] [ 220] September 12 – Formerchief justice Sushila Karki assumes office asinterim prime minister of aninterim government formed afterK. P. Sharma Oli 's resignation inNepal ,[ 221] Discord .[ 222] [ 223] [ 224] September 12 –28 – The2025 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship is held inPasay andQuezon City , thePhilippines , and is won byItaly .[ 225] September 13 –21 – The2025 World Athletics Championships are held inTokyo , Japan.[ 226] September 16 September 19 –Estonian airspace nearVaindloo island is violated by threeRussian MiG-31 jets. In response, Estonia invokesArticle 4 of NATO .[ 230] September 20 –Intervision 2025 is held inMoscow , Russia.Vietnamese contestantĐức Phúc wins with the song "Phù Đổng Thiên Vương [th ] [ 231] September 21 – TheUK ,Canada , andAustralia announce their formalrecognition of Palestine as a sovereign state, withFrance also doing so the next day.[ 232] [ 233] September 28 –2025 Moldovan parliamentary election : Incumbent pro-European partyPAS wins reelection, forming another majority government.[ 234] September 30 – AMw 6.9 earthquake shakes the island ofCebu in the Philippines, leaving 71 people dead and 559 injured.[ 235]
October Pieces of theFrench Crown Jewels are stolen during the2025 Louvre robbery on October 19 (Galerie d'Apollon pictured)
Predicted and scheduled events
Date unknown
Births
Deaths
Nobel Prizes Nobel medal Chemistry –Susumu Kitagawa ,Richard Robson andOmar M. Yaghi , for the development of metal-organic frameworks.[ 271] Economics –Joel Mokyr , for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress, andPeter Howitt andPhilippe Aghion , for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.[ 272] Literature –László Krasznahorkai , for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.[ 273] Peace –María Corina Machado , for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.[ 274] Physics –John Clarke ,Michel H. Devoret andJohn M. Martinis , for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.[ 275] Physiology or Medicine –Mary E. Brunkow ,Fred Ramsdell andShimon Sakaguchi , for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.[ 276]
See also
Notes ^ The tomb was discovered in 2022, but the official announcement was made in February 2025. ^ The mice were born in October 2024, but they were not disclosed to the public until March 2025.
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Here's what we know" .The Times of India . October 10, 2025.ISSN 0971-8257 . RetrievedOctober 10, 2025 .^ "Former speaker Herminie wins Seychelles presidential election" .Reuters . October 11, 2025. RetrievedOctober 12, 2025 .^ Aquino, Marco; Morland, Sarah (October 10, 2025)."Peru Congress ousts president, successor vows 'war on crime' .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 10, 2025 . ^ Atabong, Amindeh Blaise; Essigue, Desire Danga (October 12, 2025)."Cameroon counts votes as world's oldest president seeks to extend rule" .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 . ^ "All 20 living hostages now handed over as Trump set to address Israeli parliament" .BBC News . October 13, 2025. RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 .^ Rabary, Lovasoa; Cocks, Tim; Paravicini, Giulia (October 13, 2025)."Madagascar's president has left the country after Gen Z protests, officials say" .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 . ^ Elliott, Lucinda; Machicao, Monica (October 20, 2025)."Centrist Rodrigo Paz wins Bolivian presidency, ending nearly 20 years of leftist rule" .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 23, 2025 . ^ "Louvre closed for the day after robbery of 'priceless' jewelry" .Le Monde . RetrievedOctober 19, 2025 .^ Goillandeau, Martin; Danaher, Caitlin; Vandoorne, Saskya (October 19, 2025)."Thieves steal 'priceless' jewelry from the Louvre in seven-minute raid" .CNN . RetrievedOctober 19, 2025 . ^ "Sanae Takaichi makes history as Japan's first female prime minister" .BBC News . October 21, 2025. RetrievedOctober 21, 2025 .^ "Eric Lu wins the 19th Chopin Competition!" .Chopin Competition . October 21, 2025. RetrievedOctober 21, 2025 .^ "Leftwinger Catherine Connolly wins Ireland presidential election by landslide" .The Guardian . October 25, 2025. RetrievedOctober 25, 2025 .^ "Argentina's 2025 mid-term elections scheduled for October 26" .Buenos Aires Herald . RetrievedAugust 15, 2025 .^ "Anwar confirms Timor-Leste to officially join Asean as full member on October 26" .Malay Mail . October 11, 2025. RetrievedOctober 25, 2025 .^ "Verkiezingen definitief op 29 oktober, kosten 105 miljoen euro" .Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). June 6, 2025.^ "2025 UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP 30)" .SDG Knowledge Hub .Archived from the original on January 1, 2025. RetrievedDecember 22, 2024 .^ "One year before COP30, Belém transforms itself to host the Climate Summit" .Secretaria de Comunicação Social . Federal Government of Brazil. November 12, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2025 .^ Dagher, Munqith (October 3, 2025)."Voter turnout will define Iraq's 2025 election" .Chatham House . RetrievedOctober 4, 2025 . ^ Morland, Sarah (January 29, 2025)."Haiti leader says long-awaited general elections penned for November" .Reuters .Reuters . ^ Velasco, Rosa."Understanding Chile's 2025 Presidential Primary" .AS/COA . RetrievedAugust 23, 2025 . ^ "FIFA Council takes key decisions on FIFA Member Associations and upcoming FIFA competitions" . FIFA. October 3, 2024.Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2025 .^ "G20 Leaders'Summit" .Archived from the original on December 6, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2025 .^ "IHF | 27th IHF Women's World Championship" .ihf.info . RetrievedApril 28, 2025 .^ Turgunbaeva, Aigerim (September 25, 2025)."Kyrgyzstan parliament votes to hold snap November election" .Reuters . RetrievedSeptember 26, 2025 . ^ "Georgia to host Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025 in Tbilisi" .European Broadcasting Union . RetrievedMay 13, 2025 .^ "Morocco to host 2025 Africa Cup of Nations" .CAFOnline.com . RetrievedOctober 2, 2023 .^ Peppard, Michael (May 30, 2014)."Nicea III in 2025?" .Commonweal Magazine .Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. RetrievedDecember 12, 2015 . ^ Coren, Michael J. (August 7, 2018)."Nine countries say they'll ban internal combustion engines. So far, it's just words" .Quartz .Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. RetrievedJune 6, 2019 . ^ "Norway is electric" . Government of Norway. November 29, 2019.Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. RetrievedAugust 9, 2020 .^ Preskey, Natasha (September 22, 2025)."ICC charges Rodrigo Duterte with crimes against humanity" .BBC News . RetrievedSeptember 23, 2025 . ^ "Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 8, 2025 .^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 9, 2025 .^ "Nobel Peace Prize 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 10, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Physics 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 7, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 6, 2025 .
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