The2023 Wisconsin Supreme Court election was held on Tuesday, April 4, 2023, to elect a justice to theWisconsin Supreme Court for a ten-year term.Milwaukee County circuit judgeJanet Protasiewicz defeated former Wisconsin Supreme Court justiceDaniel Kelly, effectively flipping the ideological balance of the court from a conservative to liberal majority.
Incumbent justicePatience D. Roggensack chose to retire after 20 years on the court; she had identified as a conservative and voted consistently with the conservative 4–3 majority on the court. Protasiewicz and Kelly advanced from the February 21 nonpartisan primary, receiving 46% and 24% of the votes, respectively. Although Wisconsin Supreme Court justices are officiallynonpartisan, Kelly was identified as being theRepublican-aligned candidate and Protasiewicz theDemocratic-aligned candidate.[2][3][4] Other candidates in the 2023 primary included conservativeWaukesha County circuit judgeJennifer Dorow and liberalDane County circuit judge Everett Mitchell.[5]
The race was widely considered to be ade facto referendum onlegal abortion access in Wisconsin,[6] but election coverage also often focused on how the court would rule on future cases involving politically charged issues of voting rights andredistricting.[7] This election also took place in the aftermath ofDonald Trump's false claims of fraud in the 2020 presidential election, with some national journalism focusing on how the outcome of the election could decide how the court would rule if a similar attempt were made to overturn the2024 election.[8] The election was described as the most important2023 U.S. election; it was the most expensive judicial race to that point in U.S. history, with over $45 million ultimately spent.[9][10][a][b]Wisconsin Democratic Party chairBen Wikler called it "the most important election nobody's ever heard of."[15]
Protasiewicz won the election by 11.02 percentage points, which flipped the court to a liberal majority. Kelly lost by a slightly wider margin thanhis own defeat three years prior. Protasiewicz took office on August 1, 2023. The election was exceeded in campaign spending and voter turnout two years later in the2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election.[16]
On January 20, 2023, Janet Protasiewicz became the first candidate to announce a purchase of TV ads, allocating $700,000 for ads to air in the three weeks leading up to the February 21 primary.[24] The ads, which began airing on January 26, highlight Protasiewicz's support for abortion rights and feature women warning “extremists want to ban abortion. Even in cases of rape and health of the mother.”[25] Fair Courts America, a conservative advocacy group funded by megadonorsRichard and Elizabeth Uihlein, simultaneously spent $250,000 on radio ads in support ofDaniel Kelly. Fair Courts America then launched a $500,000 TV ad campaign in support of Kelly on February 2. The ads warn “Madison liberals are trying to take over the Wisconsin Supreme Court. That’s why we need to elect conservative Justice Dan Kelly.”[26] Fair Courts America later increased their advertising budget for Kelly to $2.4 million.[27]
Also in early February, the progressive group A Better Wisconsin Together announced a purchase of ads opposingJennifer Dorow, including $720,000 for TV ads and $110,000 for digital ads.[28] They later increased their ad budget to $1.9 million.[29] The ads accuse Dorow of having "a long history of keeping criminals, even sexual predators, out of prison."Daily Kos theorized that A Better Wisconsin Together, which is affiliated with the national groupProgressNow, believed that Dorow would be more difficult to defeat and was trying to prevent her from reaching the April general election.[30] On the same day, Dorow announced her first TV ad campaign, a $60,000 buy highlighting her service in thetrial of Darrell Brooks.[31][32] Dorow later increased her ad spending to $400,000, and the advocacy group Conservative Action for America followed up with a $246,000 buy in support of her.[27]
Protasiewicz released two additional ads on February 7 which stressed her support for fairness and public safety and poked fun at the difficulty of pronouncing her surname.[c][33] Two conservative groups, Wisconsin Alliance for Reform andWisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce, simultaneously spent a combined $770,000 on a commercial portraying Protasiewicz as weak on crime.[34] Protasiewicz hit back on February 10 with an ad defending her history as a prosecutor and accusing Dorow and Kelly of representing child predators during their time as defense attorneys. This brought her total ad spending to $1.25 million.[35] Protasiewicz's fundraising advantage allowed her to run an ad during the2023 Super Bowl, the only candidate in the race to do so.[36]
On February 14, Women Speak Out PAC, which is affiliated withSusan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, announced it would spend "six figures" on pro-Kelly ads highlighting his opposition to abortion.[29] Kelly and Everett Mitchell did not air any ads themselves, and no outside groups ran ads in support of Mitchell.[34] In total, over $9 million was spent in the primary.[12]
Observers saw the February 21 primary as a contest between Kelly and Dorow, as Protasiewicz was widely expected to win a plurality.[57] Kelly won second place over Dorow through his commanding victories in Wisconsin's rural areas. Dorow was strongest in the vote-richMilwaukee suburbs, but found little support outside of southeast Wisconsin. The two more liberal candidates won a combined 54% of the vote, while the two more conservative candidates won a combined 46% of the vote.[58][59]
Campaign spending was greater than any judiciary race in United States history, with outsidepolitical action committees accounting for more than two thirds of total expenditures. The Protasiewicz campaign raised $12 million and received $11.3 million in outside spending; her opponent raised $2.2 million and received $15.4 million in outside spending.[61][62] Early and large donations to Protasiewicz via the Democratic Party enabled her campaign to start airing ads weeks before Kelly.[61][62][63] Her opponent received the bulk of his support through dark money PACs, including $5.3 million in spending by PACs controlled by conservative billionairesRichard and Elizabeth Uihlein, and $5.2 million in spending by PACs controlled by the business lobbyWisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce.[62][63]
Two days after the primary election, Janet Protasiewicz spent at least $135,000 on two new ads. The first continued her previous criticism of Daniel Kelly for representing child predators as a defense attorney, while the second claims he would upholdWisconsin's abortion ban if elected to the Supreme Court. A Better Wisconsin Together simultaneously booked an additional $500,000 worth of ads in support of Protasiewicz.[64] Protasiewicz's ad spending quickly swelled; by February 27, it had reached $5.4 million.[65] A Better Wisconsin later increased their ad budget to $1.3 million, with one ad hitting Kelly for a past comment he made comparingsocial security to slavery.[66]
On February 27, Fair Courts America booked close to $1 million worth of ads labeling Protasiewicz as soft on crime.[67] Fair Courts America booked another $550,000 worth of ads on March 6. Meanwhile, the conservative groupWisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce spent $3.2 million in its opening buy, running ads accusing Protasiewicz of issuing low sentences in sexual assault cases.[68][69] On March 6, Protasiewicz spent an additional $460,000 on ads.[68] One of her ads claimed that Kelly had taken a bribe to un-recuse himself from a case, an accusation that Kelly denied.[70] Another ad accused him of participating in plans to appointfake electors in 2020 due toDonald Trump's false claims of fraud in the presidential election.[69]
As of March 7, liberal groups had spent nearly twice as much as conservative groups in the general election. Protasiewicz had spent over $7 million, buoyed by an additional $1.7 million from A Better Wisconsin Together; Kelly had not aired any ads himself, instead relying on $3.2 million from Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce and $1.7 million from Fair Courts America.[68] By March 15, Protasiewicz had spent $9.1 million and A Better Wisconsin Together had spent $2 million while Kelly still had yet to purchase any ads, though Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce had spent $3.4 million and Fair Courts America had spent $2.3 million. There were three times as many Protasiewicz ads on TV compared to Kelly ads, as ad rates are significantly cheaper for candidates than they are for PACs.[71]
In mid-March, Kelly made a $150,000 ad buy, his first of the entire campaign, whileEverytown for Gun Safety made a $425,000 purchase in support of Protasiewicz on March 20.[72]
The result, percentage-wise, repeated much of Kelly's performance in his unsuccessful 2020 bid for the Court. Protasiewicz won by 11 percentage points.[102] Protasiewicz became the first Democratic-endorsed candidate to win the city ofWaukesha in several election cycles, with Kelly underperforming his 2020 performance inWaukesha County, a historic GOP suburban stronghold. TheDemocratic Party of Wisconsin and other liberal groups invested heavily in organizing voters inDane County as well as theWOW counties (Waukesha,Ozaukee, andWashington). In Ozaukee, Kelly won by five percentage points, compared toMitt Romney's 30-point win of the county in his2012 campaign for president.[103]
Statewide turnout in the second round, despite being higher than usual for a spring election in an odd-numbered year, was lower than in the 2016 second round.[104] Turnout relative to the state was highest in Dane County and in the WOW counties, while it was lowest inMilwaukee and in the rural, northern areas of the state.[105]
Analysts believed that Protasiewicz's victory challenged long-held traditions among judicial candidates. Instead of presenting herself as nonpartisan, Protasiewicz made her support for abortion rights and her opposition to gerrymandering a centerpiece of her campaign, even calling the Republican-drawn state legislative maps "rigged" and "unfair." In contrast, Kelly gave fewer specifics about his political positions during the campaign, but had a record of anti-abortion and anti-LGBTQ statements, in addition to working for the Wisconsin Republican Party in 2020 as a part of theattempt to overturn the presidential election.[106][107] Kelly had heavily criticized Protasiewicz during the campaign for running on political issues, calling her a "politician in a black robe".[108] Protasiewicz argued that judicial candidates should be open about their political beliefs, saying that "rather than reading between the lines and having to do your sleuthing around...I would rather just let people know what my values are."[106]
Protasiewicz won a decisive victory, flipping the ideological balance of the court to an outright liberal majority for the first time in state history.[109] The court was expected to rule onabortion rights andgerrymandering in Wisconsin.[110][111][112][106] Kelly acknowledged his defeat, but he refused to concede to Protasiewicz by name, stating that he had an "unworthy" opponent.[106]
The election was also seen as a culmination of a series of partisan involvements in Wisconsin Supreme Court elections going back toMichael Gableman's 2008 defeat of incumbent justiceLouis B. Butler, which was the first defeat of an incumbent justice since 1967. Gableman's win, which flipped the balance to the right,[113][114] began a series of high-profile conservative wins for the court in 2011, 2015 and 2019, which defended many of the policies of GovernorScott Walker's Republican trifecta (including2011 Wisconsin Act 10) and later served as a foil for the policies ofTony Evers. The string of conservative victories was interrupted by the 2018 election of liberal candidateRebecca Dallet and again by the 2020 election of liberal candidateJill Karofsky, who defeated then-incumbent conservative justice Kelly and narrowed the conservative majority to one seat.[115]
Protasiewicz joined the court on August 1, 2023. The new liberal-majority court was expected to address the state's abortion ban quickly. A lawsuit against the ban filed by Democratic Wisconsin Attorney GeneralJosh Kaul was heard in aDane County circuit court in May 2023 and was expected to be appealed to the state supreme court later in the year. Additionally,Law Forward president Jeffrey Mandell pledged to file a lawsuit against the state's legislative and congressional maps the day after Protasiewicz was seated.[106] Mandell followed through on his promise, filing a lawsuit on August 2 that challenged Wisconsin's maps.[116] Protasiewicz sided with the other three liberals on the court in aDecember 2023 decision striking down the legislative district maps on technical grounds. New maps were adopted for the 2024 election.
^Ball, Alan (April 5, 2023)."A Liberal High-Water Mark?". RetrievedMarch 31, 2025.This prompts the question of whether liberals ever enjoyed a stronger position on the court before 2004-05—and the answer is no.
^Kelly, Joe (April 5, 2023)."Liberal candidate wins Wisconsin Supreme Court election".Courthouse News. RetrievedApril 5, 2023.A liberal circuit court judge bested a conservative former justice in an election for a seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court on Tuesday, ending the court's conservative majority for the first time in more than a decade with a landslide victory.
County results
Congressional district results
Precinct results
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