 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 543 seats in theLok Sabha 272 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 977,965,560[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 66.10% ( 1.30pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Result by Party Result by Alliance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General elections were held inIndia from19 April to 1 June 2024 in seven phases, to elect all543 members of theLok Sabha.[a] Votes were counted and the result was declared on 4 June to form the18th Lok Sabha.[2][3] On 7 June 2024, Prime MinisterNarendra Modi confirmed the support of 293 MPs toDroupadi Murmu, thepresident of India.[4] This marked Modi's third term as prime minister and his first time heading acoalition government,[5] with theTelugu Desam Party ofAndhra Pradesh andJanata Dal (United) ofBihar emerging as two main allies.[6][7][8]
More than 968 million people out of a population of 1.4 billion people were eligible to vote, equivalent to 70 percent of the total population.[9][10][11] 642 million voters participated in the election; 312 million of these were women, the highest ever participation by women voters.[12][13] This was the largest-ever election, surpassing theprevious election, and lasted 44 days, second only to the1951–52 Indian general election. The legislative assembly elections in the states ofAndhra Pradesh,Arunachal Pradesh,Odisha, andSikkim were held simultaneously with the general election, along with theby-elections for 25 constituencies in 12 legislative assemblies.
Incumbent prime minister Narendra Modi, who completed asecond term, ran for a third consecutive term. HisBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had enjoyed anabsolute majority—a minimum of 272 seats—in the2014 and2019 elections. The primary opposition was theIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA), a coalition formed in 2023 by theIndian National Congress (INC) and many regional parties. The election was criticised for lack of action on hate speeches by Modi's BJP,[14] reportedelectronic voting machine (EVM) malfunctioning,[15][16] and suppression of political opponents of the BJP.[17]
Opinion surveys of mainstream media outlets projected a decisive victory for the BJP and its coalition, theNational Democratic Alliance (NDA). However, the BJP won 240 seats, down from the 303 it had secured in 2019, and lost its singular majority in the Lok Sabha, although the NDA overall secured 293 of the house's 543 seats.[18] TheINDIA coalition outperformed expectations, securing 234 seats, 99 of which were won by the Congress, garnering the party theofficial opposition status for the first time in 10 years.[19][20][21] Seven independents and ten candidates from non-aligned parties also won seats in the Lok Sabha.[22][23][24]
India has amulti-party system with two major parties, namely theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and theIndian National Congress (INC), that dominate politics at the national level. The BJP has governed the country withNarendra Modi at the helm since 2014. The tenure of the17th Lok Sabha was scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.[25] Theprevious general election was held in April–May 2019, after which theNational Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by the BJP, formed theunion government, with Modi continuing asPrime Minister.[26] TheIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, comprising 26 opposition parties, was formed in 2023 to compete against the NDA in the elections.[27]
Article 83 of theConstitution of India requires elections to the Lok Sabha to be held once every five years.[28] The 543MPs are elected from single-member constituencies usingfirst-past-the-post voting.[29] The104th amendment to theconstitution abolished thetwo seats that were reserved for theAnglo-Indian community.[30]
Indian citizens who are 18 years or older, ordinary residents of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a validvoter identification card issued by theElection Commission of India or equivalent are eligible to vote.[31] People convicted of electoral or other offenses and prisoners, are barred from voting.[32]Indians holding foreign citizenship are not eligible to vote in India. There is no postal or onlineabsentee voting in India; members of theIndian diaspora are required to travel back to their home constituencies in order to cast a ballot.[33]
For the 2024 election, 968 million people were eligible to vote, an increase of about 150 million people from the 2019 election.[34] InArunachal Pradesh, a polling station would be set up for the only registered voter in the village of Malogam, as electoral laws stipulate that voting booths need to be within two kilometres (1.2 mi) of any settlement.[35][36] A polling station was also set up inside theGir Forest inGujarat to cater for a single voter, a priest at aHindu temple.[37] Polling stations were also set up inside a wildlife sanctuary inKerala, in a shipping container in Gujarat, and 320 relief camps hosting nearly 59,000 people displaced duringviolence inManipur.[38][39]
In March 2024, theSupreme Court of India rejected a petition by the Congress party to end the usage ofelectronic voting machines (EVMs) and revert to paper ballots and manual counting, which was the system used in elections until the late 1990s, with the party citing risks of electoral fraud.[40] Nearly 5.5 million EVMs were utilized in more than one million polling stations with 15 million election workers and security personnel tasked with managing the conduct of the election.[41]
For the first time, the Election Commission of India allowed voters with disabilities and those over the age of 85 to cast ballots from their homes.[42] InTelangana, voting in some areas was extended by an hour more to allow voters to come at a more convenient time.[43]
Key processes during a Lok Sabha election involved monitoring campaign expenditure, preventing the circulation of illicit goods, and ensuring adherence to theModel Code of Conduct. In the final 48 hours before voting, campaigns are ceased, and measures are implemented to maintain order and prevent disruptions. On polling day, strict rules are enforced to prevent undue influence and ensure a secure and free election process. After the elections, EVMs are sealed and stored under tight security with Booth Level Officers assisting throughout the process.[44]
The election schedule for the18th Lok Sabha was announced by theElection Commission of India on 16 March 2024 and with it theModel Code of Conduct came into effect.[45][46][47] The tenure of the17th Lok Sabha was scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.[48]
| Poll event | Phase | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| Notification date | 20 March | 28 March | 12 April | 18 April | 26 April | 29 April | 7 May |
| Last date for filing nomination | 27 March | 4 April | 19 April | 25 April | 3 May | 6 May | 14 May |
| Scrutiny of nomination | 28 March | 5 April | 20 April | 26 April | 4 May | 7 May | 15 May |
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination | 30 March | 8 April | 22 April | 29 April | 6 May | 9 May | 17 May |
| Date of poll | 19 April | 26 April | 7 May | 13 May | 20 May | 25 May | 1 June |
| Date of counting of votes | 4 June 2024 | ||||||
| No. of constituencies | 101+1⁄2[b] | 87+1⁄2[b] | 94 | 96 | 49 | 58 | 57 |
| State/Union territory | Total constituencies | Election dates and number of constituencies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | Phase 6 | Phase 7 | ||
| 19 April | 26 April | 7 May | 13 May | 20 May | 25 May | 1 June | ||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 25 | ||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Assam | 14 | 5 | 5 | 4 | ||||
| Bihar | 40 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 |
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 1 | 3 | 7 | ||||
| Goa | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Gujarat | 26 | 26 | ||||||
| Haryana | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 4 | ||||||
| Jharkhand | 14 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |||
| Karnataka | 28 | 14 | 14 | |||||
| Kerala | 20 | 20 | ||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 6 | 6[c] | 9[c] | 8 | |||
| Maharashtra | 48 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 13 | ||
| Manipur | 2 | 1+1⁄2[b] | 1⁄2[b] | |||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Mizoram | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Nagaland | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Odisha | 21 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | |||
| Punjab | 13 | 13 | ||||||
| Rajasthan | 25 | 12 | 13 | |||||
| Sikkim | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 39 | ||||||
| Telangana | 17 | 17 | ||||||
| Tripura | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 5 | ||||||
| West Bengal | 42 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Delhi | 7 | 7 | ||||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1[d] | ||
| Ladakh | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Total constituencies | 543 | 101+1⁄2 | 87+1⁄2 | 94 | 96 | 49 | 58 | 57 |
| Total constituencies by end of phase | – | 101+1⁄2 | 189 | 284 | 379 | 428 | 486 | 543 |
| Percentage complete by end of phase | – | 18.7 | 34.8 | 52.3 | 69.8 | 78.8 | 89.5 | 100 |
The politics of India became increasingly bipolar in the run-up to the 2024 Indian general elections with two major alliances emerging; the incumbentNational Democratic Alliance (NDA) and the oppositionIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA). Six parties recognized as national parties contested the 2024 Indian general elections: the BJP, the INC,Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)),Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP),National People's Party (NPP) andAam Aadmi Party (AAP) with all except the BSP being a part of one of the two alliances.[52] Apart from the national parties, regional parties (who are allotted fixed symbols) and other unrecognized parties andindependents contested the election.[53]
The NDA is abig tent, mostlycentre-right toright-wingpolitical alliance led by the BJP.
INDIA is abig tent bloc ofopposition parties, which came together to contest against the NDA.[56][57]
| Party | States/UTs | Seats contested | Seats won | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian National Congress | Karnataka | 28 | 326 | 9 | 99 | |
| Madhya Pradesh | 27 | 0 | ||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 23 | 0 | ||||
| Gujarat | 23 | 1 | ||||
| Rajasthan | 22 | 8 | ||||
| Odisha | 20 | 1 | ||||
| Maharashtra | 17 | 13 | ||||
| Telangana | 17 | 8 | ||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 17 | 6 | ||||
| Kerala | 16 | 14 | ||||
| Assam | 13 | 3 | ||||
| Punjab | 13 | 7 | ||||
| West Bengal | 12 | 1 | ||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 1 | ||||
| Bihar | 9 | 3 | ||||
| Haryana | 9 | 5 | ||||
| Tamil Nadu | 9 | 9 | ||||
| Jharkhand | 7 | 2 | ||||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Delhi | 3 | 0 | ||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Goa | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Manipur | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Ladakh | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Mizoram | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Nagaland | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Puducherry | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sikkim | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Tripura | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Samajwadi Party | Uttar Pradesh | 62 | 37 | |||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | West Bengal | 23 | 29 | 0 | 3 | |
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Bihar | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Tripura | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | Bihar | 23 | 24 | 4 | 4 | |
| Jharkhand | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 21 | 22 | 21 | 22 | |
| Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) | Maharashtra | 21 | 9 | |||
| Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar) | 10 | 8 | ||||
| Aam Aadmi Party | Delhi | 4 | 7 | 0 | ||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||
| Communist Party of India | Tamil Nadu | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | |
| West Bengal | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Bihar | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | Jharkhand | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | |
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | Bihar | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| Jharkhand | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | West Bengal | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | |
| Kerala | 1 | 1 | ||||
| All India Forward Bloc | West Bengal | 2 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||
| Indian Union Muslim League | Kerala | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | Jammu and Kashmir | 3 | 2 | |||
| Vikassheel Insaan Party | Bihar | 3 | 0 | |||
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 2 | 2 | |||
| All India Trinamool Congress | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | 0 | |||
| Assam Jatiya Parishad | Assam | 1 | 0 | |||
| Bharat Adivasi Party | Rajasthan | 1 | 1 | |||
| Kerala Congress | Kerala | 1 | 1 | |||
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party | Rajasthan | 1 | 1 | |||
| Total | 541 | 201 | ||||
| Parties | States/UTs | Seats contested | Seats Won | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All India Trinamool Congress | West Bengal | 42 | 47 | 29 | 29 | |
| Assam | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Meghalaya | 1 | 0 | ||||
| All India Forward Bloc | Maharashtra | 8 | 29 | 0 | ||
| Andhra Pradesh | 5 | |||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 5 | |||||
| Telangana | 3 | |||||
| Bihar | 2 | |||||
| Delhi | 2 | |||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 2 | |||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||
| Communist Party of India | Uttar Pradesh | 6 | 24 | 0 | ||
| Jharkhand | 4 | |||||
| Kerala | 4 | |||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 3 | |||||
| Punjab | 3 | |||||
| Assam | 1 | |||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | Kerala | 15 | 23 | 1 | 1 | |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Assam | 1 | |||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||
| Bharat Adivasi Party | Madhya Pradesh | 5 | 21 | 0 | ||
| Rajasthan | 5 | |||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | |||||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 1 | |||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||||
| Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu | 1 | |||||
| Aam Aadmi Party | Punjab | 13 | 15 | 3 | 3 | |
| Assam | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | Telangana | 7 | 11 | 0 | ||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 1 | |||||
| Kerala | 1 | |||||
| Samajwadi Party | Andhra Pradesh | 7 | 9 | 0 | ||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 6 | 0 | ||
| Punjab | 2 | |||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||
| Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party | Jammu and Kashmir | 3 | 0 | |||
| Indian National Congress | West Bengal | 1 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||
| Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar) | Haryana | 1 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | |||||
| Kerala Congress (M) | Kerala | 1 | 0 | |||
| Total | 196 | 33 | ||||
BSP leaderMayawati announced that her party will contest the election on its own in most states and ally with other non-BJP, non-Congress parties in a few states.[62] On 11 May 2023,Biju Janata Dal leader and thenChief Minister of OdishaNaveen Patnaik said that his party would go alone for the Lok Sabha polls in Odisha after talks with the BJP fell through.[63]
| Party/Alliance | States/UTs | Seats contested | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recognised Parties | ||||
| Bahujan Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 424 | |
| West Bengal | 5 | |||
| Bihar | ||||
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | |||
| Madhya Pradesh | 6 | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | |||
| Gujarat | 24 | |||
| Rajasthan | 24 | |||
| Karnataka | 21 | |||
| Odisha | ||||
| Kerala | 18 | |||
| Telangana | ||||
| Punjab | ||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | |||
| Delhi | 7 | |||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | |||
| Goa | 2 | |||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | |||
| DNHDD | 1 | |||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 34 | 36 | |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | |||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||
| YSR Congress Party | Andhra Pradesh | 25 | ||
| Biju Janata Dal | Odisha | 21 | ||
| Bharat Rashtra Samithi | Telangana | 17 | ||
| Shiromani Akali Dal | Punjab | |||
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | Telangana | 15 | ||
| Indian National Lok Dal | Haryana | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party | Jammu and Kashmir | |||
| Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 5 | ||
| Bodoland People's Front | Assam | 4 | ||
| All India United Democratic Front | Assam | 3 | ||
| Revolutionary Goans Party | Goa | 2 | ||
| Mizo National Front | Mizoram | 1 | ||
| Sikkim Democratic Front | Sikkim | 1 | ||
| Voice of the People Party | Meghalaya | 1 | ||
| United Democratic Party | Meghalaya | 1 | ||
| Zoram People's Movement | Mizoram | 1 | ||
| Unrecognised parties | ||||
| Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) | West Bengal | |||
| Karnataka | 19 | |||
| Kerala | 8 | |||
| Assam | 6 | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 4 | |||
| Delhi | 2 | |||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | |||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||
| Tripura | 1 | |||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||
| Naam Tamilar Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 39 | 40 | |
| Puduchery | 1 | |||
| Gondwana Ganatantra Party | Madhya Pradesh | |||
| Chhattisgarh | 9 | |||
| Maharashtra | ||||
| Aazad Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | |||
| Madhya Pradesh | ||||
| Rajsthan | 5 | |||
| Chhattisgarh | 3 | |||
| Delhi | 1 | |||
| Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi | Maharashtra | |||
| Indian Secular Front | West Bengal | 8 | ||
| Republican Party of India (Athawale) | Maharashtra | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 8 | |||
| Assam | 4 | |||
| Karnataka | 4 | |||
| Chhattisgarh | 2 | |||
| Manipur | 1 | |||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||
| Tripura | 1 | |||
| Gana Suraksha Party | West Bengal | |||
| Assam | 4 | |||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | |||
| Social Democratic Party of India | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | ||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||
| Uttarakhand Kranti Dal | Uttarakhand | 3 | ||
| Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference | Jammu and Kashmir | 2 | ||
| Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party | Jammu and Kashmir | 2 | ||
IncumbentPrime Minister Narendra Modi was announced as the prime ministerial candidate of the NDA.[64][65] The INDIA bloc announced that the alliance will decide the Prime Minister after the polls.[66][67]
The BJP announced its first list of 195 candidates on 2 March 2024[68][69] and the second list of 72 candidates was published in 13 March,[70] while the third list of nine candidates was announced on 21 March.[71] The fourth list of 15 candidates was released on 22 March,[72] followed by the declaration of fifth list of 111 candidates on 24 March. Ultimately, the twentieth list of one candidate was released on 10 May.[73]
For the first time since1996, the BJP did not field candidates in theKashmir division, with analysts and opposition politicians attributing it to popular backlash over the BJP government's revocation ofJammu and Kashmir's autonomy enshrined underArticle 370 of the Indian Constitution in 2019. Despite not having a formal candidate, BJP maintains a presence in the region through their support of local parties[74]
The Congress released its first list of 39 candidates on 8 March 2024.[75][76] Eventually, the twenty-eighth list of one candidate was announced on 7 May.[77]
TheAll India Trinamool Congress (AITC) announced its list of 42 candidates for theWest Bengal parliamentary seats on 10 March.[78] In theLeft Front, theCPI(M) announced its list first list of 44 candidates contesting from 13 different states on 28 March.[79]
The issue of unemployment has been a major problem for the Indian economy, especially affecting the youth.[80][81] Unemployment in India has been at a 45-year old high.[82] According to a 2022World Bank report, India's youth unemployment rate stood at 23.2%,[83] whereas the national unemployment hovered around 7%.[80] In 2023, 42.3% of graduates were unemployed, showing the lack of job growth needed to accommodate the increasing workforce.[84]
Unemployment took a centre stage in the election campaigns, with the oppositionIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance criticising the BJP government's handling of the Indian economy for rising inflation, inequality and unemployment.[85] As a part of its separate youth manifesto, theCongress-led INDIA bloc promised to fill in the 3 million vacancies in government jobs and bring in the "Right to Apprenticeship", in which any diploma and degree holder up to the age of 25 can demand employment for one year and they will get a one-year salary of ₹100,000 for the term of the job.[86]
The BJP prepared a pamphlet for the Ram Mandir Inauguration Programmes to connect with families across the nation. After theconsecration of the Ram Mandir inAyodhya, a new era ofHindu nationalistic sentiments have dominated thepolitical sphere in India.[87][88] Modi kept a long-standing political pledge of the reconstruction of the Ram Mandir and was seen to have fulfilled the BJP's manifesto to the nation's Hindu population.[88] The Hindu nationalist ideology of Modi and the BJP has also garnered substantial support from Hindu community members.[89][90] At the same time,Bollywood productions have been released with themes supporting the Modi government's policies and Hindu nationalist ideologies.[91] In response to such concerns, BJP spokespersonMmhonlumo Kikon acknowledged the existence of a "level of threat perception", but said that the party was trying to change that.[92]
A major controversy was stirred when the opposition Congress Party and its leaders declined an invitation to the Ram Mandir consecration ceremony, saying that the event was politicised into a 'BJP-RSS event'.[93] Assam chief ministerHimanta Biswa Sarma said that the invitation was an opportunity for the Congress to 'reduce its sin', and that history would continue to judge it as 'anti-Hindu'.[94] The fourShankaracharyas also declined attending the event, stating that the ceremony was politicised as a campaign event at the half-built temple.[95][96]
During a campaign rally inRajasthan on 21 April, Narendra Modi accused the Congress party of prioritizing Muslim access to national wealth and planning to distribute resources among "those who have more children" and "infiltrators" once it was in power, which reflected stereotypes about Muslims reproducing in greater numbers and conspiracy theories pushed by the BJP that Muslims were planning to outnumber Hindus. Congress leader Mallikarjun Kharge called Modi's remarks a panic-filled "hate speech" and a ploy to divert attention from the opposition outperforming the BJP during the first phase of the election, while officials in Rajasthan received complaints from theAzad Adhikar Sena and a non-profit organisation demanding Modi's arrest and for his campaign to be suspended.[97][98]
A complaint letter by theSamvidhan Bacchao Nagrik Abhiyan (Save the Constitution Citizens' Campaign) organisation to theElection Commission of India, signed by over 17,400 people, alleged that Modi had violated theModel Code of Conduct and theRepresentation of the People Act, 1951 by making a speech "aiming at not only appealing to 'communal feelings' but also instigating and aggravating hatred in the Hindus against Muslims".[99][100]
On 15 February 2024, theSupreme Court of India ruled that theElectoral Bond system of campaign financing that was introduced by the Modi government in 2017 which allowed individuals and companies to donate money to political parties anonymously and without limits was unconstitutional, saying that the process allowed donors to assert "influence over policymaking".[101] On 18 March, the court ordered theState Bank of India (SBI) to provide all records regarding the electoral bonds to the Election Commission of India by 21 March in order to match electoral donors with their recipients and rejected a plea by theConfederation of Indian Industry, theFederation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, and theAssociated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India from divulging the identities of donors. Initial reports suggest that among the leading donors to political parties were some of India's largest firms such asVedanta Limited,Bharti Airtel,RPSG Group and Essel Mining. It also found that the BJP was the recipient of nearly half of all recorded donations.[102]
In total, the top five political parties in terms of electoral bonds received are the BJP, which received Rs 6,060.5crore, theAll India Trinamool Congress (TMC), which received Rs 1,609.5 crore, the Congress Party, with Rs 1,421.8 crore, theBharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS), which received Rs 1,214.7 crore, and theBiju Janata Dal (BJD), which received Rs 775.5 crore.[103][104][105] The biggest buyer of electoral bonds was found to be Santiago Martin, theTamil Nadu-based head of the lottery firm Future Gaming and Hotel Services Private Limited, who bought bonds worth 13.68 billion rupees ($163 million) between 2020 and 2024 and made donations to the TMC, the BJP, and theDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), which rules Tamil Nadu. The biggest single donor to any political party was Megha Engineering and Infrastructure Limited (MEIL), a construction firm based inHyderabad that bought electoral bonds worth over 12 billion rupees ($144 million) between 2019 and 2024 and made donations to theBharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS), the BJP, and the Congress Party, who alternated in rulingTelangana during that time.[106]
Some politicians from the opposition have termed Electoral Bonds a "scam" and an "extortion racket".[107][108][109] In response to allegations regarding the electoral bonds, BJP spokespersonSyed Zafar Islam denied that the party had done any wrongdoing and said that its electoral bonds were gained "on merit".[106] However, Indian political observers have reached the conclusion that either Indian businessmen have been regularly bribing their way out of trouble, or that the BJP-controlled government has been using government agencies to extort them. From the data released by the SBI, it was found that companies gave donations around the time they received major government contracts. Close to half of the top 30 corporate donors were facing investigations by government agencies around the time they purchased electoral bonds.[110][111][112]
Before and during the election, several political leaders made controversial political comments. In September 2023,DMK leaderUdhayanidhi Stalin was criticised for stating thatSanatana Dharma should not merely be opposed but must be eradicated, claiming that it opposes social justice and equality, and compared theSanatana Dharma with malaria and dengue.[113] In February 2024, Congress leader BK Hariprasad commented that Pakistan is an enemy for theBharatiya Janata Party, but not them, which were heavily condemned by BJP leaders.[114]
The national executive meeting of the BJP held on 16 and 17 January 2023 saw the party reaffirm its faith in Prime MinisterNarendra Modi and extend the tenure of BJP national presidentJ. P. Nadda.[115]
Charting out the BJP's strategy for the upcoming polls, Modi said in a speech to party workers that they should reach out to every section of society, including the marginalised and minority communities, "without electoral considerations".[116]
Following the2023 Legislative Assembly elections, Modi debuted the slogan "Modi Ki Guarantee" for the 2024 polls.[117] Another slogan used wasAbki Baar 400 Paar (This Time Surpassing 400),[118][119] referring to the party's goal of winning more than 400 out of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha.[120] Having been used by the BJP in previous elections, including the2019 general election with some changes,[121] election analysts have said that the path for the BJP to achieve this goal will likely be by winning more seats in the south of India than in previous elections.[122]
The party heldpolitical rallies in multiple states with national leadership including Modi,BJP President J. P. Nadda andAmit Shah campaigning actively.[123][124][125]
During a campaign rally,Uttar Pradesh chief ministerYogi Adityanath described the election as a contest between "devotees ofRam" and "anti-Ram forces" and urged voters to select the former. Modi also accused the opposition of plotting to raze theRam Temple once they were in power.[126]
During a campaign rally inRajasthan on 21 April, Narendra Modi accused the Congress party of prioritizing Muslim access to national wealth and planning to distribute resources among "those who have more children" and "infiltrators" once it was in power, which reflected stereotypes about Muslims reproducing in greater numbers and conspiracy theories pushed by the BJP that Muslims were planning to outnumber Hindus. Congress leader Mallikarjun Kharge called Modi's remarks a panic-filled "hate speech" and a ploy to divert attention from the opposition outperforming the BJP during the first phase of the election, while officials in Rajasthan received complaints from theAzad Adhikar Sena and a non-profit organisation demanding Modi's arrest and for his campaign to be suspended.[97][98] Following Modi's speech, the BJP posted an animated video on its officialInstagram account reiterating Modi's claims and showing Rahul Gandhi holding a copy of the Congress Party's election manifesto that morphs into the symbol of theAll-India Muslim League. After being flagged by multiple users, the video was taken down less than 24 hours after its publication.[127] A similar video posted on X towards voters inKarnataka was also ordered taken down by the Electoral Commission and led to police opening cases against senior BJP leaders.[128]
A complaint letter by theSamvidhan Bacchao Nagrik Abhiyan (Save the Constitution Citizens' Campaign) organisation to theElection Commission of India, signed by over 17,400 people, alleged that Modi had violated theModel Code of Conduct and theRepresentation of the People Act, 1951 by making a speech "aiming at not only appealing to 'communal feelings' but also instigating and aggravating hatred in the Hindus against Muslims".[99][100]
On 14 April 2024, the BJP invitedforeign diplomats posted in the country as well as 25 overseaspolitical parties including theConservative and theLabour parties of theUnited Kingdom, theChristian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) and theSocial Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), as well as theAwami League ofBangladesh to observe the party'selectoral campaign.[129][130] This initiative was part of the "Know BJP" campaign, aimed at external outreach and familiarisation with theelection process. As part of this program, BJP presidentJ. P. Nadda met with envoys from 13 countries.[131][132]
TheIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) bloc's first joint rally was held inPatna,Bihar on 3 March 2024. The rally saw, among others, Congress presidentMallikarjun Kharge, party leaderRahul Gandhi,Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chiefLalu Prasad Yadav, former Bihar deputy chief ministerTejashwi Yadav,Samajwadi Party leaderAkhilesh Yadav, and seniorLeft leadersSitaram Yechury andD. Raja. Kharge attacked Kumar forfrequently changing alliances and criticised the BJP for not fulfilling its promise of jobs and neglecting the country's poor and the majority.[133]
The alliance jointly held a rally atShivaji Park inMumbai on 17 March, a day after the end ofRahul Gandhi'sBharat Jodo Nyay Yatra. The rally was attended by Gandhi,SS(UBT) presidentUddhav Thackeray,NCP(SP) leaderSharad Pawar,RJD leaderTejashwi Yadav, andDMK leader andTamil Nadu chief ministerM. K. Stalin, among many others.[134] At the rally, Gandhi said that he was compelled to launch his yatra due to rising inflation and unemployment in the nation.[135]
A few days after arrest of Delhi chief ministerArvind Kejriwal in connection with the allegedDelhi liquor scam on 22 March,[136] the opposition alliance held a protest rally against the same inRamlila Maidan,Delhi on 31 March, where opposition leaders alleged the corruption case on him and his subsequent arrest to be a "fabrication with political motives" and a "witch hunt".[137][138][139] At the rally, named "Loktantra Bachao" (Save Democracy), amid current events, the opposition tried to frame the election as being "democracy vs dictatorship".[140]
The Congress campaign was launched fromNagpur at a huge rally in which over 1 million people were expected to have attended on 28 December 2023.[141] This rally also marked the 138th Congress Foundation Day and was being held to energise party cadres for the 2024 general election.[142] Party workers from all over the state were called to join the rally.[142][143]
On 14 January, the party launched itsBharat Jodo Nyay Yatra,[144] a sequel to theBharat Jodo Yatra held the previous year.[145] Theyatra started inThoubal,Manipur and ended inMumbai on 16 March 2024.[144] It covered 6,713 kilometres (4,171 miles) across 14 states.[146]
Rahul Gandhi warned that the whole of India will be on fire if the BJP wins the 2024 parliamentary elections and changes the Constitution, during an address at Delhi's Ramlila Maidan. The party slogan for the election was "Haath Badlega Halaat".[147][148][149][150]
The Congress started acrowdfunding campaign known asDonate for Desh (Donate for the Country) ahead of the general elections. It formally launched the campaign's digital version on 18 December 2023 at a dedicated website. It claimed to be inspired fromMahatma Gandhi's Tilak Swaraj Fund (1920–21). The physical version of the campaign, which be done via door-to-door collection drives, was launched on 28 December.[151][152]
The campaign received₹1.45 crore (US$170,000) on its first day, with the top five states in amount of donations beingMaharashtra,Rajasthan,Uttar Pradesh,Delhi, andKarnataka.[153]
By the end of 2023, the campaign received around₹9 crore (US$1.1 million), with 30% of the funds being collected fromTelangana and Maharashtra alone.[154]
The campaign had collected about₹20 crore (US$2.4 million) according to the party when on 28 January, it rebranded its crowdfunding campaign toDonate for Nyay (Donate for Justice), in line with Rahul Gandhi's ongoingBharat Jodo Nyay Yatra.[155] The ensuing crowdfunding campaign collected four crores in 4 days.[156]
On 16 February 2024, the Congress Party alleged that theIncome Tax Department (IT) ordered the freezing of bank accounts by the Congress Party containing 2.1 billion rupees ($25.3 million) as part of an ongoing legal dispute.[157] The Congress Party's treasurerAjay Maken later added that tax authorities imposed a 2.1-billion rupee ($25 million)lien on 13 February, "virtually sealed" its bank accounts and confiscated 1.1 billion rupees ($14 million). The party's leaderRahul Gandhi complained that the restrictions had rendered the party unable to campaign properly, adding that "Our entire financial identity has been erased." Gandhi also accused Modi and Home MinisterAmit Shah of conducting a "criminal action" against the party, which the BJP denied. His mother and former Congress leaderSonia Gandhi also alleged that the tax issues are "part of the systemic efforts to cripple" the party. An appeal is currently pending in the Supreme Court.[158]
According to the IT Department's official sources, it has recovered₹135 crore from the Congress for breaking the legislation exempting political parties from paying taxes, rather than freezing the party's bank accounts as the opposition party had claimed.[159] The party received notices from the IT department again on 29 March asking it to pay₹1,823.08 crore (US$216 million). The Congress accused the BJP of engaging in "tax terrorism" and alleged that the BJP is in serious violation ofincome-tax laws and that the IT department should raise a demand of₹4,617.58 crore (US$546 million) crore from the BJP for such violations.[160]
TheCommunist Party of India (Marxist) began their election campaign in Kerala after announcing 15 candidates in the state.[161]
TheRashtriya Janata Dal began its campaign with itsJan Vishwas Yatra ("People's Trust Yatra") on 20 February 2024. RJD leaderTejashwi Yadav launched the yatra fromMuzaffarpur inBihar. The yatra lasted until 1 March 2024 and covered 33 districts.[162][163] InSiwan on 23 February, Yadav termed the BJP "a dustbin" which takes in other parties that have become "garbage".[164][165]
The election period also coincided with investigations by authorities into state officials belonging to opposition parties, such asDelhi Chief Minister andAam Aadmi Party leaderArvind Kejriwal, who is under investigation for alleged corruption in theallocation of liquor licences, andJharkhand Chief MinisterHemant Soren, who was arrested in February 2024 for allegedly facilitating an illegal land sale. TheEnforcement Directorate is also investigating four chief ministers not allied with the BJP on various charges, while investigations have been closed on former opposition politicians who have since joined the BJP.Hartosh Singh Bal, a journalist for the current affairs magazineThe Caravan toldAgence France-Presse that the move by government agencies indicated their behavior as "handmaidens of the ruling party to cow down the political opposition".[157]
FollowingKejriwal's arrest on 21 March over the liquor license scam charges, Delhi's finance ministerAtishi Marlena Singh accused the BJP of orchestrating a "political conspiracy" against Kejriwal.[166] His arrest also led to clashes between party leaders, supporters and the police on 22 March.[167] Rahul Gandhi, reacting to Kejriwal's arrest, said that a "scared dictator" wants to create a "dead democracy", without naming anyone.[168] After he was released on bail and allowed to vote, Kejriwal urged citizens to "vote against dictatorship".[169] He then returned to prison as part of his bail conditions.[170]
The BJP-led government has been known to use Enforcement Directorate raids to target opposition politicians critical of it, with 95% of cases registered being against opposition leaders.[171][172][173] Since 2014, 25 opposition leaders facing corruption charges have joined the BJP, with 23 of them having their inquiries closed or frozen after joining the ruling party.[174] This has led the Congress Party to compare the trend to a "washing machine" in one of its campaign videos.[127]
After an intraparty dispute that led to the splitting of theShiv Sena party based inMaharashtra, the Supreme Court of India barred theShiv Sena (UBT) faction which joined the I.N.D.I.A. alliance from using the party's historic bow-and-arrow symbol as its electoral symbol in balloting and awarded it instead to theBalasahebanchi Shiv Sena wing which joined the NDA. This led the UBT faction to adopt a torch as its electoral symbol.[175]
The BJP proposed a 'GYAN' formula consisting of four segments – Garib (poor), Yuva (youth), Annadata (farmers) and Nari (women) in its manifesto.[176] The Bharatiya Janata Party started a campaign to gather public recommendations and suggestions for the advancement of the State and the country, which will be incorporated into the party's manifesto titled 'Modi ki guarantee' for the 2024 general elections.[177][178][179][180][181][182][183]
The Congress released their group-specificmanifesto promises for the general election in the month of March.[190] The manifesto focuses on five major segments of the population and promises them:
The complete manifesto titledNyay Patra (Hindi:न्याय पत्र,lit. 'Justice Paper') was released on 5 April 2024.[201][202] Some noticeable points in the manifesto include (apart from above promises released earlier) the:
Narendra Modi, on 21 April during an election campaign rally in Rajasthan, falsely claimed that former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh once said "Muslims have the first right on the country's resources". However, Singh's speech also mentioned backward communities, includingscheduled castes,scheduled tribes,Other Backward Classes, women, children, and minorities.[203] Modi falsely claimed that Rahul Gandhi had not namedGautam Adani andMukesh Ambani throughout the elections. Gandhi had mentioned Adani and Ambani about 25 times.[204]
In April 2024, theBBC reported thatGenerative artificial intelligence and deepfake videos were allegedly used by both the BJP and the opposition parties in the 2024 elections.[205]
An alleged doctored video of BJP leaderAmit Shah’s speech regarding reservations in Telangana on April 23 was posted by Telangana Congress on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter), where Amit Shah was falsely shown to be announcing the curtailment of reservations granted to the SC, ST, & OBC communities.[206] Shah accused the opposition of tampering with his video, leading to the registration of anFIR and a summons being issued toTelangana's Chief MinisterRevanth Reddy.[207] The police arrested two people, one from the Congress party, and another from the opposition Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in connection with Shah's case.[208] The arrested Congress worker was associated with its social media unit, and was alleged to have created the video.[209][210] The Congress Party denied the involvement of its worker in this case.[211]
In June 2024,Time noted throughout the elections, associates and supporters of the BJP circulatedfake news in order to discredit its opponents and spread hatred against religious minorities.[212]
| Polling agency | Date published | Sample size | Margin of error | Lead | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | INDIA | Others | |||||
| 2024 election results | 43.8% | 41.48% | 14.72% | 2.32 | |||
| ABP News-CVoter | April 2024[213] | 57,566 | ±3–5% | 46.6 | 39.8 | 13.6 | 6.8 |
| News 18 | March 2024[214] | 118,616 | ±4% | 48 | 32 | 20 | 16 |
| ABP News-CVoter | March 2024[215] | 41,762[216] | ±5% | 46 | 39 | 15 | 7 |
| Times Now-ETG | March 2024[217] | 323,357[218] | ±3% | 52 | 42 | 6 | 10 |
| Zee News-Matrize | February 2024[219] | 167,843 | ±2% | 43.6 | 27.7 | 24.9 | 15.9 |
| India Today-CVoter | February 2024[220] | 149,092[221] | ±3–5% | 45 | 38 | 17 | 8 |
| Times Now-ETG | February 2024[222] | 156,843[223] | ±2% | 41.8 | 28.6 | 29.6 | 13.2 |
| ABP News-CVoter | December 2023[224] | 200,000 | ±3–5% | 42 | 38 | 20 | 4 |
| Times Now-ETG | December 2023[225][226] | 147,231[227] | ±3% | 44 | 39 | 17 | 5 |
| India TV-CNX | October 2023[228][229] | 54,250 | ±3% | 43.4 | 39.1 | 17.5 | 4.3 |
| Times Now-ETG | October 2023[230] | 135,100[231] | ±3% | 42.6 | 40.2 | 17.2 | 2.4 |
| August 2023[232][233] | 110,662[234] | ±3% | 42.6 | 40.2 | 17.2 | 2.4 | |
| India Today-CVoter | August 2023[235] | 160,438 | ±3–5% | 43 | 41 | 16 | 2 |
| Formation of the big-tentINDIA opposition bloc | |||||||
| India Today-CVoter | January 2023[236] | 140,917 | ±3–5% | 43 | 30 | 27 | 13 |
| 2019 election results | 45.3% | 27.5% | 27.2% | 17.8 | |||
| Polling agency | Date published | Sample size | Margin of error | Lead | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | INDIA | Others | |||||
| 2024 election results | 293 | 234 | 16 | NDA | |||
| TV9 Bharatvarsh - People's Insight - Polstrat | April 2024[237] | 2,500,000 | 3% | 362 | 149 | 32 | NDA |
| ABP News-CVoter | April 2024[213] | 57,566 | ±3–5% | 373 | 155 | 15 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | April 2024[238] | 271,292[239] | ±3% | 384 | 118 | 41 | NDA |
| News18 | March 2024[240] | 118,616[241] | ±4% | 411 | 105 | 27 | NDA |
| ABP News-CVoter | March 2024[242] | 41,762 | ±5% | 366 | 156 | 21 | NDA |
| India TV-CNX | March 2024[243] | 162,900[244] | ±3% | 378 | 98 | 67 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | March 2024[245] | 323,357 | ±3% | 358–398 | 110–130 | 40–50 | NDA |
| Zee News-Matrize | February 2024[219] | 167,843 | ±2% | 377 | 93 | 73 | NDA |
| India Today-CVoter | February 2024[246] | 149,092[247] | ±3–5% | 335 | 166 | 42 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | February 2024[248] | 156,843 | ±2% | 366 | 104 | 73 | NDA |
| ABP-CVoter | December 2023[224] | 200,000 | ±3–5% | 295–335 | 165–205 | 35–65 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | December 2023[225][226] | 147,231 | ±3% | 319–339 | 148–168 | 52–61 | NDA |
| India TV-CNX | October 2023[228][229] | 54,250 | ±3% | 315 | 172 | 56 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | October 2023[230] | 135,100 | ±3% | 297–317 | 165–185 | 57–65 | NDA |
| August 2023[249][233] | 110,662 | ±3% | 296–326 | 160–190 | 56–64 | NDA | |
| India Today-CVoter | August 2023[235] | 160,438 | ±3–5% | 306 | 193 | 54 | NDA |
| Formation of the big-tentINDIA opposition bloc | |||||||
| India Today-CVoter | January 2023[250] | 140,917 | ±3–5% | 298 | 153 | 92 | NDA |
| 2019 election results | 353 | 91 | 99 | NDA | |||
The Election Commission of India banned the publication of allexit polls starting 48 hours before Phase 1 of the election until the end of Phase 7. This was intended to prevent exit polls from earlier phases affecting voter decisions in later phases. The ban ended after the close of Phase 7 voting at 18:30 IST on 1 June 2024.[251]
| Polling agency | Lead | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | INDIA | Others | ||
| 2019 election results | 353 | 91 | 99 | 81 |
| ABP News-CVoter[252] | 368±15 | 167±15 | 8±4 | 96 |
| Agni News Services[253] | 242 | 264 | 37 | HUNG |
| Dainik Bhaskar[253] | 316±34 | 173±28 | 41±8 | 44 |
| DB Live[254] | 221±20 | 275±15 | 38±10 | 3 |
| India Today-Axis My India[255] | 381±20 | 148±18 | 14±6 | 109 |
| India News-Dynamics[253] | 371 | 125 | 47 | 99 |
| India TV-CNX[256] | 386±15 | 134±15 | 33±5 | 96 |
| NDTV-Jan Ki Baat[257] | 377±15 | 151±10 | 15±5 | 105 |
| News18-CNBC[258] | 362±8 | 132±8 | 47±5 | 90 |
| News 24-Today's Chanakya[253] | 400±15 | 107-11 | 36±9 | 128 |
| News Nation[253] | 360±18 | 161±8 | 22±1 | 88 |
| Republic TV-Matrize[253] | 360±8 | 126±8 | 30 | 88 |
| Republic TV-PMarq[253] | 359 | 154 | 30 | 87 |
| Times Now-ETG[253] | 358 | 152 | 33 | 86 |
| TV9 Bharatvarsh - People's Insight - Polstrat[259] | 346 | 162 | 35 | 74 |
| Pratik - Classifiction | 265 | 265 | 13 | HUNG |
| 2024 election results | 293 | 234 | 16 | 21 |
_and_other_election_related_materials_required_for_the_5th_Phase_of_General_Elections-2024_at_Serampore%2c_in_West_Bengal_on_May_19%2c_2024.jpg)
During Phase 1 of the election, violence broke out outside a polling station in Thamanpokpi inManipur.[279][280] Clashes betweenBJP andTMC party workers were reported in theCooch Behar,Alipurduar andJalpaiguri constituencies ofWest Bengal,[281][282] and oneCentral Reserve Police Force (CPRF) personnel was found dead in a polling booth inCooch Behar.[283][284] InChhattisgarh, oneCRPF personnel was killed during polling.[285][286] Clashes betweenVCK andBJP cadres were reported inChidambaram constituency inTamil Nadu, where two VCK cadres and one BJP cadre were injured.[287][288]
During Phase 2 of voting, eight voters inKerala died ofheat stroke while voting.[289][290] In Manipur, two CPRF personnel were killed and two more were seriously injured in a militant attack inBishnupur district,[291][292] a man was killed in a gunfight between two unidentified groups in theKangpokpi andImphal East districts,[293][294] and incidents of EVM vandalism, voter intimidation and coercion were reported in two polling stations inUkhrul.[295][296]
A complaint letter by theSamvidhan Bacchao Nagrik Abhiyan (Save the Constitution Citizens' Campaign) organisation to theElection Commission of India, signed by over 17,400 people, alleged that Modi had violated theModel Code of Conduct and theRepresentation of the People Act, 1951 by making a speech "aiming at not only appealing to 'communal feelings' but also instigating and aggravating hatred in the Hindus against Muslims".[297][298]
During Phase 6 of voting,Mehbooba Mufti, who is contesting theAnantnag–Rajouri constituency inJammu and Kashmir for theJammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party, said several of her party workers were detained by police to prevent them from voting. In West Bengal, TMC workers blocked the car of BJP candidateAgnimitra Paul while she was on her way to vote in theMedinipur constituency.[299] Prashant Jagdev, the BJP candidate for the2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election inBegunia, was arrested on suspicion of vandalising an EVM.[300]
During Phase 7 of voting, a mob looted election material from a polling booth and dumped it into a pond inKultali,Jaynagar in West Bengal. Clashes erupted between BJP and TMC supporters inSandeshkhali.[301] InUttar Pradesh, at least 33 election workers, including security and sanitation staff, died of heat stroke, along with a voter waiting in line inBallia.[302] State election officials subsequently stated that compensation of 1.5 million rupees ($18,000) would be given to the families of the deceased workers.[303] At least ten election related deaths were also reported inBihar that day.[304] In response to the ongoing heatwave, ECI chiefRajiv Kumar said they had learned a lesson and "should have completed the election at least one month before".[305]
Instances of EVM malfunctioning and removal of candidates belonging to the opposition were reported throughout the elections.[306] On 18 April, the Supreme Court asked the ECI to look into reported EVM malfunctioning in Kerala.[16] 150 EVMs were replaced inAssam after reported malfunctioning.[307] InVaranasi, about 33 nominations challenging Narendra Modi were rejected, of which eight applicants claimed that the process was rigged in favour of the BJP.[17]
On 4 June, formerChhattisgarh Chief MinisterBhupesh Baghel said there was a discrepancy in EVM numbers while formerUttar Pradesh Chief MinisterAkhilesh Yadav accused the administration of carrying out arrests of his party workers in order to stop them from counting votes.[308]
642 million people voted in the election including 312 million women voters, making it the highest ever participation in a single election.[12][13]
| State/UT | Total | Voter turnout by phase | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 19 April | Phase 2 26 April | Phase 3[313] 7 May | Phase 4 13 May | Phase 5 20 May | Phase 6 25 May | Phase 7 1 June | ||||||||||
| Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | |
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 81.86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25 | 81.86 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 77.68 | 2 | 77.68 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Assam | 14 | 81.62 | 5 | 78.25 | 5 | 81.17 | 4 | 85.45 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Bihar | 40 | 56.19 | 4 | 49.26 | 5 | 59.45 | 5 | 59.14 | 5 | 58.21 | 5 | 56.76 | 8 | 57.18 | 8 | 53.29 |
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 72.17 | 1 | 68.29 | 3 | 76.24 | 7 | 71.98 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Goa | 2 | 76.06 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 76.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gujarat | 26 | 60.13 | – | – | – | – | 25 | 60.13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Haryana | 10 | 64.80 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10 | 64.80 | – | – |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 70.90 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 70.90 |
| Jharkhand | 14 | 66.19 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 66.01 | 3 | 63.21 | 4 | 65.39 | 3 | 70.88 |
| Karnataka | 28 | 70.64 | – | – | 14 | 69.56 | 14 | 71.84 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Kerala | 20 | 71.27 | – | – | 20 | 71.27 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 66.87 | 6 | 67.75 | 6 | 58.59 | 9 | 66.74 | 8 | 72.05 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Maharashtra | 48 | 61.29 | 5 | 63.71 | 8 | 62.71 | 11 | 63.55 | 11 | 62.21 | 13 | 56.89 | – | – | – | – |
| Manipur | 2 | 80.47 | 1+1⁄2 | 76.10 | 1⁄2 | 84.85 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Meghalaya | 2 | 76.60 | 2 | 76.60 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mizoram | 1 | 56.87 | 1 | 56.87 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nagaland | 1 | 57.72 | 1 | 57.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Odisha | 21 | 74.51 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 75.68 | 5 | 73.50 | 6 | 74.45 | 6 | 74.41 |
| Punjab | 13 | 62.80 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13 | 62.80 |
| Rajasthan | 25 | 61.34 | 12 | 57.65 | 13 | 65.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sikkim | 1 | 79.88 | 1 | 79.88 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 69.72 | 39 | 69.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Telangana | 17 | 65.67 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 17 | 65.67 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tripura | 2 | 80.92 | 1 | 81.48 | 1 | 80.36 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 56.92 | 8 | 61.11 | 8 | 55.19 | 10 | 57.55 | 13 | 58.22 | 14 | 58.02 | 14 | 54.04 | 13 | 55.85 |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 57.22 | 5 | 57.22 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| West Bengal | 42 | 79.29 | 3 | 81.91 | 3 | 76.58 | 4 | 77.53 | 8 | 80.22 | 7 | 78.45 | 8 | 82.71 | 9 | 76.80 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 64.10 | 1 | 64.10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 67.98 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 67.98 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 2 | 71.31 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 71.31 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Delhi | 7 | 58.69 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | 58.69 | – | – |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 5 | 58.58 | 1 | 68.27 | 1 | 72.22 | – | – | 1 | 38.49 | 1 | 59.10 | 1 | 55.40 | – | – |
| Ladakh | 1 | 71.82 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 71.82 | – | – | – | – |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 84.16 | 1 | 84.16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Puducherry | 1 | 78.90 | 1 | 78.90 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 543 | 66.33 | 101+1⁄2 | 66.14 | 87+1⁄2 | 66.71 | 93 | 65.68 | 96 | 69.16 | 49 | 62.20 | 58 | 63.37 | 57 | 63.88 |
| State/UT | Total electors[314] | Total voters | Total turnout | Total seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) | 315,745 | 202,597 | 64.16% | 1 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 41,401,887 | 33,858,957 | 81.78% | 25 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 898,442 | 728,393 | 81.07% | 2 |
| Assam | 24,572,114 | 20,118,166 | 81.87% | 14 |
| Bihar | 77,259,579 | 43,480,859 | 56.28% | 40 |
| Chandigarh (UT) | 660,552 | 449,383 | 68.03% | 1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 20,678,667 | 15,083,307 | 72.94% | 11 |
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu (UT) | 417,236 | 298,073 | 71.44% | 2 |
| Goa | 1,179,644 | 908,178 | 76.99% | 2 |
| Gujarat | 48,009,945 | 29,161,987 | 60.74% | 26 |
| Haryana | 20,187,911 | 13,075,630 | 64.77% | 10 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 5,711,969 | 4,081,076 | 71.45% | 4 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 8,802,348 | 5,162,866 | 58.65% | 5 |
| Jharkhand | 25,877,892 | 17,279,192 | 66.77% | 14 |
| Karnataka | 54,772,332 | 38,835,377 | 70.90% | 28 |
| Kerala | 27,807,008 | 20,033,258 | 72.04% | 20 |
| Ladakh (UT) | 190,576 | 135,662 | 71.19% | 1 |
| Lakshadweep (UT) | 57,953 | 49,247 | 84.98% | 1 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 56,668,852 | 37,972,368 | 67.01% | 29 |
| Maharashtra | 93,061,760 | 57,248,402 | 61.52% | 48 |
| Manipur | 2,051,357 | 1,605,769 | 78.28% | 2 |
| Meghalaya | 2,230,451 | 1,715,027 | 76.89% | 2 |
| Mizoram | 861,327 | 491,828 | 57.10% | 1 |
| Nagaland | 1,325,383 | 766,573 | 57.84% | 1 |
| NCT of Delhi | 15,214,638 | 8,943,585 | 58.78% | 7 |
| Odisha | 33,716,965 | 25,214,359 | 74.78% | 21 |
| Puducherry (UT) | 1,024,024 | 811,432 | 79.24% | 1 |
| Punjab | 21,567,196 | 13,542,849 | 62.79% | 13 |
| Rajasthan | 53,508,010 | 33,211,938 | 62.07% | 25 |
| Sikkim | 466,643 | 388,507 | 83.26% | 1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 62,404,947 | 43,769,106 | 70.14% | 39 |
| Telangana | 33,232,318 | 22,031,832 | 66.30% | 17 |
| Tripura | 2,870,896 | 2,348,827 | 81.82% | 2 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 154,403,112 | 87,997,543 | 56.99% | 80 |
| Uttarakhand | 8,431,101 | 4,864,181 | 57.69% | 5 |
| West Bengal | 76,124,780 | 60,554,535 | 79.55% | 42 |
| India | 977,965,560 | 646,420,869 | 66.10% | 543 |
| 293 | 234 | 16 |
| NDA | INDIA | Others |
Following the first round, the BJP won its first seat afterMukesh Dalal, its candidate forSurat constituency inGujarat, was elected unopposed following rejection and withdrawal of other candidates.[315][316] No voting was held in the constituency, as the ECI had certified the results two weeks prior due to the absence of rival candidates.[317]
The overall election result was described in several media sources as a "shock" to Narendra Modi,[318][319] with the BJP falling short of itsexpectations of winning 400 seats.[320] Though pre-poll predictions were for an overwhelming majority for the BJP, the INDIA bloc performed much better than exit polls had predicted it to,[321] with upset victories in major states such asUttar Pradesh,Maharashtra, andWest Bengal.[322] The BJP had to rely on the 28 cumulative seats won by theAndhra Pradesh-basedTelugu Desam Party led byChandrababu Naidu and theBihar-basedJanata Dal (United) led byNitish Kumar in order for the NDA to retain its majority in the Lok Sabha.[323][324][325]
  Results by party (right) and alliance (left) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |||
| NDA | Bharatiya Janata Party | 235,974,144 | 36.56 | 240 | –63 | ||
| Telugu Desam Party | 12,775,270 | 1.98 | 16 | +13 | |||
| Janata Dal (United) | 8,039,663 | 1.25 | 12 | –4 | |||
| Shiv Sena (2022–present) | 7,401,447 | 1.15 | 7 | –11 | |||
| Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) | 2,810,250 | 0.44 | 5 | +5 | |||
| Janata Dal (Secular) | 2,173,701 | 0.34 | 2 | +1 | |||
| Nationalist Congress Party | 2,059,179 | 0.32 | 1 | –4 | |||
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | 1,879,689 | 0.29 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Jana Sena Party | 1,454,138 | 0.23 | 2 | +2 | |||
| Asom Gana Parishad | 1,298,707 | 0.20 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Rashtriya Lok Dal | 893,460 | 0.14 | 2 | +2 | |||
| Apna Dal (Soneylal) | 808,245 | 0.13 | 1 | –1 | |||
| Bharath Dharma Jana Sena | 505,753 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Hindustani Awam Morcha | 494,960 | 0.08 | 1 | +1 | |||
| United People's Party Liberal | 488,995 | 0.08 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Rashtriya Samaj Paksha | 521,746 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | |||
| All Jharkhand Students Union | 458,677 | 0.07 | 1 | 0 | |||
| National People's Party | 417,930 | 0.06 | 0 | –1 | |||
| Tamil Maanila Congress | 410,401 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam | 393,415 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party | 350,967 | 0.05 | 0 | –1 | |||
| Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party | 340,188 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Naga People's Front | 299,536 | 0.05 | 0 | –1 | |||
| Rashtriya Lok Morcha | 253,876 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sikkim Krantikari Morcha | 164,396 | 0.03 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Total | 282,668,733 | 43.80 | 293 | –60 | |||
| INDIA | Indian National Congress | 136,758,952 | 21.19 | 99 | +47 | ||
| Samajwadi Party | 29,549,389 | 4.58 | 37 | +32 | |||
| All India Trinamool Congress | 28,213,393 | 4.37 | 29 | +7 | |||
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 11,754,710 | 1.82 | 22 | –2 | |||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 11,342,553 | 1.76 | 4 | +1 | |||
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | 10,107,402 | 1.57 | 4 | +4 | |||
| Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) | 9,567,779 | 1.48 | 9 | +9 | |||
| Aam Aadmi Party | 7,147,800 | 1.11 | 3 | +2 | |||
| Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar | 5,921,162 | 0.92 | 8 | +8 | |||
| Communist Party of India | 3,157,184 | 0.49 | 2 | 0 | |||
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 2,652,955 | 0.41 | 3 | +2 | |||
| Indian Union Muslim League | 1,716,186 | 0.27 | 3 | 0 | |||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | 1,736,761 | 0.27 | 2 | +2 | |||
| Bharat Adivasi Party | 1,257,056 | 0.19 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Vikassheel Insaan Party | 1,187,455 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir National Conference | 1,147,041 | 0.18 | 2 | –1 | |||
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | 990,237 | 0.15 | 2 | +1 | |||
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party | 596,955 | 0.09 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | 587,363 | 0.09 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 542,213 | 0.08 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party | 435,980 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Assam Jatiya Parishad | 414,441 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Kerala Congress | 364,631 | 0.06 | 1 | 0 | |||
| All India Forward Bloc | 284,269 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Kerala Congress (Mani) | 277,365 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Total | 267,711,232 | 41.48 | 234 | +143 | |||
| Naam Tamilar Katchi | 3,600,088 | 0.56 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi | 1,582,855 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | |||
| YSR Congress Party | 13,316,134 | 2.06 | 4 | –18 | |||
| Bahujan Samaj Party | 13,153,830 | 2.04 | 0 | –10 | |||
| Biju Janata Dal | 9,412,674 | 1.46 | 0 | –12 | |||
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 8,952,587 | 1.39 | 0 | –1 | |||
| Bharat Rashtra Samithi | 3,657,237 | 0.57 | 0 | –9 | |||
| Shiromani Akali Dal | 1,814,318 | 0.28 | 1 | –1 | |||
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | 1,400,215 | 0.22 | 1 | –1 | |||
| Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam | 1,128,616 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bodoland People's Front | 777,570 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) | 691,820 | 0.11 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Indian Secular Front | 650,229 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | |||
| All India United Democratic Front | 625,954 | 0.10 | 0 | –1 | |||
| Voice of the People Party | 571,078 | 0.09 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) | 521,749 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) | 480,987 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Gondwana Ganatantra Party | 312,997 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi | 254,517 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Peoples Party of India (Democratic) | 247,985 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Indian National Lok Dal | 226,975 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Zoram People's Movement | 208,552 | 0.03 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party | 208,149 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Swabhimani Paksha | 185,371 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Gana Suraksha Party | 180,000 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference | 174,890 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party | 168,740 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Republican Party of India (Athawale) | 156,302 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Twenty 20 Party | 145,450 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Mizo National Front | 140,264 | 0.02 | 0 | –1 | |||
| Ambedkarite Party of India | 132,444 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party | 115,024 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Jannayak Janta Party | 113,827 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Akhil Bhartiya Parivar Party | 110,212 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party | 108,334 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Prahar Janshakti Party | 90,759 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Citizen Action Party – Sikkim | 83,566 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| New Rashtriya Samaj Party | 83,046 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party | 78,104 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sikkim Democratic Front | 77,171 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bahujan Maha Party | 76,254 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Viro Ke Vir Indian Party | 75,950 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bahujan Mukti Party | 73,935 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Samata Party | 73,318 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Navarang Congress Party | 67,432 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Samnak Janta Party | 67,374 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Revolutionary Goans Party | 64,629 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Voters Party International | 63,496 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Lokhit Adhikar Party | 62,136 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Moolniwasi Samaj Party | 61,033 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal | 61,024 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Right to Recall Party | 58,024 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party | 53,911 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bhagidari Party (P) | 51,979 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Karnataka Rashtra Samithi | 51,529 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sardar Patel Siddhant Party | 46,145 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Republican Party of India (A) | 45,567 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) | 44,563 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Social Democratic Party of India | 42,465 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Hamar Raj Party | 40,746 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Democratic Progressive Azad Party | 40,665 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Uttama Prajaakeeya Party | 40,491 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Indian Peoples Green Party | 39,778 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Apna Dal (Kamerawadi) | 39,128 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Dharma Samaj Party | 38,730 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Peace Party of India | 38,506 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Baliraja Party | 33,787 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bahujan Bharat Party | 32,870 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Rashtra Uday Party | 30,073 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bahujan Republican Socialist Party | 29,619 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Aadarsh Mithila Party | 29,550 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Samaj Shakti Party | 29,235 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Rashtriya Samanta Dal | 28,340 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bharatiya Nyay-Adhikar Raksha Party | 28,192 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bharatiya Yuva Jan Ekta Party | 27,969 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Pyramid Party of India | 27,966 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bharatiya Gana Parishad | 27,554 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Abhinav Rajasthan Party | 26,294 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bharatiya Praja Aikyata Party | 26,271 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Moulik Adhikar Party | 25,490 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bhim Sena | 25,345 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sanyukt Kisan Vikas Party | 25,291 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Prabuddha Republican Party | 24,361 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bhartiya Sarthak Party | 23,640 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party (Bhim) | 23,268 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 608 other parties | 2,876,122 | 0.45 | 0 | –2 | |||
| Independents | 17,850,062 | 2.77 | 7 | –1 | |||
| None of the above | 6,371,839 | 0.99 | – | – | |||
| Total | 645,362,531 | 100.00 | 543 | 0 | |||
| Valid votes | 645,362,531 | 99.84 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,058,338 | 0.16 | |||||
| Total votes | 646,420,869 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 977,965,560 | 66.10 | |||||
| Source:ECI | |||||||
| Region | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | INDIA | Others | ||
| North India | 137 | 68 | 67 | 4 |
| West India | 76 | 43 | 32 | 1 |
| Central India | 40 | 39 | 1 | 0 |
| East India | 117 | 71 | 45 | 1 |
| Northeast India | 25 | 16 | 7 | 2 |
| South India | 129 | 49 | 75 | 5 |
| Union Territory | 19 | 11 | 5 | 3 |
| Total | 543 | 293 | 234 | 16 |
| State/Union Territory | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | INDIA | Others | ||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 21 | 0 | 4 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Assam | 14 | 11 | 3 | 0 |
| Bihar | 40 | 30 | 9 | 1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| Goa | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Gujarat | 26 | 25 | 1 | 0 |
| Haryana | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Jharkhand | 14 | 9 | 5 | 0 |
| Karnataka | 28 | 19 | 9 | 0 |
| Kerala | 20 | 1 | 19 | 0 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| Maharashtra | 48 | 17 | 30 | 1 |
| Manipur | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Meghalaya | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Mizoram | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Nagaland | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Odisha | 21 | 20 | 1 | 0 |
| Punjab | 13 | 0 | 10 | 3 |
| Rajasthan | 25 | 14 | 11 | 0 |
| Sikkim | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 |
| Telangana | 17 | 8 | 8 | 1 |
| Tripura | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 36 | 43 | 1 |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| West Bengal | 42 | 12 | 30 | 0 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Delhi | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Ladakh | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Puducherry | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 543 | 293 | 234 | 16 |
| Response category | NDA | INDIA | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seats by alliance | |||
| Urban | 39 | 15 | 1 |
| Semi-Urban and Rural | 254 | 219 | 15 |
| Seats by reservation | |||
| SC | 40 | 43 | 1 |
| ST | 26 | 17 | 4 |
| Unreserved | 227 | 174 | 11 |
| 16 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| TDP | BJP | JSP | YSRCP |
| 21 | 4 |
| NDA | Oth |
| 2 |
| BJP |
| 9 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| BJP | AGP | UPPL | INC |
| 11 | 3 |
| NDA | INDIA |
| 12 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| BJP | JD(U) | LJP(RV) | HAM | RJD | INC | CPI(ML)L | IND |
| 30 | 9 | 1 |
| NDA | INDIA | Oth |
| 10 | 1 |
| BJP | INC |
| 1 | 1 |
| BJP | INC |
| 25 | 1 |
| BJP | INC |
| 5 | 5 |
| INC | BJP |
| 4 |
| BJP |
| 8 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| BJP | AJSU | JMM | INC |
| 9 | 5 |
| NDA | INDIA |
| 17 | 2 | 9 |
| BJP | JD(S) | INC |
| 19 | 9 |
| NDA | INDIA |
| 14 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| INC | IUML | RSP | KEC | CPI(M) | BJP |
| 19 | 1 |
| INDIA | NDA |
| 29 |
| BJP |
| 13 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
| INC | SS(UBT) | NCP (SP) | BJP | SS | NCP | IND |
| 30 | 17 | 1 |
| INDIA | NDA | Oth |
| 2 |
| INC |
| 1 | 1 |
| INC | VPP |
| 1 |
| ZPM |
| 1 |
| INC |
| 20 | 1 |
| BJP | INC |
| 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| INC | AAP | SAD | IND |
| 10 | 3 |
| INDIA | Oth |
| 14 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| BJP | INC | BAP | CPI(M) | RLP |
| 14 | 11 |
| NDA | INDIA |
| 1 |
| SKM |
| 22 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| DMK | INC | CPI | CPI(M) | VCK | IUML | MDMK |
| 39 |
| INDIA |
| 8 | 8 | 1 |
| INC | BJP | AIMIM |
| 2 |
| BJP |
| 37 | 6 | 33 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| SP | INC | BJP | RLD | AD(S) | ASP(KR) |
| 43 | 36 | 1 |
| INDIA | NDA | Oth |
| 5 |
| BJP |
| 29 | 1 | 12 |
| AITC | INC | BJP |
| 30 | 12 |
| INDIA | NDA |
| 1 |
| BJP |
| 1 |
| INC |
| 1 | 1 |
| BJP | IND |
| 7 |
| BJP |
| 2 | 2 | 1 |
| JKNC | BJP | IND |
| 2 | 2 | 1 |
| INDIA | NDA | Oth |
| 1 |
| IND |
| 1 |
| INC |
| 1 |
| INC |
Narendra Modi called the NDA's lead "a historical feat in India's history", while Congress party president Mallikarjun Kharge said the election was a "moral and political loss" for Modi and a "win for democracy" and the public.[326] In a speech to his supporters on 4 June, Modi said that the NDA would form a third consecutive government.[327] Following a meeting with other members of the NDA on 5 June, Modi was formally endorsed to become prime minister again.[328] On 7 June, he was selected as leader of the NDA[329] and was inaugurated as prime minister on 9 June.[330] On 10 June, Modi unveiled his 71-member cabinet, of which the BJP took 61 portfolios, including foreign affairs, home affairs, finance and defence, while theTelugu Desam Party andJanata Dal (United) took two ministries each, with the rest going to other members of the NDA.[331] The BJP'sOm Birla was reelected for a second term asSpeaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 June.[332]
Independent MPs fromSangli andPurnia,Vishal Patil andPappu Yadav, both of whom are primary members of the Congress party, extended their support to it after the election, effectively increasing the opposition alliance's tally to 236.[333][334][335] On 8 June, the leadership of the Congress Party unanimously nominated Rahul Gandhi to becomeLeader of the Opposition, a position which had been vacant since 2014.[336] He formally assumed the post on 25 June.[337]
Leaders and officials ofAntigua and Barbuda,Argentina,Armenia,Australia,Austria,Bahrain,Bangladesh,Barbados,Belgium,Belize,Benin,Bhutan,Bolivia,Brazil,Cambodia,Canada,China,Comoros,Croatia,Cyprus,Czechia,Denmark,Egypt,Estonia,Eswatini,European Union,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Guyana,Honduras,Iceland,Indonesia,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Italy,Jamaica,Japan,Kenya,Latvia,Lithuania, theMaldives,Madagascar,Malaysia,Mauritius,Moldova,Nepal,Netherlands,New Zealand,Nigeria,Norway,Pakistan, thePhilippines,Russia,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Serbia,Singapore,Slovenia,South Korea,Spain,Sri Lanka,Sweden,Taiwan,Tanzania,Thailand,Timor Leste,Uganda,Ukraine, theUnited Arab Emirates, theUnited Kingdom, theUnited States,Vietnam,Yemen, andZambia congratulated Modi on his victory.[338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345]
The benchmarkBSE Sensex andNifty50 indices hit intraday record highs and theIndian rupee strengthened after the exit polls were released. However, on the day results were announced, Indian stock markets crashed.[346] Rahul Gandhi subsequently called for an investigation, saying that Modi, Amit Shah, and finance ministerNirmala Sitharaman had misled investors into buying stocks before the release of the election results on 4 June in anticipation of a landslide victory by the BJP.[347]
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