2024 Japanese general election

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All 465 seats in theHouse of Representatives 233 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered	103,880,749 (1.39%)[1]
Turnout	53.84% (2.13pp; Const. votes) 53.84% (2.14pp; PR votes)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Shigeru Ishiba Yoshihiko Noda Nobuyuki Baba Party LDP CDP Ishin Leader since 27 September 2024 23 September 2024 27 August 2022 Leader's seat Tottori 1st Chiba 14th Osaka 17th Last election 259 seats 96 seats 41 seats Seats before 247 98 44 Seats won 191 148 38 Seat change 68 52 3 Constituency vote 20,867,762 15,740,860 6,048,103 % and swing 38.46% (9.62pp) 29.01% (0.95pp) 11.15% (2.79pp) Regional vote 14,582,690 11,564,222 5,105,127 % and swing 26.73% (7.93pp) 21.20% (1.20pp) 9.36% (4.65pp)   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Yuichiro Tamaki Keiichi Ishii Tarō Yamamoto Party DPP Komeito Reiwa Leader since 7 May 2018 28 September 2024 1 April 2019 Leader's seat Kagawa 2nd Northern Kanto PR (lost re-election) Did not stand[a] Last election 11 seats 32 seats 3 seats Seats before 7 32 3 Seats won 28 24 9 Seat change 16 8 6 Constituency vote 2,349,584 730,401 425,445 % and swing 4.33% (2.16pp) 1.35% (0.17pp) 0.78% (0.35pp) Regional vote 6,172,434 5,964,415 3,805,060 % and swing 11.32% (6.81pp) 10.93% (1.45pp) 6.98% (3.12pp)   Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party   Leader Tomoko Tamura Sohei Kamiya Naoki Hyakuta Party JCP Sanseitō CPJ Leader since 18 January 2024 17 March 2020 1 September 2023 Leader's seat Tokyo PR Did not stand[b] Did not stand[b] Last election 10 seats Did not contest Did not exist Seats before 10 0 0 Seats won 8 3 3 Seat change 2 New New Constituency vote 3,695,807 1,357,189 155,837 % and swing 6.81% (2.22pp) 2.50% (New) 0.29% (New) Regional vote 3,362,966 1,870,347 1,145,622 % and swing 6.16% (1.09pp) 3.43% (New) 2.10% (New)
Districts and PR districts, shaded according to winners' vote strength
Prime Minister before election Shigeru Ishiba LDP ElectedPrime Minister Shigeru Ishiba LDP

General elections were held inJapan on 27 October 2024 due to the early dissolution of theHouse of Representatives, thelower house of theNational Diet, by Prime MinisterShigeru Ishiba.^[2] Voting took place inall constituencies, includingproportional blocks, to elect all 465 members of the House of Representatives.

The election was held one month after Ishiba took office as prime minister, after winning a heated contest in theLiberal Democratic Party (LDP)presidential election on 27 September, following the resignation ofFumio Kishida as party leader due to his low approval rating amid theparty-wide slush fund corruption scandal. The dissolution of the Diet was held eight days after theprime minister's investiture and 26 days before the voting day, both the shortest since the end ofWorld War II.

Amid continued public discontent with the slush fund scandal, the governing LDP and itscoalition partnerKomeito lost their parliamentary majority in the lower house for the first time since2009, with the LDP suffering its second-worst result in its history, securing only 191 seats. TheConstitutional Democratic Party (CDP), the main opposition party led by former Prime MinisterYoshihiko Noda, achieved its best result in its history, increasing its seat count from 96 to 148. This was the first general election in Japan since1955 wherein no party secured at least 200 seats.

TheDemocratic Party for the People (DPP) won 28 seats, surpassing Komeito to become the fourth-largest party in the chamber. The DPP emerged as a key player in the aftermath of the election as the LDP sought to negotiate their cooperation on a policy-by-policy basis in the next Diet session given the LDP's lack of a majority. Komeito suffered further losses including losing all of its seats inOsaka at the expense of the Osaka-basedIshin no Kai as well as the party's newly elected leaderKeiichi Ishii losing his seat. Smaller opposition parties also gained seats, including left-wing populist partyReiwa Shinsengumi, right-wing populist partySanseitō and the newly-formed far-rightConservative Party.

Ishiba was re-elected Prime Minister in the Diet on 11 November as head of an LDP-Komeitominority government.

Since thelast general election in 2021,Prime MinisterFumio Kishida was caught in a series of political crises, firstly theassassination of Shinzo Abe in 2022, which led to the heightened scrutiny against the allegations surrounding theUnification Church and its link to hisLiberal Democratic Party (LDP).^[3][4] The close relationship between the party and the church caused a drop in approval rating of the Kishida cabinet,^[5][6] and anti-government protests and riots, leading to thefirst reshuffle of his cabinet on 10 August 2022 andsecond reshuffle in September 2023 to remove cabinet members affiliated with the church.^[7][8]

The Kishida government was further damaged by theparty-wide slush fund corruption scandal in late 2023, which saw his approval rate drop to 23% as of 13 December 2023, the lowest such rating any prime minister had had since the LDP returned to power in 2012.^[9] By 22 December, Kishida's approval rate had further declined to 17%.^[10] On 18 January 2024, Kishida announced his intention to dissolve hisKōchikai faction as a result of the scandal.^[11] The following day on 19 January, theShisuikai (Nikai faction) andSeiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai (Abe faction) announced their dissolutions.^[12]

Kishida never recovered from the record-low approval ratings amid fallout from the scandal. His party lost all three seats up for election in theApril 2024 by-elections, which were previously held by LDP or LDP-affiliated independents.^[13] On 14 August 2024, Kishida announced that he would step down asparty president, thereby not seeking re-election in September.^[14]

On 30 September 2024, formerMinister of DefenseShigeru Ishiba, who won the heated nine-way contest in theparty presidential election on 27 September, officially announced that he would call an early election to be held on 27 October, a year ahead of the expiration of the current term, to seek confidence from the people. After his inauguration as the prime minister on 1 October, theHouse of Representatives was dissolved on 9 October, with the election being announced on the 15th, and voting to take place on the 27th.^[15]

The election is held after the replacement of major party leaders. The LDP elected Ishiba as new leader on 27 September, theConstitutional Democratic Party (CDP) elected former Prime MinisterYoshihiko Nodaon 23 September,Nobuyuki Baba took leadership ofJapan Innovation Party on 30 November 2021,Keiichi Ishii was elected leader ofKomeito on 28 September, andTomoko Tamura became leader of theJapanese Communist Party (JCP) on 18 January 2024. It is the first time since2012 where all three of the leading parties in the Diet have had new leadership entering the next election.

The regular election to theHouse of Councillors, the other house of the national legislature which cannot be dissolved and is thus on fixed terms,will take place in 2025; but, also on 27 October,a by-election to the House of Councillors will be held in Iwate. On the prefectural level, the gubernatorial elections in Toyama and Okayama had already been set for 27 October. This was the first dissolution of the Diet since 14 October 2021. The dissolution was eight days after the prime minister's inauguration and the voting and counting 26 days later that, both the shortest since the end ofWorld War II.^[16]

The 465 seats of theHouse of Representatives are contested viaparallel voting. Of these, 289 members are elected in single-member constituencies usingfirst-past-the-post voting, while 176 members are elected in 11 multi-member constituencies via party list proportional representation. Candidates from parties with legal politicalparty-list, which requires either ≥5 Diet members or ≥1 Diet member and ≥2% of the nationwide vote in one tier of a recent national election, are allowed to stand in a constituency and be present on the party list. If they lose their constituency vote, they may still be elected in the proportionally allocated seats. However, if such a dual candidate wins less than 10% of the vote in their majoritarian constituency, they are also disqualified as a proportional candidate.^[17]

The electoral districts will be readjusted according to the results of the 2020 Japan census. Originally, it was intended to be readjusted for the last election, but it was held in the existing constituencies not long after the census results came out.^[18][19]

As of 15 October, there were 314 women competing in the election, which exceeded the number recorded in the2009 election. The proportion of women in the electoral race also increased from 5.7% in 2021 to 23.4%. There were also 136 candidates who were related to previous officeholders, making up 10% of all candidates. The LDP accounted for 97 of them, equivalent to 28.4% of all its candidates, while the CDP had 27 candidates, equivalent to 11.4% of its list.^[20]

Single-member districts candidates
LDP-Kōmeitō coalition[c] Constitutional Democratic Party Nippon Ishin no Kai Democratic Party For the People Japanese Communist Party Reiwa Shinsengumi Social Democratic Party Sanseitō
Reference

On 6 October, Shigeru Ishiba indicated that he would not endorse any lawmakers who have been suspended from party membership over theLDP slush fund scandal. Ishiba also indicated that those who had involved scandal, whether they had been sanctioned or not, would be banned from running double candidacy in single-seat districts and proportional representation blocs, which was expected to affect at least 30 such candidates.^[21] He explained that it was a response to the "criticism and anger" of the public which were stronger than they expected.^[22]

On 9 October, the LDP officially pulled its endorsement of the following 12 members:^[23]

Party membership suspended:

• Hakubun Shimomura (Tokyo 11th district), formerMinister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
• Yasutoshi Nishimura (Hyogo 9th district), formerMinister of Economy, Trade and Industry
• Tsuyoshi Takagi (Fukui 2nd district), former Chairman of the LDP Diet Affairs Committee

Suspended from party positions for one year which still in effect:

• Kōichi Hagiuda (Tokyo 24th district), former Chairman of the LDP Policy Research Council
• Katsuei Hirasawa (Tokyo 17th district), formerMinister of Reconstruction
• Hiromi Mitsubayashi (Saitama 14th district), former Vice Minister of theCabinet Office

Suspended from party positions for six months which now expired:

• Ichiro Kanke (Tohoku PR block), former Deputy Minister of Reconstruction (withdrew his candidacy on 12 October)^[24]
• Kazuyuki Nakane (Northern Kanto PR block), former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Kiyoshi Odawara (Tokyo 21st district), former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs

Received disciplinary reprimand:

• Kenichi Hosoda (Niigata 2nd district), former Deputy Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry

No punishment received:

• Takao Ochi (Tokyo PR block), former Deputy Minister of Cabinet Office
• Hirofumi Imamura (Tokyo PR block), former member of the House of Representatives

On 11 October, three members who were involved in the scandal, all from the former Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai faction, including former Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and CommunicationsMio Sugita, who was suspended from party positions for six months, former Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications Asako Omi, who was given a reprimand, and former Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Kentaro Uesugi, who did not receive any disciplinary action, would withdraw their candidacies in the election.^[25]

Keiichi Ishii, leader of the Komeito which was LDP's junior coalition partner, said on 8 October that the party would not recommend LDP lawmakers who were not officially endorsed in the election,^[26] but decided to recommend Nishimura and Mitsubayashi on 9 October despite LDP decision based on the wishes of the party's local organizations.^[27]

After holding talks with the right-leaning Nippon Ishin no Kai leader Nobuyuki Baba andDemocratic Party for the People (DPP) leaderYuichiro Tamaki on 3 October in an attempt to unifying opposition candidates for constituencies to prevent the LDP and its Komeito ally from securing a majority, CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda on 4 October switched his stance to aiming to form a government on its own by filling more candidates in the proportional representation blocks.^[30][31]

The CDP and the left-wing pacifist JCP also had differences over their stances on thesecurity-related laws, as Noda aimed at winning over "moderate conservatives" critical of the LDP government, by formulating more middle-of-the-road foreign policy and security measures including the continuation of the laws, while the JCP, which was fielding as many as 216 candidates in the single-seat constituencies, advocated for the repeal of the laws under the banner of the opposition coalition during the2016 House of Councillors election.^[32]

The Nikkei on 11 October reported that the opposition could only manage to have 55 constituencies where they would be a one-on-one battle with the LDP, under 20% of the 289 single-seat constituencies as compared to the 140 constituencies in theprevious election in 2021. There would be 81 constituencies where CDP, Ishin and other parties compete, and 67 where CDP competes with opposition parties other than Ishin.^[33]

On 3 October,Seiji Maehara, leader of theFree Education For All which commanded four seats in the Diet, announced that his party would join the Nippon Ishin no Kai after months of talks for merger and would run as Ishin-endorsed candidates in the upcoming election. However, House of Representatives memberAtsushi Suzuki, who would run in theKanagawa 18th district, did not join the party, due to its competition with a Ishin candidate in the same constituency. On the same day he announced that he would run as an official candidate for theSanseitō party.^[34] Suzuki later decided that he would run in theSouthern Kanto proportional representation block with the Sanseitō's endorsement.^[35]

A week before the election, aKyodo News survey on 20 October showed that the support for the CDP and other opposition parties was growing steadily against that of the ruling LDP, with 22.6% of the respondents planned to vote for the LDP in the proportional representation block, 14.1% for the CDP, narrowing the gap between the two main parties to 8.5 percentage points from 14.0 points in the last survey. 9.7% of respondents wanted to see the ruling and opposition parties to be evenly split, while 20.5% said they wanted to see the LDP out of power, up 5.4 points from the previous survey.^[36]

Another poll on 21 October by the Kyodo News suggested theLDP-Komeito coalition might lose its majority, the first time since the 2009 general election, while the CDP could win more than 100 seats in the single-seat districts, up sharply from 60 before the election, and more seats under proportional representation. The Nippon Ishin no Kai was projected to lose some of its 43 seats, while the DPP could increase its seats from seven before the race due to greater support in the proportional representation block, with the JCP building on the nine seats it held.^[37]

On 20 October, LDP Secretary-GeneralHiroshi Moriyama floated the idea of expanding the coalition framework by "holding discussions with political parties that have the same policies and are committed to developing the country". Although he said that he did not have a specific party in mind, there were "whispers" within the party that the conservative-leaning Ishin and DPP could be new coalition partners.^[38] Ishin Secretary-GeneralFujita Fumitake on 23 October said it was impossible for the time being for his party to form a coalition with the LDP and Komeito if the ruling coalition lost its majority.^[39] He also declined to form a coalition with the CDP given that the LDP and Komeito Party did not have a majority, citing differences in their security, energy, and economic policies.^[40]

As the possibility of LDP losing power became likely, Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba began to question the CDP's ability to govern, reminding voters the "nightmareDemocratic Party administration",^[41] CDP's predecessor which ruled from 2009 to 2012, while CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda, who was also then the Democratic prime minister, stepped up his criticism of the LDP slush fund scandal and called for a change of government.^[42] Going into the last week of the campaign, each party began to narrow down the electoral districts which were fiercely contested, with their party leaders and executives rallying their support in those districts.^[43] The LDP designated about 40 single-seat constituencies with close races as key constituencies.^[44] Ishin aimed to retain their stronghold of Osaka, where it faced off against Komeito,^[45] while also hoping to expand its support outside of Kansai. The JCP and SDP hoped to maintain its Okinawa electoral district seats and expanded their proportional representation votes.^[43]

On 23 October, the JCP's daily newspaperShimbun Akahata accused the LDP of providing funds to the party's local branches headed by scandal-hit candidates which were not endorsed by the party, with 20 million yen ($130,000) to each chapter.^[46] Ishiba insisted that the funds were not provided to candidates but to the branches as "activity expenses", with the party dismissing the report as having "distorted the facts and caused a misunderstanding".^[47] CDP leader Noda criticised the LDP for "deceiving voters" and that it "should never be done".^[48] Koichi Hagiuda, whose branch received the "activity expenses", announced on 25 October that he had repaid the 20 million yen.^[49]

On the morning of 19 October, Atsunobu Usuda, a 49-year-old man fromKawaguchi inSaitama Prefecture, threw firebombs at the LDP headquarters and crashed a van into a barrier at the nearbyPrime Minister's Office in Tokyo. No injury was reported but a police vehicle was partially burned after Usuda threw around five objects at the LDP headquarters. According to his father, Usuda had previously been active inanti-nuclear protests and had also expressed dissatisfaction with Japan's electoral system, where candidates are required to deposit hefty sums of money to stand.^[50]

Speaking during a campaign inSatsumasendai,Kagoshima Prefecture on the same day, Prime Minister Ishiba said that "democracy must never succumb to violence" and pledged to do "everything possible to ensure that this election is not ruined by violence".^[51]

The LDP slush fund scandal became a major issue during the debate hosted by theJapan National Press Club on 12 October. CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda criticised Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba's dissolution of the Diet as a "cover-up" of the scandal and that "a change of government is the greatest political reform". Ishiba said that he would consider abolishing the policy activity expenses in the future but maintained that "it is legal under the current system" and the party would not use it "restrainedly" when questioned by DPP leader, Yuichiro Tamaki.^[52] Ishin leader Nobuyuki Baba also criticised Komeito's decision to recommend two former LDP lawmakers which were not endorsed by the LDP due to the scandal. Komeito leader, Ishii Keiichi explained that the decision was based on criteria such as "the understanding of local [Komeito] party members and supporters".^[53]

Several opposition parties called for the reduction or abolition of the consumption tax, with the CDP suggesting a "tax credit with benefits" that would essentially refund part of the consumption tax by combining tax credits and benefits for low- and middle-income earners. Ishiba argued that the country needed a stable source of funding for social security going forward and would not consider lowering the tax.^[54]

Noda suggested that Japan should participate as an observer in the Conference of the Parties to theTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in order to achieve nuclear abolition, while Ishiba stressed the functionality ofnuclear deterrence.^[53] Noda also said he would abolish the unconstitutional parts of the security-related laws if the CDP gained power.^[55] Baba questioned Ishiba's determination and feasibility in reviewing theU.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement, a pledge made during the recent LDP leadership race.^[53]

Proportional bloc vote strength
LDP-Kōmeitō coalition LDP Constitutional Democratic Party Democratic Party For the People Kōmeitō Nippon Ishin no Kai Reiwa Shinsengumi Japanese Communist Party Sanseitō Conservative Party Vote plurality

Voter turnout was 53.84%, around two percentage points down from2021 and the third lowest in the postwar era,^[58] while the number of female candidates reached the record high of 73,^[59] equivalent to 16% of the House of Representatives' composition.^[60]

The ruling LDP-Komeito coalition lost their majority for the first time since2009. Although the LDP still remained the largest party, the coalition fell short of the 233 seats needed for a majority, securing only 215.^[61][62][63] Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba said he accepted the "harsh judgement" of the voters "humbly and solemnly" and pledged to become a political party that was "more in line with the will of the people".^[64]

74% of voters in a Kyodo News exit poll considered the slush fund scandal when casting their ballots, with 68% of the LDP supporters also thought so.^[65] Komeito leader Keiichi Ishii also pointed out that the payment of 20 million yen to party branches headed by the scandal-hit candidates "had a significant impact on the election campaign".^[66] At least two LDP cabinet members lost in the election,Minister of JusticeHideki Makihara andMinister of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesYasuhiro Ozato, who lost in theSaitama 5th district, to former CDP leaderYukio Edano, andKagoshima 3rd district respectively.^[67]

Seven out of nine former Abe faction members, including former Minister of EducationHakubun Shimomura,^[61] who were involved in the slush fund scandal and ran as independents, lost in the election, except for Yasutoshi Nishimura and Koichi Hagiuda. Excluding these two men, the former Abe faction (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai) had 20 winners, compared to the 59 members in last year. The Aso faction (Shikōkai), chaired by top advisorTaro Aso, became the largest faction within the party with 31 members. In the former Ishiba faction (Suigetsukai), centered around Prime Minister Ishiba, members such as Deputy Minister of Justice Hiroaki Kadoyama and Deputy Minister of the Environment Tetsuya Yagi were defeated.^[68]

Komeito leader Keiichi Ishii — who took the post only a month prior to the election — lost hisSaitama 14th district seat, becoming the first head of the coalition partner to suffer a defeat since former Komeito leaderAkihiro Ota's loss in 2009.^[61] Komeito were also defeated by Ishin candidates in all electoral districts inOsaka, including the3rd district, where Deputy LeaderSato Shigeki lost his seat.^[69]

The CDP became the biggest winner in the election, gaining 52 seats and jumping from 96 seats in the previous election to 148 seats, with leader Yoshihiko Noda aiming to form a government replacing the LDP with other opposition parties.^[70] The DPP quadrupled its seats from seven to 28 but lost one proportional representation seat in theNorthern Kanto block and two in the Tokai block because several candidates on the list were elected in the single-seat constituencies.^[71]

Nippon Ishin no Kai, also known as the Japan Restoration Party, faced fierce challenges outside its Kansai stronghold which saw its losing about three million votes from the previous election nationally but was able to win all 19 single-seat constituencies in Osaka, ensuring the party's monopoly in the prefecture.^[72]Reiwa Shinsengumi and its party leaderTaro Yamamoto tripled their seats, gaining six from the three they held previously. Yamamoto stated that he wished to gain more in the future.^[64] Reiwa also managed to pass the JCP for the first time, which fell to eight seats for the first time since 2009 and failed to make gains on the proportional blocks across the country. JCP leader Tomoko Tamura commented by saying that "despite losses, we were able to bring the 20 million yen to everyone's attention by running candidates in every district."^[64]

Despite falling short of its goal of winning five seats, the newly establishedConservative Party of Japan gained three seats and entered the Diet for the first time, with formerNagoya mayorTakashi Kawamura being declared the winner in theAichi 1st district and two other candidates won theTokai proportional representation block andKinki proportional representation block.^[73] By receiving more than 2% of the votes in the proportional representation blocks, the party was officially recognised as a political party by law and would be given political party subsidies and would be able to fill duplicate candidates to run in both single-seat constituency and proportional representation blocks and appear in political broadcasts.^[74]

Party		Proportional			Constituency			Total seats	+/–
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
	Liberal Democratic Party	14,582,690	26.73	59	20,867,762	38.46	132	191	−68
	Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan	11,564,222	21.20	44	15,740,860	29.01	104	148	+52
	Japan Innovation Party	5,105,127	9.36	15	6,048,104	11.15	23	38	−3
	Democratic Party For the People	6,172,434	11.32	17	2,349,584	4.33	11	28	+17
	Komeito	5,964,415	10.93	20	730,401	1.35	4	24	−8
	Reiwa Shinsengumi	3,805,060	6.98	9	425,445	0.78	0	9	+6
	Japanese Communist Party	3,362,966	6.16	7	3,695,807	6.81	1	8	−2
	Sanseitō	1,870,347	3.43	3	1,357,189	2.50	0	3	New
	Conservative Party of Japan	1,145,622	2.10	2	155,837	0.29	1	3	New
	Social Democratic Party	934,598	1.71	0	283,287	0.52	1	1	0
	Collaborative Party	23,784	0.04	0	29,275	0.05	0	0	0
	Consideration the Euthanasia System	18,455	0.03	0			0	0	0
	Conservative Party of Nippon [ja]				21,671	0.04	0	0	New
	Kawaguchi Vigilante Group				9,348	0.02	0	0	New
	Third Way Party				6,033	0.01	0	0	New
	Party that Ends the Liberal Democratic Party				4,424	0.01	0	0	New
	Party of the Heart				1,749	0.00	0	0	New
	Money for Everyone				530	0.00	0	0	New
	Independents				2,534,571	4.67	12	12	0
Total		54,549,720	100.00	176	54,261,877	100.00	289	465	0
Valid votes		54,549,720	97.53		54,261,877	97.01
Invalid/blank votes		1,379,079	2.47		1,672,577	2.99
Total votes		55,928,799	100.00		55,934,454	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		103,880,749	53.84		103,880,749	53.84
Source:[75]

After the election, Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba expressed his desire to continue in his position, saying at a press conference that he would "fulfill his responsibilities by tackling the current severe challenges".^[77] At a press conference on 28 October, Ishiba also said that it was "essential that people realize that the LDP has visibly changed" and announced the abolition of policy activity expenses.^[78] LDP's election campaign committee chairmanShinjiro Koizumi resigned from his position on 28 October to take responsibility for the party's disastrous performance.^[79]Hideki Makihara, the incumbent Minister of Justice who lost inSaitama 5th district and failed to be reinstated through proportional representation, indicated his intention to step down as minister.^[80]

Despite Ishiba's decision to remain as party leader, LDPCouncillorsKimi Onoda andHiroshi Yamada and former Minister of State for Economic SecurityTakayuki Kobayashi, all considered close to former Minister of State for Economic SecuritySanae Takaichi who was the main rival to Ishiba in the leadership election a month prior, called on the party executives to bear responsibilities.^[78] Major newspapersSankei Shimbun,Yomiuri Shimbun, andAsahi Shimbun all ran editorials in their morning editions calling for Ishiba to step down as prime minister, whileMainichi Shimbun raised questions about the feasibility of Ishiba's enthusiasm for reform.^[81] A Kyodo News survey also showed on 29 October that the approval rating for theIshiba Cabinet fell from 50.7% before the election to 32.1% after the vote, although only 28.6% said Ishiba should resign, as compared to 65.7% of the respondents that felt it was unnecessary.^[82]

At the party's central executive meeting on 31 October, Komeito leader Keiichi Ishii, who lost his parliamentary seat only a month after he became party leader,^[83] announced his resignation, after saying that "there will be many difficulties in continuing as leader" after losing his seat.^[77] He was replaced as party minister byTetsuo Saito following an extraordinary party convention on 9 November.^[84]

Ishin, which saw its proportional representation vote count fall by about three million from the previous election, also faced an outpouring of criticism from local assembly members in its home base of Osaka, who blamed the party's initial decision to align itself with the LDP on amending the Political Funds Control Law for the "nationwide headwinds".^[85] The prefectural assembly group of theOsaka Restoration Association, the regional party of Ishin, called on the party executives to bear responsibility for the worse-than-expected results in the proportional votes and nationally and hold a party leadership election.^[86]

Justice MinisterHideki Makihara (left) and Agriculture MinisterYasuhiro Ozato (right) both lost their seats in the general election, and were thus unable to return to the cabinet.

After the election result showed the LDP-Komeito coalition falling short of a majority by 18 seats, Ishiba confirmed with Komeito leader Keiichi Ishii at a meeting on 28 October that their coalition would continue. While he had ruled out the possibility of forming a coalition with the opposition parties,^[87] Ishiba expressed his intention to gain support from Ishin and the DPP through a "partial coalition", i.e. case-by-case support for individual bills.^[88] On 30 October, the LDP also brought back to its parliamentary group four members whom it had de-selected due to the fundraising scandal:Hiroshige Seko,Katsuei Hirasawa,Yasutoshi Nishimura andKōichi Hagiuda, who ran as independents and won.^[89][90] Additionally, the party invited two independents who ran against and defeated LDP-endorsed candidates,Satoshi Mitazono and Ken Hirose, to join the group. This brought the LDP-Komeito coalition to 221 seats, 12 short of a majority.^[91][92]

CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda, the largest winner in the election, said he wanted to prioritize cooperation with Ishin, DPP and JCP, all of which submitted a motion of no confidence against the Ishiba Cabinet in the recent extraordinary Diet session,^[77][93] and held talks with Ishin leader Nobuyuki Baba and JCP leader Tomoko Tamura on 30 October.^[89]Mizuho Fukushima, leader of the SDP, which won one seat, signalled a "strong possibility" to vote for Noda in the prime ministerial election, which the party had done in an extraordinary Diet session a month prior.^[94]

Both the DPP and the Ishin had ruled out joining an LDP-Komeito government.^[95] Ishin Secretary-General Fujita Fumitake expressed his disapproval of joining the LDP-Komeito coalition government or cooperating with the CDP, but stated his intention to hold discussions with each party on a policy-by-policy basis.^[94] DPP leader Yuichiro Tamaki said the party would not rule out ad hoc cooperation on certain issues, but would not join the ruling coalition.^[96][97] The party agreed at its executive meeting on 30 October to vote for leader Yuichiro Tamaki, even in the event of a run-off election.^[98] In a run-off, all votes not for the top two candidates, Ishiba and Noda, would be deemed invalid, which would benefit Ishiba.^[99] Ishin and DPP's proposals which could lead to 70 invalid votes in the run-off, were criticised by CDP Secretary-GeneralJunya Ogawa, who said that the exercise of the right to nominate prime minister was the "heaviest task" of a Diet member.^[100]

During the meeting between the LDP and DPP on 31 October, the DPP requested the review of the 1.03-million-yen annual income barrier and basic income tax deductions, in exchange of its support of the LDP government in passing the budget proposal and bills,^[101] while the CDP and DPP at a meeting on 5 November agreed to aim to revise the Political Funds Control Act again by the end of the year in order to speed up political reform.^[102]

On 11 November, Shigeru Ishiba was reelected as prime minister of a minority government during an extraordinary session of the Diet with 221 votes, defeating Yoshihiko Noda who received 160.^[103][104] This was the first time since theMurayama Cabinet in 1994, that the vote required two rounds.^{[104][105][106]} The same day, Ishiba'sfirst cabinet resigned, and asecond cabinet was inaugurated.^{[107][108][109]} It was agreed that his second cabinet would remain largely the same.^[103][110]

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