2023 New Zealand general election

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All 123 seats in theHouse of Representatives, including threeoverhang seats.[a] 62 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	2,884,111 (78.20%; 4.04pp)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Christopher Luxon Chris Hipkins James Shaw Marama Davidson Party National Labour Green Leader since 30 November 2021 22 January 2023 30 May 2015 8 April 2018 Leader's seat Botany Remutaka List Last election 33 seats, 25.58% 65 seats, 50.01% 10 seats, 7.86% Seats before 34 62 9 Seats won 48 34 15 Seat change 15 31 5 Electorate vote sum 1,192,251 43.47% 9.34pp 855,963 31.21% 16.86 pp 226,575 8.26% 2.52 pp Party vote 1,085,016 38.06% 12.48 pp 767,236 26.91% 23.10 pp 330,883 11.60% 3.76 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader David Seymour Winston Peters Debbie Ngarewa-Packer Rawiri Waititi Party ACT NZ First Te Pāti Māori Leader since 4 October 2014 18 July 1993 15 April 2020 28 October 2020 Leader's seat Epsom List Te Tai Hauāuru (won seat) Waiariki Last election 10 seats, 7.59% 0 seats, 2.60% 2 seats, 1.17% Seats before 10 0 2 Seats won 11 8 6 Seat change 1 8 4 Electorate vote sum 149,507 5.45% 1.99 pp 76,676 2.80% 1.73 pp 106,584 3.89% 1.73 pp Party vote 246,409 8.64% 1.05 pp 173,425 6.08% 3.48 pp 87,937 3.08% 1.91 pp
Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin
Prime Minister and coalition before election Chris Hipkins (Labour) Labour (C&S:Green) Subsequent Prime Minister and coalition Christopher Luxon (National) National—ACT—NZ First

Ageneral election took place inNew Zealand on 14 October 2023 to determine the composition of the54th New Zealand Parliament. Voters elected 122 members to the unicameralNew Zealand House of Representatives under themixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system, with 71 members elected from single-member electorates and the remaining 51 members elected from closedparty lists.^[1] Of the 72 electorates, only 71 seats were filled, with theremaining electorate MP determined in the2023 Port Waikato by-election, due to the death of one of the general election candidates.^[b] Twooverhang seats were added due toTe Pāti Māori winning six electorate seats when the party vote only entitled them to four seats, with an additional overhang seat added after the National party won the Port Waikato by-election, making for 123 members of parliament.^[2]

The incumbent centre-leftLabour Party, led byChris Hipkins, were defeated at the polls, with the centre-rightNational Party, led byChristopher Luxon, becoming the largest party in the new parliament.^[3] The election saw the worst defeat of a sitting government in New Zealand since the introduction of the MMP voting system in1996, with Labour going from having 65 seats in the first-ever outright majority any party had won under MMP to winning just 34 seats. Labour faced a 23-percentage-point swing against it, failing to mobilise its previous voters inAuckland, especially among young renters or those living in the poorest electorates. National conversely improved its party vote share by 12 points, but returned the second lowest vote share of any party that won the most seats under MMP, the lowest beingin 1996. Additionally, Labour and National's combined vote share was the third lowest it had ever been under MMP, and the lowest since 2002. TheGreen andACT parties andTe Pāti Maori all increased their vote share, whileNew Zealand First gained enough votes to return to parliament after being ousted in the 2020 election.

The election had a noticeablyturbulent campaign, marked by increasedpolitical polarisation and heated disputes overindigenous rights and the theory ofco-governance. National made gains in many Auckland electorates that were once considered to be safe Labour seats, such asMount Roskill andNew Lynn, whilst also coming close to winningJacinda Ardern's former seat ofMount Albert after the left vote was split between Labour and the Greens.^[4] The Greens won three electorates, gainingRongotai andWellington Central from Labour, while ACT won two electorates, gainingTāmaki from National. Te Pāti Māori claimed five Māori seats from Labour, which saw 21-year-oldHana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke become theyoungest MP elected in 170 years and in the process unseated incumbent foreign affairs ministerNanaia Mahuta.^[5]

Prime Minister Hipkins conceded on election night,^[6] paving the way for aNational-led government under Christopher Luxon. To form a government, the National Party required support from the ACT Party and New Zealand First.^[7] On 24 November 2023, Luxon announced the formation of a coalition government with ACT and New Zealand First.^[8] On 27 November 2023, Luxon was sworn in as prime minister by Governor-GeneralDame Cindy Kiro, thereby marking the end of six years under theSixth Labour Government and the beginning of theSixth National Government.^[9]

The previous general election held on 17 October 2020 resulted in a majority for theLabour Party, winning 65 seats, allowing them to continue theSixth Labour Government unrestricted in the 53rd Parliament. Their coalition partner from the 52nd Parliament,New Zealand First, did not receive enough votes to pass the five percent threshold or win in anelectorate, removing them from Parliament.Confidence and supply partner theGreen Party received 10 seats, up two, becoming the first minor party ever to increase their share of the vote following a term in government. In the opposition, theNational Party lost 23 seats, giving them a total of 33, andACT New Zealand went from one seat to ten.Te Pāti Māori won aMāori electorate and gained an additional list seat, returning to Parliament after a one-term absence, having lost all seats in the 2017 election.^[10]

In the2022 Tauranga by-election, National retained the marginal seat with a large swing away from Labour.^[11] In the2022 Hamilton West by-election, National gained the seat from Labour.^[12]

Since the previous election, the leadership of both the Labour and National parties changed.Christopher Luxon replacedJudith Collins as National leader on 30 November 2021.^[13] Prime MinisterJacinda Ardern announced her resignation on 19 January 2023 and was succeeded later that month by education ministerChris Hipkins.^[14]

New Zealand uses amixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system to elect the 120 members of theHouse of Representatives.^[15] Each voter gets two votes: one for a political party (the party vote) and one for a local candidate (the electorate vote). Political parties that meet thethreshold (5% of the party vote or one electorate seat) receive seats in the House in proportion to the share of theparty vote they receive.

72 of the 120 seats are filled by the MPs elected from theelectorates, with the winner in each electorate determined by thefirst-past-the-post method (i.e. the candidate with the most votes wins). Electorate boundaries for the election were the same as for the 2020 election, with 65 general electorates (49 in theNorth Island and 16 in theSouth Island) and 7 Māori electorates. Boundaries are due to be redrawn in 2024, after the2023 census.^[16]

The remaining 48 seats are filled by candidates from each party'sclosedparty list.^[17] If a party wins more electorates than seats it is entitled to under the party vote, anoverhang seat occurs; in that case, the party winning overhang seats keeps that many extra seats in addition to the 120 seats distributed proportionally.^[18]

New Zealand electoral law also allows for an overhang seat to be created if a candidate dies between the opening and closing of the vote. In 2023, this occurred for the first time since the adoption of MMP (indeed, since 1957).^[19] The ACT candidate forPort Waikato, Neil Christensen, died on 9 October. As a result, the electorate vote was required to be cancelled in the electorate, and a by-election was scheduled for November, after the general election, to determine the MP for Port Waikato. Voters in Port Waikato continued to cast party votes in the general election. Electoral law requires that 120 seats, excluding overhang, are filled proportionally through the general election. Therefore the electoral system provided for a 49th list MP to be elected through the general election and a 121st MP (excluding other overhang seats) through thePort Waikato by-election.

The political party or party bloc with themajority of the seats in the House forms thegovernment. Since the introduction of MMP in 1996, no party had won enough votes to win an outright majority of seats until thelandslide 2020 Labour victory, which gave them 65 seats. When no party has commanded a majority, parties have had to negotiate with other parties to form acoalition government or aminority government.^[20]

With 123 seats (because of the Port Waikato overhang and the overhang seats awarded to Te Pāti Māori), a party, coalition, or minority government withconfidence and supply support requires 62 seats for a majority. The last time an overhang this large, three additional seats in Parliament, occurred was in 2008.

Unless an early election is called or the election date is set to circumvent holding a by-election, a general election is held every three years.^[21] The previous election was held on 17 October 2020.

Thegovernor-general must issuewrits for an election within seven days of the expiration or dissolution of the current parliament. Under section 17 of theConstitution Act 1986, parliament expires three years "from the day fixed for the return of the writs issued for the last preceding general election of members of the House of Representatives, and no longer." The writs for the 2020 election were returned on 20 November 2020;^[22] as a result, the 53rd Parliament had to dissolve no later than 20 November 2023. Writs must be issued within seven days,^[23] so the last day for issuance of the writs was 27 November 2023. Writs must be returned within 60 days of their issuance (save for any judicial recount, death of a candidate, or emergency adjournment),^[24] which would be 26 January 2024. Because polling day must be a Saturday,^[24] and ten days is required for the counting ofspecial votes,^[25] the latest possible date that this election could have been held is 13 January 2024.^[26] However, it was widely accepted by political commentators, news media and the Electoral Commission that the next election would be held in late 2023.^{[27][28][29][30][31][32]} News websiteStuff, as part of its annual political predictions, predicted that the election would be in November so as not to coincide with the New Zealand co-hosted2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, which finishes in August, and the2023 Men's Rugby World Cup, which finishes in October.^[33]

On 19 January 2023, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced Saturday 14 October 2023 as the election date.^[34] The indicative schedule for the election is as follows:^[35]

On 30 August 2023,Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albanese announced inAdelaide that the2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum would be held on 14 October 2023. This means that tens of thousands ofNew Zealand Australians would be voting in two polls on the same day.^[38][39] Some have suggested that the referendum may have an impact on Māori issues in the New Zealand election.^[38][39]Australia has the largest number of New Zealand expats in the world, with 530,491 New Zealand-born people living in Australia as of the2021 Australian census, making up 2.1% of Australia's total population.^[40]

Political parties registered with the Electoral Commission can contest the general election as a party. To register, parties must have at least 500 financial members, an auditor, and an appropriate party name.^[41] A registered party may submit a party list to contest the party vote, and can have a party campaign expenses limit in addition to limits on individual candidates' campaigns. Unregistered parties and independents can contest the electorate vote only.^[42]

Since the 2020 election, six parties have been deregistered:Mana on 5 May 2021,^[43]Advance New Zealand on 19 August 2021,^[44]Sustainable NZ on 15 December 2021,^[45]New Zealand TEA Party on 21 September 2022,^[46]New Zealand Social Credit Party on 28 February 2023,^[47] andHeartland New Zealand on 22 June 2023.^[48]

Tāmati Coffey announced his intention to retire in March 2023 but reversed his decision in July.^[64]

On 18 January 2023,The New Zealand Herald reported that the National Party had raisedNZ$2.3 million from 24 big donors in 2022 to fund their 2023 election campaign. The ACT Party raised NZ$1.1 million in large donations in 2022. By comparison, the incumbent Labour Party had raised $150,000 during that same period including a $50,000 donation from the family ofLes Mills gym ownerPhillip Mills. The Green Party raised $122,000 through personal contributions from co-leadersJames Shaw andMarama Davidson. TheNew Zealand First party received a $35,000 donation from Tom Bowker.^[70]

By 1 May, the Christchurch-based Weft Knitting company had donated $100,000 to the Green Party, at the time the largest single election donation in 2023.^[71]

By 23 June, the Green Party had received a total of about $500,000 in donations, including a $50,000 donation from film directorJames Cameron and his wifeSuzy Amis Cameron, and another $50,000 donation from actressLucy Lawless. In addition, the Labour Party received a total of $458,000 in donations. The ACT, National, and New Zealand First parties also raised a total of $1.15 million, about $700,000, and $517,000 in big donations respectively. Property developerTrevor Farmer also donated $50,000 to the National Party, $200,000 to ACT, and $50,000 to New Zealand First. Other notable wealthy donors to the National Party have included philanthropists Brendan and Jo Lindsay (who donated $100,000), and Jeffrey Douglas ($51,000).^[72]

On 14 September,Radio New Zealand (RNZ) reported that National had received $1.1 million, ACT had received $375,000, the Greens $100,000, and NZ First $50,000 in business donations between early 2021 and September 2023. During the same period, Labour received $275,000 in large donations from unions but received no significant business donations. In 2023, Labour received $600,000 in large donations from individuals and unions. An interim report published by the Independent Electoral Review has recommended limiting political donations to individuals, and banning businesses and unions from donating to parties. Review member Professor Andrew Geddis expressed concern about banning businesses from donating to parties but allowing unions to donate.^[73]

On 18 September, RNZ reported that billionaireGraeme Hart had donated a total of $700,000 to right-wing parties including National, ACT and NZ First. Of this amount, National had received $400,000, ACT $200,000 and NZ First $100,000 from Hart and his company, the Rank Group Limited.^[74]

In late July 2024, Radio New Zealand reported that the National, Labour, ACT, Green, New Zealand First parties and Te Pāti Māori had received a total of almost NZ$25 million in donations during the 2023 general election, the biggest total declared in New Zealand history and three times the amount declared during the2017 New Zealand general election. National received $10,349,174.83, Labour $4,769,449.21, ACT $4,262,712.50, the Greens $3,314,650.60, NZ First $1,877,216.69 and Te Pāti Māori $160,749.58. According to RNZ's analysis, several businesses including Christopher and Banks Ltd, Alpha Laboratories and the Rank Group donated to the National, ACT and NZ First parties. While the Green Party received donations from the Weft Knitting Company and Clarity Cloudworks and Te Pāti Māori received $14,900 from Lathan Construction, Labour received no donations from businesses in 2023. In the past, businesses had donated to parties on both sides of the spectrum.^[75]

According to RNZ, Labour received a total of $335,000 from several unions includingE tū, theNew Zealand Dairy Workers Union,Maritime Union of New Zealand, Rail & Maritime Transport Union, NZ Meatworkers Union and the Amalgamated Workers Union. Notable private donors included Dame Jenny Gibbs (ACT), gym owner Phillip Mills (Greens and Labour), businessman Trevor Farmer (National, ACT and NZ First), and retired judgeRobert Smellie (Labour). Several political parties also received tithes and donations from candidates, politicians, and party members; with ACT receiving $5,200 from MPKaren Chhour and Te Pāti Māori receiving a $50,000 donation from party presidentJohn Tamihere. EconomistMax Rashbrooke has argued that businesses and unions should not be allowed to donate to political parties and urged New Zealand to follow Canada and several European countries in limiting donations to registered voters.^[75]

During the regulated period prior to election day, parties and candidates have limits on how much they may spend on election campaigning. The limits are updated every year to reflect inflation. It is illegal in New Zealand to campaign on election day itself, or within 10 metres of an advance polling booth.^[76]

For the 2023 general election, every registered party contending the party vote is permitted to spend $1,388,000 plus $32,600 per electorate candidate on campaigning during the regulated period, excluding radio and television campaigning (broadcasting funding is allocated separately). For example, a registered party with candidates in all 72 electorates is permitted to spend $3,735,200 on campaigning for the party vote. Electorate candidates are permitted to spend $32,600 each on campaigning for the electorate vote.^[77]

Registered parties are allocated a separate broadcasting budget for radio and television campaigning. Only money from the broadcasting allocation can be used to purchase airtime; production costs can come from the general election expenses budget. The Electoral Commission determines how much broadcasting funding each party gets, set out by part 6 of theBroadcasting Act 1989. The allocation is based a number of factors including the number of seats in the current Parliament, results of the previous general election and any by-elections since, and support in opinion polls.^[78]

An initial broadcasting allocation was released from the Electoral Commission on 12 May 2023.^[79] On 31 MayFreedoms New Zealand and two of its component parties, theNZ Outdoors & Freedom Party andVision New Zealand, challenged theElectoral Commission's decision to allocate broadcasting funds to them collectively rather than as individual political parties. The Electoral Commission had decided to allocate broadcasting funds to them collectively on the basis that they were a "group of parties" that had joined forces. The plaintiffs argued that the Broadcasting Act 1989 did not clearly define what was a "group of parties" and that the Electoral Commission had not published clear criteria for how their parties had joined forces.^[80] On 17 July 2023, the High Court dismissed the case.^[81]

The final broadcasting allocation was released on 8 September 2023.^[82] For comparison, the cost of a 30-second television slot in October 2023 ranged from $250 during thedaytime to over $29,000 onTVNZ 1 during1 News at 6pm andCountry Calendar.^[83][84][85]

Third-party promoters, such as trade unions andlobby groups, can campaign during the regulated period. The maximum expense limit for the election is $391,000 for those promoters registered with the Electoral Commission, and $15,700 for unregistered promoters.^[77]

As of 3 October 2023^[update], the following third-party promoters were registered for the general election:^[86]

In early September 2023, theNew Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU) launched an advertisement campaign attacking National Party leader Christopher Luxon. In response, National's campaign chairChris Bishop accused the NZCTU and Labour Party of promotingnegative campaigning. The NZCTU's president Richard Wagstaff defended the union's advertisement campaign, claiming that it was targeting National's policies including the elimination of fair pay agreements, the restoration of 90-day work trials, and public sector cuts. Labour leader and Prime Minister Chris Hipkins defended the NZCTU's advertisements, stating that the union had published advertisements in previous elections. He also accused the National Party and its alleged surrogates including theNew Zealand Taxpayers' Union,Groundswell NZ, andHobson's Pledge of publishing attack advertisements against him and the Labour Government.^[87]

In late September 2023, Hobson's Pledge launched a series of attack advertisements targeting Labour leader Chris Hipkins, with the caption "Delivers division, not outcomes."^[88]

In late February 2024,RNZ reported that third party groups had spent a total of NZ$2 million during the 2023 election, 13 times the amount spend during the 2020 general election. According to the Electoral Commission, seven of the 31 registered third-party promoters spent more than NZ$100,000 in the lead-up to voting. These seven third parties were Tim Barry's "Vote for Better" campaign ($386,514.99),Jordan Williams'New Zealand Taxpayers' Union ($371,565.05), the left-wingNew Zealand Council of Trade Unions ($299,344.11),Don Brash'sHobson's Pledge ($283,898.73), the clean car advocacy group Better NZ Trust ($266,069.39),Bob McCoskrie's conservativeFamily First New Zealand advocacy group ($204,771.40) and farming advocacy groupGroundswell NZ ($141,061). Other notable third parties with significant campaign spending included the Motor Trade Association (which campaigned against the Government's Clean Car Discount), the Natural Health Alliance and SB Group (which advocated for a repeal of the Therapeutic Products Act and supported NZ First).^[89]

The Labour Party's campaign chairperson was MinisterMegan Woods and campaign manager wasHayden Munro. The party also enlisted the services of advertising company "Together" as amedia buyer.^[90]

On 17 May 2023, the Labour Party government attacked National's record on healthcare.^[91] On 27 May, Social Development Minister Carmel Sepuloni launched Labour's first election policy: to keep the superannuation age at 65 years and above.^[92][93] On 28 May, Hipkins announced Labour's second election promise: that it would retain the Apprenticeship Boost scheme.^[94]

On 12 July, Hipkins ruled out introducing acapital gains tax if Labour was re-elected to Government.^[95] On 16 July, Labour launched its election campaign and unveiled its election slogan "In It For You." Hipkins also campaigned on cutting inflation, reducing living costs, public safety, and investing in education, health and housing.^[96]

On 17 July, Labour introduced its youth crime package which included building two "high-needs units" within existingyouth justice residences in Auckland and Christchurch, improving safety and security at youth justice residences, focusing on crime prevention measures including family group conferences, and empowering Family Courts to require youth offenders to perform community service including cleaning graffiti and rubbish disposal.^[97] That same week, the Labour Government announced several justice policies including introducing legislation to punish adults convicted of influencing young people to commit crimes, making the publishing of recordings of criminal behaviour on social media an aggravating factor in sentencing, makingram-raiding a criminal offence with a ten-year sentence and allowing 12 and 13-year old ram raiders to be tried in Youth Courts.^[98][99]

On 31 July, the party released its official list of 76 party list candidates.^[100] Several Labour MPs includingForeign MinisterNanaia Mahuta,Soraya Peke-Mason, andGreg O'Connor also confirmed they would be standing solely as electorate candidates.^[101]

On 13 August, Labour announced that it would remove thegoods and service tax (GST) for fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, and would increase the "Working for Families" programme for families.^[102] Labour's proposed GST policy attracted criticism including economistBrad Olsen, Child Poverty Action Group economist Susan St John, Health Coalition Aotearoa food expert Sally Mackay,Stuff political editor Luke Malpass,Newshub political editor Jenna Lynch,Newsroom journalist Marc Daalder, andThe New Zealand Herald business journalist Jenée Tibshraeny.^[103] On 15 August, Labour campaigned on extending paid parental leave from two weeks to four weeks if re-elected,^[104] almost three weeks after Labour voted down National's proposed bill allowing parents to share their leave entitlement.^[105] On 19 August, Labour launched itsMāori campaign and released itsMāori language manifesto.^[106]

On 2 September, the Labour campaign launch inAuckland was interrupted by protesters fromFreedoms New Zealand.^[107] The Labour party announced a policy of free dental care for under 30s, starting in July 2025.^[108] On 6 September, Hipkins announced Labour's five part economic plan and also promised to lead a trade delegation to India within the first 100 days of government if re-elected.^[109][110] On 7 September, Labour announced several law and order policies including adding 300 frontline Police officers, expanding the use of mental health officers, and introducing legislation to makestalking a criminal offence.^[111]

On 12 September, Labour campaigned on rolling out free cervical screening for women aged between 25 and 69 years.^[112] In response to National's campaign pledge to build a third medical school at theUniversity of Waikato, Hipkins announced on 13 September that the Government would invest in training 335 extra doctors by 2027.^[113] On 17 September, Labour released its women's election manifesto and pledged to raise the age for free breast cancer screening, and to develop anendometriosis action plan.^[114]

On 18 September, Labour campaigned on introduced rebates for rooftopsolar panels and batteries, and a NZ$20 million community energy fund.^[115] That same day, campaign manager Woods confirmed that Labour would rule out an electoral deal with the Green Party in tight electorate seats.^[116] On 22 September, Hipkins announced that Labour would retain its free lunch school programme if re-elected.^[117] On 23 September, Labour promised to introduce a 10-year multiple-entry "Super Visa" that would allow migrants' relatives to make successive visits of between 6 months and 5 years, and also campaigned on introducing a one-off amnesty programme for overstayers who had been in New Zealand for ten years.^[118] On 24 September, Woods announced that Labour would build 6,000 more state houses if re-elected.^[119]

On 25 September, Labour released its climate manifesto with key policies including a second emissions reduction plan and boosting renewable energy.^[120] On 26 September, Hipkins promised that Labour would invest NZ$1 billion in state pharmaceutical purchaserPharmac over the next four years.^[121] On 27 September, Labour introduced its fiscal plan, with a focus on reducing government spending and maintaining current income tax settings.^[122] On 30 September, Labour released its Rainbow Manifesto, with key policies including reformed surrogacy laws, a new LGBTQ+ refugee quota, and restrictions on gay men donating blood.^[123]

On 1 October, Deputy Prime MinisterCarmel Sepuloni released the party's full election manifesto, focusing on improving children's education and funding youth training and work programmes.^[124] In early October, Labour confirmed that if re-elected it would extend diplomatic recognition to theState of Palestine by inviting Izzat Salah Abdulhadi, the head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia, to present credentials as the Palestinian Ambassador to New Zealand.^[125] FollowingHamas attack on Israel, Hipkins paused plans to extend diplomatic recognition to Palestine on 10 October.^[126]

National's campaign chairperson was MPChris Bishop whileJo de Doux served as its campaign director. The party also enlisted the services of media buyer Rainmakers, independent creative advertising contractors Sue Worthington and Glenn Jamieson, and advertising companyTopham Guerin.^[90]

The National Party has not run candidates inMāori electorates since the2002 election. In 2019, list MPJo Hayes expressed a desire to contestTe Tai Hauāuru;^[127] LeaderJudith Collins stated her support in July 2020, but said it would not be possible for the2020 election due to time constraints.^[128] After the election, Collins affirmed the party's intent to contest Māori electorates in 2023.^[129][130] AfterChristopher Luxon replaced Collins as leader, he confirmed that these plans would continue,^[131] but stated that it was a "pragmatic" move and that he felt Māori electorates were incompatible with the principle of "one person, one vote".^[132] List MPHarete Hipango was the first confirmed candidate, announced in April 2023 to be contesting Te Tai Hauāuru.^[133]

In May 2023, Luxon confirmed that National would not work withTe Pāti Māori if it formed the next government after the 2023 election, citing National's disagreement with the party's support for co-governance in public services and alleged separatism.^[134][135]

On 23 May, a National spokesperson admitted the party had been using images created byartificial intelligence in some of their attack ads on social media, while Luxon was unaware of this.^[136][137] In June, the party removed numerous videos featuring movie and television content from theirTikTok account afterNewshub contacted studios about whether National was breaching their copyright.^[138]

On 11 June, National announced that it would end New Zealand's ban on genetic modification and establish a national biotechnology regulator if elected into government.^[139] On 18 June, National announced that it would make gang membership an aggravating factor in criminal sentencing.^[140] On 25 June, National unveiled several law and order policies including limiting sentencing discounts, scrapping "cultural reports" and the Government's "prisoner reduction" target, and boosting investment in victim support funding and rehabilitation programmes for remand prisoners.^[141]

In early July, the National Party campaigned on building a new medical school at theUniversity of Waikato to address the national shortage of doctors and reversing the Labour Government's cuts to the replacementDunedin Hospital.^[142][143] On 16 July, Luxon confirmed that National's election slogan would be "Get our country back on track". He also announced that National would create a NZ$500 million fund for repairing both state highways and local roads.^[144][145] On 30 July, National announced that it would take a tough stance against gangs.^[146] On 31 July, National announced a NZ$24 billion transportation package that included building 13 new roads of "national significance," investing in three new bus "transport corridors" in Auckland, upgrading the lowerNorth Island's railway infrastructure, and investing in road infrastructure in both the North andSouth Islands. Luxon also proposed creating aNational Infrastructure Agency to coordinate government funding, promote investment, and improve funding, procurement and delivery.^[147]

On 9 August, National proposed banning cellphones in schools in order to help students focus and improve their academic outcomes.^[148][149] On 19 August, National released its official party list; with senior MPMichael Woodhouse opting to stand solely as an electorate MP due to his disagreement with his list ranking.^[150] On 21 August, National campaigned on spending NZ$280 million to fund 13 cancer treatments.^[151] On 22 August, Luxon confirmed that National would not support ACT's proposal to repeal theClimate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act and proposedTreaty of Waitangi principles legislation.^[152] On 23 September, National announced a new "Parent Visa Boost" which would allow relatives to visit family members in New Zealand for five years, with the possibility of renewal for another five years. Visa-holders would have to have health insurance since they would not be eligible for superannuation and other entitlements.^[118]

On 28 August, Luxon confirmed that National would be abandoning its historical "teacup" deal with the ACT Party and would be contesting ACT leaderDavid Seymour'sEpsom seat.^[153] On 30 August, National announced a proposed $14.6 billion in incometax cuts aiming to relieve "the squeezed middle". These will be funded by a reduction in the public service and by new taxes on foreign home buyers, foreign gambling operators and commercial buildings.^[154][155]

On 3 September, Luxon released National's election year pledge card at the party's campaign launch in South Auckland, which listed eight priority promises. Members of Freedoms NZ protested outside the venue hosting the campaign launch.^[156] On 5 September, National announce that it would demote the Māori partnership boards, which the Government had established as part of its 2022 health sector reforms.^[157] On 6 September, National campaigned on investing NZ$257 million over the next four years to increase the number ofelectric vehicle chargers to 10,000 and stated it would end the Government's "clean car" discount programme and "ute tax."^[158] On 7 September, National released its tourism policy, which would be funded by a proposed International Visitor Levy.^[159]

On 21 September, National announced that it would fast track visa processing for international students and expand their working rights.^[160] On 22 September, National unveiled its 100-point economic plan; with a focus on cutting "wasteful" spending and red tape, delivering tax relief, and promoting economic growth, trade and investment.^[161] On 24 September, National campaigned on reversing the Government's "blanket speed limit reductions" and restoring highway and local roads' speed limits to 100 km and 50 km respectively.^[162]

On 25 September, National leaderChristopher Luxon said he could pursue a coalition withWinston PetersNew Zealand First after the elections.^{[163][164][165]} On 26 September, National proposed a "traffic light system" to transition Jobseeker beneficiaries into the work force, including benefit reductions or mandatory community work.^[166] On 29 September, National releases its fiscal plan, promising lower taxes and to reduce government spending and net debt.^[167] On 1 October, National released its 100-day action plan. Key promises included removing Auckland's Regional Fuel Tax, banning gang patches and insignia, restoring the 90-day employment period for businesses, banning cellphones in schools, and repealing the Government's Three Waters and"RMA 2.0" legislation.^[168]

On 5 October, Luxon announced that a National government would create a Minister for Space. In addition, Willis conceded that under National's proposed tax policy only 3,000 households would get full tax relief but denied that National had misled voters about its tax plan. Former Prime Minister SirJohn Key also released a video urging voters to give their "party vote" to National in order to prevent ahung government.^[169]

The Green Party's campaign was led by the Campaign 23 Committee, which was convened by deputy mayor ofNelsonRohan O'Neill-Stevens and party activist Gina Dao-McClay. Chennoah Walford served as campaign director while the party enlisted the services of media buyer and advertisement company "Reason."^[90] On 18 May, the party announced it would campaign on climate change, housing, inequality, tax reform, and the cost of living.^[170] On 20 May, the Greens released their finalised list of 31 candidates, which excludedElizabeth Kerekere, who left the party to sit as an independent MP until the election whereupon she retired.^[171] Following the success ofChlöe Swarbrick's 2020 Auckland Central campaign, the Green Party ran three additional "two tick" campaigns in this election;Ricardo Menéndez March in Mount Albert,Julie Anne Genter in Rongotai, andTamatha Paul in Wellington Central.^[172] The Green Party also campaigned for electorate votes inPanmure-Ōtāhuhu,Tāmaki Makaurau,^[173] andTe Tai Tokerau.^[174]

In June 2023, the Greens announced they would be introducing various wealth and taxation proposals including tax cuts for anyone earning below NZ$125,000, a minimum income guarantee of NZ$385 per week, a wealth tax on assets worth above NZ$2 million, a 1.5% trust tax, a 45% top income tax rate, and a corporate tax rate of 33%.^[175]

In early July 2023, the Greens announced their "Pledge to Renters." Key provisions included imposing rent controls on landlords, introducing a rental "warrant of fitness," providing a government underwrite for housing providers, accelerating the public housing building programme, and creating a national register for all landlords and property managers.^[176] On 9 July, the party announced its election manifesto. Key provisions include establishing a newclimate change ministry, expanding the criteria for carbon emissions, decriminalising drugs, boosting the refugee intake to 5,000, introducing rent controls, and building 35,000 new public homes.^[177]

On 17 July, the Greens launched their Hoki Whenua Mai policy. Key provisions include introducing legislation to return all confiscated land to the indigenousMāori people, removing a 2008 deadline forTreaty of Waitangi breaches, and establishing a process for privately owned land.^[178] On 23 July, the Greens formally launched their election campaign along with the slogan "The Time Is Now" and a new campaign video.^[179]

On 6 August, the Greens proposed setting up a national dental service to provide free dental health care, which would be funded by a wealth tax.^[180] On 13 August, the Greens announced a Clean Power Payment and Zero Carbon Homes upgrade with the goal of equipping homes with solar panels and replacing fossil fuel appliances like gas heaters.^[181]

On 10 September, the Greens launched its oceans policies, which included creating an independent Ocean Commission and passing a Health Ocean Act.^[182] On 16 September, the Greens co-leaderMarama Davidson campaigned on raising workers' minimum annual leave from four to five weeks.^[183] On 19 September, Davidson announced that the Greens would support expanding the free school lunch programme to 365,000 children.^[184]

On 23 September, the Greens campaigned on introducing a full amnesty for all overstayers accompanied with residency pathways.^[118] On 26 September, the Greens pledged to double Best Start payments and extend it to children under three years in order to combat child poverty.^[185] On 1 October, the Greens released a document, entitled "The Future is Up to Us", unveiling its three priorities: income guarantee, affordable and healthy homes, and climate action. The party also released an independent fiscal review to support their plan.^[186]

The ACT Party's campaign committee chairperson was Nick Wright and campaign chairperson was Stu Wilson. The party also enlisted the services of American pollsterJoe Trippi & Associates as its media buyer.^[90] ACT has campaigned against gun control.^[187] Contrary to the Greens, ACT leaderDavid Seymour has said that he believes it's inequitable for a small portion of New Zealand's population to bear a substantial share of the country's tax revenue.^[188] In late April, ACT confirmed that it would be running "two-ticks" campaigns for both Seymour and Deputy LeaderBrooke Van Velden in Auckland'sEpsom andTāmaki electorates.^[189]

The party launched its campaign on 4 June 2023, with Seymour announcing a policy to create a new "Ministry of Regulation" to policered tape and introduce a new law to ensure that regulation is underpinned by law-making principles.^[190] On 9 July, ACT vowed to lower the youth justice age back to 17 years. In 2016, the previousNational Government had raised the youth justice age to 18 years, with 17 year olds being tried in youth courts for most offences except serious offences such as murder, sexual assault, aggravated robbery, arson, and serious assaults.^[191] On 13 July, ACT released itsOranga Tamariki (Ministry for Children) policy which advocated making theIndependent Children's Monitor (ICM) an independentCrown entity, separating social workers' jobs into mentors and Child Protection Officers, and transferring youth justice functions from Oranga Tamariki to theDepartment of Corrections.^[192]

On 16 July, ACT released their finalised list of 55 candidates, with notable newcomers including formerFederated Farmers presidentAndrew Hoggard and former National MPParmjeet Parmar.^[193] On 30 July, ACT announced that it would seek to speed up theEmployment Relations Authority's (ERA) personal grievance process in order to help small businesses.^[146] On 17 August 2023, Seymour joked about bombing theMinistry for Pacific Peoples during an interview withNewstalk ZB following revelations about wasteful spending by the Ministry earlier in August. During the interview, Seymour claimed "in his fantasy' he would "send a guy likeGuy Fawkes" into the Ministry's headquarters and "it'd all be over", apparently implying he would have itblown up.^[194] This was a reference to theGunpowder Plot, planned in 1605 by EnglishCatholic plotters but foiled at the last minute.^[195] ACT has campaigned for the abolition of the Ministry, alongside theHuman Rights Commission andMinistry for Women.^[196] Seymour's remarks were criticised by Deputy Prime MinisterCarmel Sepuloni and former National Party ministerAlfred Ngaro as inflammatory and insensitive towardsPasifika New Zealanders.^[196][197]

On 20 August, Seymour announced that ACT would set performance benchmarks for public sector organisations, "key performance indicators" for public sector chief executives, and would restore "performance pay" for public sector chief executives.^[198]

On 27 August, ACT pledged to removeMāori wards in local governments.^[199][200] On 3 September, Seymour announced that ACT would reverse the Government's ban on oil and gas exploration, ease the consent process for offshore wind projects, and remove theTe Mana o te Wai framework from the resource consenting process.^[201] On 6 September, Seymour confirmed that ACT's "red tape review" would focus on theearly childhood education sector, health services, primary industries, and financial services.^[202]

On 13 September, Seymour unveiled ACT's law and order policies which included reforming the reparations process in favour of victims, imposing tougher sentences for crimes against vulnerable workers, reinstating"three strikes" legislation, and building 500 additional prison beds and 200 youth justice beds.^[203] On 15 September, ACT campaigned on stripping welfare beneficiaries off their benefits if they did not seek treatment for drugs and stress or seek work.^[204] On 17 September, ACT launched its election campaign on a platform of opposing co-governance and introducing legislation setting out the principles of theTreaty of Waitangi.^[205] The campaign launch was interrupted by Freedoms NZ candidate Karl Mokoraka. ANewshub cameraman and visual journalist were also allegedly assaulted by an ACT supporter. Seymour condemned the alleged assaults and vowed to support the investigation.^[206][207]

On 20 September, ACT launched its education and early childhood education policies, with a focus on combating bureaucratic "micro-management" and truancy.^[208] Following the pre-election fiscal and economic update, ACT announced on 21 September that it would revise its budget to delay tax cuts and proposed defence spending boosts.^[209] On 22 September, ACT unveiled its senior citizens policy, which included reforming the Retirement Commission, ending the ban onpseudoephedrine, and boosting the health workforce.^[210] On 23 September, ACT promised to introduce a new "Unite Visa" that would allow to visit family in New Zealand for up to five years, with a renewal requirement each year and an annual fee of NZ$3,500 to cover potential health costs.^[118]

On 26 September, ACT announced it would scrap several climate change policies including theClimate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act and focus on building infrastructure to cope with climate change.^[211] On 28 September, ACT announced several policies that would make it easier for landlords to evict tenants and terminate tenancies.^[212] On 29 September, ACT announced that it would amend the COVID-19 inquiry's terms of reference to give the public a greater say.^[213] That same day, Seymour suggested that an ACT government would reduce New Zealand's carbon emissions cap to match its trading partners' emissions.^[214] On 30 September, ACT unveiled its small business policy plan which involved abolishing Fair Pay Agreements, not raising the minimum wage for three years, and removing the 2 January public holiday.^[215]

Te Pāti Māori's campaign was led by campaign chairperson and party presidentJohn Tamihere and the party enlisted the services of creative agency "Motion Sickness."^[90] Labour ministerMeka Whaitiri defected to Te Pāti Māori on 3 May 2023.^[216] On 15 June, Te Pāti Māori co-leaderRāwiri Waititi released a Facebook video targeted towards Chris Hipkins and Christopher Luxon, calling for the pair to "shut their mouths and stop using our iwi as a political football to score points", in regards to thetangihanga of Steven Taiatini, who was theŌpōtiki president of theMongrel Mob Barbarians. Waititi is of theWhakatōhea iwi. Both Hipkins and Luxon objected to Waititi's comments, citing concerns of safety.^[217]

Te Pāti Māori launched its election campaign at Te Whānau O Waipareira'sMatariki event inHenderson, Auckland. Waititi and fellow co-leaderDebbie Ngarewa-Packer led the event, which featured a music concert. The party campaigned on advancing the interests of theMāori people, combating racism, and the "second-rate" status of Māori, as Ngarewa-Packer labelled it.^[218] During the campaign launch, a man attempted to assault Waititi but was removed by security. The man was later given a warning for disorderly conduct and resisting police.^[219]

On 27 July, Te Pāti Māori announced a raft of tax policies including a zero tax policy on those earning below NZ$30,000, a new 48% tax on those earning above NZ$300,000, raising the companies tax rate back to 33% and a wealth tax on millionaires.^[220][221] On 2 August, the party campaigned on ending state care for Māori children and replacing the presentOranga Tamariki (Ministry for Children) with an independentMokopuna Māori Authority that would network with Māori organisations,iwi (tribes), andhapū (sub-groups) to ensure that Māori children remained connected with theirwhakapapa (genealogies).^[222] On 20 August, Te Pāti Māori released its official candidate list of 30 candidates.^[223]

New Zealand First leaderWinston Peters says if NZ First is elected to government, New Zealand First would remove Māori names from government departments and bring back English names.^{[224][225][226][227]} The party has also resisted changes to the age of eligibility for Superannuation.^[228] Additionally, New Zealand First is against vaccine mandates and proposes that gang affiliation should automatically serve as an aggravating factor in crime sentencing.^[228]

On 23 July, NZ First launched its election campaign with the slogan "Let's take back our country." Peters announced that the party would campaign on five key issues: combating so-called "racist separatism," fighting Australian-owned banks and the "supermarket duopoly," investing in health, social services, and elderly care, and adopting "tough on crime" policies including building a "gang prison" and designating all gangs as terrorist organisations.^[229] On 30 July, NZ First campaigned on moving thePorts of Auckland and theRoyal New Zealand Navy'sDevonport base toNorthport, extending theNorth Island Main Trunk Line toMarsden Point, a new four-lane alternative highway through theBrynderwyn Range, and establishing a full inquiry into the Government's handling of theCOVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand.^[146]

On 16 August, NZ First released a policy ontransgender people on bathrooms and sports; which included introducing legislation requiring public bodies to have "clearly demarcated" unisex and single-sex toilets, restricting toilet access to individuals from the opposite sex, and requiring sporting bodies to have an "exclusive biological female category." The National Party criticised the policy.^[230] On 20 August, NZ First released a policy of makingEnglish anofficial language of New Zealand and withdrawing from theUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People.^[231]

On 3 September, NZ First released a cowboy-themed campaign video featuring Peters riding a horse.^[232] On 10 September, Peters claimed thatMāori people were not indigenous to New Zealand on the grounds that they originated in theCook Islands andChina during a public meeting inNelson.^[233] National Party Luxon criticised Peter's remarks but avoided confirming or denying whether his party would enter into coalition with NZ First in a future government.^[234] On 16 September, NZ First released its 31 member party list which included several former NZ First Members of Parliament including Peters,Shane Jones,Mark Patterson,Jenny Marcroft, and formerMayor of WellingtonAndy Foster.^[235]

On 26 September, Peters announced that an NZ First government would place a two-year cap on the Jobseeker benefit to combat welfare dependency.^[236] On 6 October, NZ First released its election manifesto, which proposed abolishingGoods and Services Tax (GST) for basic foods. Following a live-televisedTVNZ debate that same day, the party stated it would support a select committee of inquiry to explore the viability of removing GST for from basic foods.^[237][238]

In August 2023, theNew Conservatives leader Helen Houghton released the party's Family Builder policy, which was costed at NZ$9.1 billion for its first year. Key provisions included allowing workers to keep the first $20,000 they earned, child tax credits, allowing couples to split their income, and shifting funding from early childhood centres to parents with the goal of encouraging at least one parent to raise children at home. Houghton said that the Family Builder policy was intended to encourage parents not to split up and to protect the family unit.^[239]

The Opportunities Party aligns with the Greens on various policy fronts, including the endorsement ofUniversal Basic Income (UBI)^[240] and for a moreprogressive tax system. The proposed tax reforms include implementing an income tax rate of 45% for individuals earning over $250,000 per year, while those earning less than $15,000 per year would be exempt from income tax completely.^[241] On 16 June, during a Q&A Wellington Central candidateNatalia Albert, although acknowledging the similarities, said one key divergence from the Greens was that they were open to forming a coalition with either National or ACT.^{[citation needed]}

To secure a place in Parliament, The Opportunities Party primarily banked on their leaderRaf Manji's potential victory in theIlam electorate.^[242][243] In March 2023, TOP announced its NZ$1.5 billion "Teal Deal" policy aimed at youths that would allow people under the age of 30 years to use a "Teal Card" to purchase bikes, scooters, free health care, and skills-based training. The party also proposed a national civic service programme for young people, with participants being given a NZ$5,000 tax-free savings boost.^[244][245] On 17 June, Manji confirmed that TOP was developing an artificial intelligence candidate.^[246]

On 16 August, TOP released its health plan, which included fully-funded contraception, increasing placements at medical, nursing, and dentistry schools, boosting the voluntary bond scheme for health professionals and workers, establishing a fully-funded ambulance service, and fully-funded contraception, antenatal ultrasounds, and doctor visits.^[247] On 20 August, Manji announced that TOP would introduce a new NZ$3 million investor visa policy that would be used to support a fund to resettleclimate refugees in New Zealand.^[248]

On 6 September, TOP's deputy leader Natalia Albert announced the party's democracy policy, with key provisions including a four-year parliamentary term, lowering themixed-member proportional threshold, and lowering the voting age to 16 years.^[249]

TVNZ announced their debate schedule on 29 August.^[250] Newshub announced their debate schedule on 7 September.^[251] A debate hosted byThe Press between Chris Hipkins and Christopher Luxon was scheduled for 3 October, but after Hipkins caughtCOVID-19, Luxon pulled out due to being unable to provide any alternative dates.^[252]

According toTVNZ's and Vox Pop Lab's Vote Compass online tool, the top five issues in the general electorates were cost of living (28%), the economy (17%), healthcare (14%), crime (9%), and the environment (8%). Within theMāori electorates, the top five issues were the cost of living (35%), Māori issues (15%), the economy (14%), healthcare (9%) and social justice (9%).^[268]

According to a Vote Compass survey, 73% of respondents believed that too many offenders avoided prison sentences in New Zealand. According to data released by theMinistry of Justice, there were a total of 8,500 prisoners incarcerated in New Zealand prisons in June 2023; it was the lowest imprisonment rate per 100,000 people in over 20 years. This was part of the Labour Government's policy of reducing the prison population by 30%, which Labour has vowed to scrap if re-elected. While the National and ACT parties have campaigned on reversing the 30% prison reduction target, Te Pāti Māori has advocated abolishing prisons and replacing it with a tikanga-based (Māori customary) system. The Greens have emphasised rehabilitation andrestorative justice.^[269]

Vote Compass also found that 76% of respondents supported harsher punishments for youth offenders. While 92% of National and ACT voters supported harsher punishments, 73% of Labour voters agreed while 18% disagreed. The survey concluded that conservative party supporters favoured a more punitive and individualised approach towards crime while liberal party supporters thought that crime was rooted in structural factors including poverty and discrimination.^[269]

Co-governance and theTreaty of Waitangi were polarising issues during the 2023 general election, withThe Spinoff comparing campaign discussions around these issues to the "iwi vsKiwi" debate during the2005 New Zealand general election. While the incumbent Labour and Green parties were sympathetic to co-governance, they avoided campaigning strongly on the issues due to the controversy that co-governance generated in 2022. Labour has supported the expansion ofMāori wards and constituencies in local and regional councils. The opposition National, ACT, and New Zealand First parties have opposed co-governance to varying degrees, despite the former two instituting co-governance arrangements during theFifth National Government. While National and ACT have opposed the expansion of Māori wards in local government, ACT has accepted other co-governance arrangements such as Auckland'sTūpuna Maunga Authority and theWaikato River Authority. Meanwhile, NZ First has rejected all power-sharing arrangements with Māori including co-governaning indigenous biodiversity.^[270] While the Labour and Green parties have supported the Government'sWater Services Reform Programme, National and ACT have campaigned on repealing the programme in its entirety.^[271][270]

In terms of the Treaty of Waitangi and treaty settlements, Labour has supported expanding Te Haetea, the online database for monitoring Treaty settlement commitments. The Green and Māori parties have advocated reforming the Treaty of Waitangi Tribunal and Treaty settlements by reopening historical claims, allowinghapū (sub-tribes) to negotiate claims, boosting Tribunal funding and broadening the Tribunal's scope to include private property. The Māori Party has also sought to include council-owned land in Treaty settlements, make Tribunal recommendations binding, remove fiscal and deadline limits, and to end "full and final settlements" in the Treaty process.^[270]

In terms of constitutional arrangements, Te Paati Māori has proposed several major constitutional changes including the creation of a separate Māori parliament, entrench theMāori electorates, allowing Māori to switch between the general and Māori electoral rolls anytime, and expanding the scope of the Waitangi Tribunal process. The Greens also support entrenching the Māori electorates, implementing theUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and its localHe Puapua strategy, and creating acitizen's assembly based on Treaty principles. By contrast, ACT and NZ First oppose the entrenchment of both the Declaration on Indigenous Rights and the He Puapua documents.^[270]

In late September 2023, Horizon Research published the results of a survey on how New Zealanders' voting choices were influenced by their views on co-governance, theTreaty of Waitangi, and racial harmony. The Horizon Research study also identified a large gulf between Māori and European/Pākehā voters on the issues of co-governance and honouring the Treaty. On co-governance, 28% of European voters surveyed said that stopping co-governance policies was an important influence on their party vote choice, compared with 17% of Māori respondents. 62% of prospective ACT voters opposed co-governance, compared with 45% of New Zealand First prospective voters and 40% of prospective National voters. Regarding the Treaty, 46% of Māori respondents regarded honouring the Treaty as an important influence on their party vote, compared with 20% of European respondents. The survey found that 31% of voters regarded racial harmony as important; with 34% of Māori and 30% of Europeans regarding racial harmony as important.^[272]

Several researchers includingVictoria University of Wellington political scientist Lara Greaves, psychologist andartificial intelligence commentator Paul Duignan, andUniversity of Auckland research associate Sarah Bickerton expressed concern that artificial intelligence could be used to spread misinformation and disinformation during the lead-up to the 2023 general election.^[273] Similarly, Sanjana Hattotuwa ofThe Disinformation Project, Joshua Ferrer, and InternetNZ expressed concerns aboutmicrotargeting being used as a tool for spreading disinformation and facilitating foreign election interference online. By contrast, Victoria University political scientist Jack Vowles opposed calls to ban microtargeting and argued that microtargeting could be used for positive purposes such as promoting educational policies among teachers.^[274]

In early August 2023, theElectoral Commission confirmed it was considering an investigation of controversial Stop Co-Governance organiserJulian Batchelor's pamphlets for allegedly breaching electoral advertising laws. Batchelor's pamphlets included a section telling people not to vote for parties which supportedco-governance. Electoral law expert Graeme Edgeler opined that this section constituted an electoral advertisement. According to1News, the Electoral Commission had warned Batchelor that electoral adverts must have an official promoter statement, including a name and address. In response, Batchelor claimed that the infringement was "extremely minor" and would be hard to prove in court.^[275]

In mid August,Stuff reported that several NZ First candidates including property and commercial lawyer Kirsten Murfitt, Auckland consultant Janina Massee,Matamata-Piako district councillor Caleb Ansell, and Kevin Stone had espoused COVID-19vaccine hesitancy and "plandemic" conspiracy theories,New World Order conspiracy theories,climate skepticism,QAnon, andhomophobia. In response, party leader Winston Peters claimed that NZ First's candidate list was provisional and defended the party's candidate selection process.^[276]

On 21 August, ACT candidate Elaine Naidu Franz resigned after1News uncovered aLinkedIn post likening COVID-19 vaccine mandates to concentration camps. ACT leader David Seymour described her comments as "unacceptable" and welcomed her decision to resign as an ACT candidate. A second ACT candidate Darren Gilchrist ofWaikato apologised for aTelegram post claiming that COVID-19 vaccines contributed to a surge in drowning in 2021.^[277] A third ACT candidate Anto Coates also resigned after describing COVID-19 as a mass hysteria and writing a parody song suggesting that former Prime MinisterJacinda Ardern had thought about sending people to gulags. Seymour defended ACT's candidate vetting process while Prime Minister Chris Hipkins and Te Pāti Māori co-leader Debbie Ngarewa-Packer accused the party of courting conspiracy theorists and being secretive respectively.^[278]

On 7 September, the Labour Party removed a social media attack advertisement which falsely claimed that the National Party would end free public transport for disabled people. In truth, disabled "Total Mobility" users have never been eligible for free public transport or the half-price public transport fees announced in the2023 New Zealand budget in mid-May 2023.^[279]

On 18 September, Radio New Zealand reported that National'sHamilton East candidateRyan Hamilton, a servingHamilton City Councillor, had for two decades espoused anti-fluoridation andvaccine hesitancy views at odds with the National Party's positions on fluoridation and vaccination. Hamilton had also posted social media posts opposing COVID-19 vaccine mandates and alleging that the number of COVID-19 deaths had been inflated. In response to media coverage, National claimed that Hamilton had since changed his views on fluoridation.^[280]

On 16 November,Victoria University of Wellington political scientistMona Krewel's "New Zealand Social Media Study" found that misinformation and disinformation were not problematic in election campaigning during the 2023 general election. The study was based on an analysis of over 4,000 Facebook posts from political parties and their leaders during the five week period leading to 14 October. The Social Media Study found that fake news posts remained below 3% throughout the election campaign, with a weekly average of 2.6% over that five week period. Krewel's study also observed that various parties and politicians promoted "half truths" or "small lies" throughout the campaign. One notable example was the National Party claiming that theMinistry for Pacific Peoples had hosted breakfasts to promote Labour MPs. In truth the Ministry had held these breakfasts to explain the2023 New Zealand budget to constituents.^[281]

The 2023 electoral campaign has been noted for its increased divisiveness, with a far more tense and discordant campaign than2020.^[282][283] Some political commentators, such as Henry Cooke, have written about heightenedpolitical polarisation.^[284]

During the second of the threeleaders' debates, as moderated byPaddy Gower onThree, Chris Hipkins read out a quote by Rob Ballantyne, the New Zealand First candidate forRangitata,^[285] that he described as explicitly racist. The quote said to Māori: "Cry if you want to, we don't care. You pushed it too far. We are the party with the cultural mandate and courage to cut out your disease and bury it permanently."^[286] Hipkins then asked Christopher Luxon why he was willing to work with New Zealand First. Luxon responded by agreeing that the quote was racist, but said that he was "going to make the call [to Winston Peters on election night] if it means stopping you, Te Pati Māori and the Greens from coming to power."^[286] Hipkins later committed to calling out racism and defending Te Tiriti, while accusing ACT and NZ First ofrace-baiting.^[287] David Seymour condemned the statement while Ballantyne later claimed to journalistTova O'Brien that he was talking about "elite" Māori.^[286][288]

The widespread defacement of electoral billboards has caused concern. A billboard featuringPriyanca Radhakrishnan, who is defendingMaungakiekie for Labour, was vandalised with misogynistic language.^[289] Several billboards featuring Māori politicians have been defaced with racial slurs, includingcoon^[290] and on one occasionnigger,^[291] and the word "Māori" repeatedly cut out.^[292] National Party billboards were also vandalised but not in overtly racist or misogynistic ways.^[289]

On 29 September 17 Māori leaders includingDavid Letele signed an open letter to National Party leader Christopher Luxon calling on him to "condemn the racist comments made by NZ First, condemn the race-baiting policies of the ACT Party, and commit himself to representing all of us, including Māori." In response, Luxon accused Labour leader Hipkins of creating a campaign built on fear and negativity. NZ First leader Winston Peters accused the letter writers of racism and reiterated his claims that co-governance wasApartheid. ACT leader David Seymour accused the signatories of making false accusations of racism while ignoring the alleged racism of the Māori Party. In response to Seymour's remarks, Te Pāti Māori co-leader Debbie Ngarewa-Packer accused Seymour of suffering fromWhite Saviourism and of taking no responsibility for his alleged ignorance. In turn, Hipkins accused Luxon of exploiting race since he became National Party leader.^[293]

On 5 October, while interviewing Greens co-leader James Shaw, journalist Tova O'Brien revealed that the Green candidate for Maungakiekie, Sapna Samant, had a history of racist tweets. These included "White people are stupid" and "can be fooled easily" and also called Labour Minister Priyanca Radhakrishnan "****ing useless [sic]" and an "incompetent" minister. Shaw was unaware of this and when asked if Samant was a good fit for the Green Party, Shaw said, from "what you're saying, it doesn't sound like it". She had also tweeted "Defund the police" which Shaw stated was not Green Party policy.^[294]

There have also been several acts of political violence and intimidation. On 26 September,Angela Roberts, a list MP and the Labour Party candidate forTaranaki-King Country, was physically assaulted at a town hall meeting. At theRotary Club inInglewood,Taranaki, a man who was confronting Roberts "grabbed [her] shoulders" and shook her violently "in order to emphasise the point he was making" before slapping her across the face. Chris Hipkins spoke to the media and condemned the incident. He also addressed Labour MPs and candidates directly, saying that if they were "criticised for not going to that meeting because you don't feel safe going there, I will absolutely defend you doing that."^[295] Roberts later said toRNZ "It feels like, incrementally, there is a growing acceptance of aggression in politics and our democratic processes. This must change." She thanked National MPBarbara Kuriger for reaching out to her after the incident.^[296]

On 29 September,Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke, Te Pāti Māori's candidate forHauraki-Waikato allegedly suffered ahome invasion, in which her house was vandalised and a threatening letter was left behind. Te Pāti Māori put out a statement saying that the "premeditated and targeted attack" was "the latest of three incidents to take place at Hana's home just this week... to our knowledge, this is the first time in our history that a politician's home and personal property has been invaded to this extent." The party blamed "right-wing politicians [race-baiting] and [fearmongering] for votes" for emboldening the perpetrators.^[297][298]

On 5 October, an elderlyPākehā/European New Zealander man alleged to be a well-known National Party campaigner was issued atrespass notice by police for allegedly intimidating Maipi-Clarke.^[299] Police subsequently confirmed that they were investigating five reports about behaviour against Maipi-Clarke but did not believe that the incidents were racially motivated or coordinated. Detective Inspector Darrell Harpur confirmed that a person had been trespassed from Maipi-Clarke'sHuntly home. While Police confirmed the theft of an election hoarding from Maipi-Clark's home, they clarified that the incident had been incorrectly reported as aram raid rather than a theft. Police also confirmed they were investigating a related burglary and the threatening letter but were unable to establish any criminality. Te Pāti Māori presidentJohn Tamihere contested the Police statement and confirmed it would be filing a civil lawsuit against the elderly National Party campaigner following the 2023 election. In response to media coverage, the National Party defended the elderly campaigner and rejected assertions he had trespassed on Maipi-Clarke's property. National stated that the elderly Pakeha man had only wished to congratulate Maipi-Clarke for participating at a "meet the candidate event" but had left since Maipi-Clark was not at home.^[300]

On 2 October, National's campaign chairChris Bishop reported that several National Party candidates and volunteers had encountered several alleged incidents of intimidation, death threats, assaults including a candidate being forced to move houses, a dog attack, and at least one burglary. Bishop alleged that "malevolent actors" were attempting to disrupt the 2023 election and also claimed that theMongrel Mob's endorsement of the Labour Party had placed National Party candidates and supporters at risk.^[301] In one incident, National'sAuckland Central candidateMahesh Muralidhar, his partner, and several volunteers were illegally filmed by a member of theHead Hunters Motorcycle Club who uploaded the video on social media, where it attracted vitriol and abusive language from gang members including a senior Headhunter.^[302][301] The National and ACT parties condemned threats and violence against political candidates as "unacceptable" and "disgraceful." National blamed the intimidation and violence on gang members while ACT urged people to report these incidents to the Police.^[303]

Members of theFreedoms New Zealand disrupted Labour leader Chris Hipkins' campaign visit to theŌtara Markets on 20 August, a National Party press conference featuring leader Christopher Luxon and transport spokespersonSimeon Brown on 28 August, and the Labour Party's campaign launch on 2 September.^{[304][305][306]} In early September 2023,The Disinformation Project's director Kate Hannah claimed that the disruptive activities of "fringe" parties were instigated by lobby groups. She also expressed concern that these disruptive activities would discourage public participation in the democratic process.^[307]

On 8 September,The New Zealand Herald reported that several political parties including the National, Green, ACT, NZ First, and Labour parties were using the video-sharing platformTikTok to reach younger voters in the 18–24 age group, which accounted for 418,831 eligible voters. National launched its TikTok account in November 2022 with Labour following suit in September 2023. By September 2023, National had gained 54,000 TikTok followers, the Greens 13,400 followers, ACT 12,200 followers, and Labour 1,400 followers. Popular election-related TikTok content included interviews featuring ACT leader David Seymour and NZ First candidate Shane Jones' rendition of the song "Don't Stop Believing." During the lead-up to the election, TikTok added a pop-up directing New Zealand viewers searching for election-related content to theElectoral Commission's website.^[308]

On 20 October,The Spinoff reported that several political parties had spent large sums on online advertisements onMeta Platforms' Ad Library (which appears onFacebook andInstagram) andGoogle. The highest spender was the ACT Party, which spent NZ$334,900 on Meta advertising and NZ$444,000 on Google advertising. The second highest spender was Labour, which spent NZ$250,400 on Meta advertising and NZ$66,000 on Google advertising. The third highest spender was National, which spent NZ$215,500 on Meta advertising and NZ$63,000 on Google advertising. Other parties advertising on Meta's platforms included Green Party (NZ$143,300), Te Pāti Māori (NZ$44,700), TOP (NZ$31,600), and NZ First (NZ$17,900). NZ First also spent NZ$44,400 on Google advertisements.^[309]

On 21 October,Radio New Zealand estimated that National, Labour, ACT, the Greens, NZ First and Te Pāti Māori spent between NZ$1.5 and NZ$2.3 million on Meta and Google platforms including Facebook, Instagram, Google and YouTube in the three month period leading up to the 2023 election. The two major parties Labour and National focused on the economy. Labour also spent heavily on health advertising including on promoting its policy of free dental care for people under the age of 30 years. While National and ACT also spent heavily on crime-related advertising, the Greens were the only party to spend on climate change-related advertisements. During the final stages of the campaign, Labour published several attack advertisements targeting National leader Christopher Luxon. While most parties did not target gender segments, 81% of Green ads were viewed by women while 63% of ACT ads were viewed by men. NZ First targeted the over 65 age demographic.^[310]

In mid September 2023, Ngaire Reid, the managing director of Reid Research, stated thatChinese New Zealanders along withMāori andPasifika New Zealanders were often reluctant to participate in opinion polls, causing these ethnic communities to be underrepresented in opinion polling. Market research firm Trace Research director Andrew Zhu stated that opinion polls could help the Chinese community to feel more engaged in the political process. On 21 September, Trace Research published the results of a survey which found that 70.9% of ethnic Chinese voters supported the National Party, 13.4% supported ACT, 12.5% supported Labour, and 1.4% supported the Greens. Support for right-wing parties within the Chinese community rose in 2023 while support for Labour declined compared with the 2020 general election. Trace Research found that ethnic Chinese voters were most concerned with rising living costs, law and order, economic growth, racial equality and healthcare.^[311]

In early October,Radio New Zealand reported that several young Asian voters were concerned that Asian communities were not being heard in the 2023 election and that there was a lack of "meaningful" engagement with political parties. Key issues among Asian voters included health, employment, the economy, and income equality.^[312]

On 4 October, Radio New Zealand reported that a record number ofIndian New Zealanders were standing as candidates in the 2023 general election across the political spectrum. National had five ethnic Indian candidates, ACT four, Labour two, and the Greens two. Notable ethnic Indian candidates included ACT'sPakuranga candidateParmjeet Parmar, National'sAuckland Central candidateMahesh Muralidhar, and LabourMaungakiekie MPPriyanca Radhakrishnan.^[313]

Several polling firms have conductedopinion polls during the term of the53rd New Zealand Parliament (2020–present) for the 2023 general election. The regular polls are the quarterly polls produced byTVNZ (1News) conducted byVerian (formerly known asColmar Brunton and Kantar Public) andDiscovery New Zealand (Newshub) conducted by Reid Research, along with monthly polls byRoy Morgan Research, and by Curia (Taxpayers' Union). The sample size, margin of error and confidence interval of each poll varies by organisation and date.

The use ofmixed-member proportional representation allows ready conversion of a party's support into a party vote percentage and therefore a number of seats in Parliament. Projections generally assume no material change to the electorate seats held by each party (ACT retains Epsom, Greens retain Auckland Central, Māori retains Waiariki, etc.). However, projections that show the Labour Party winning fewer than 46 or 45 total seats (46 being the number of electorate seats held by Labour during the 53rd Parliament, then 45 after the2022 Hamilton West by-election) assume that Labour will lose at least enough electorates to avoid an overhang. Parties that do not hold an electorate seat and poll below 5% are assumed to win zero seats.

When determining the scenarios for the overall result, the minimum parties necessary to form majority governments are listed (provided parties have indicated openness to working together). Actual governments formed may include other parties beyond the minimum required for a majority; this happened after the2014 election, when National only needed one seat from another party to reach a 61-seat majority, but instead chose to form a 64-seat government with Māori, ACT and United Future.^[314]

On 19 November 2022, New Zealand First leader Winston Peters ruled out a coalition with Labour, claiming "No one gets to lie to me twice".^[315] In April 2023, National leader Christopher Luxon commented that it would be "highly unlikely" that National would form a government with Te Pāti Māori or the Greens; however, a spokesperson later clarified Luxon had not "intended to fully rule out working" with either party. At the time, Te Pāti Māori was largely seen as the kingmaker in the upcoming election.^[316] Furthermore, Te Pāti Māori may not be prepared to support a National-led government that includes the ACT Party, as Te Pāti Māori has repeatedly accused the ACT Party of race baiting overco-governance and its calls for a referendum on the Treaty of Waitangi.^[317] On 10 May, Luxon officially ruled out forming a coalition with Te Pāti Māori.^[318] On 27 August, Labour leader Chris Hipkins ruled out New Zealand First as a possible coalition partner.^[319]

Overseas voting opened on 27 September with overseas voters having until 7:00 pm on 14 October (New Zealand time; UTC+13) to cast their vote. 74 voting locations were established overseas including 10 in Australia, four in China, four in the United States, and one in the United Kingdom. Overseas voters were also given the option of downloading their voting papers from "vote.nz," and uploading it onto the website. By 27 September, the Electoral Commission confirmed that 78,000 voters had overseas addresses.^[328]

EasyVote packs were sent to voters starting in late September 2023. These packs contain the voter's personalised EasyVote card, which is used by polling booth staff to help identify and locate the voter on the electoral roll. The packs also contain a list of candidates and a list of voting places and opening times.^[329]

On 4 October,Stuff reported that an estimated 1.4 million eligible voters had not yet received their EasyVote pack. While the Commission emphasised that voters did not need an EasyVote card to vote, delays in posting the cards to households had caused concern. In response, Hipkins confirmed that the Labour Party's general secretary had raised the issue with the Electoral Commission.^[329] In addition, all EasyVote packs forEpsom,Mount Albert andPakuranga had to be reprinted after a quality assurance check found several packs containing misprinted voting place lists, delaying delivery in these electorates.^[330]

Advance voting began on 2 October 2023, with 1,376,366 advance votes cast. This was significantly down on the 2020 general election, in which 1,976,996 votes were cast in advance, but still ahead of the 1,240,740 advance votes cast for the 2017 election.^[331]

On 6 October,Radio New Zealand reported that 2,600 polling booths would be set up across New Zealand for the 2023 general election. While 800 of these booths would open early, 265 would not be open on polling day. Of those booths only open during advance voting, 61 were located in rural electorates while 204 were situated in regional and urban electorates. In response, the Electoral Commission issued a statement that the opening days and times of individual polling booths were determined by several factors including agreements with the individual location, staffing levels, and local demand.^[332]

Following election day, Te Pāti Māori presidentJohn Tamihere andDave Letele criticised the Electoral Commission for alleged "unacceptable" treatment of Māori voters at polling booths including reports of long queues, enrolled voters being told to cast special votes, insufficient ballot forms, and voters being incorrectly told that they could not vote if they did not have an EasyVote card.^[333]

Map of the plurality party vote in each electorate

Map of party vote by left/right bloc split

Preliminary results were gradually released after polling booths closed at 7:00 pm on 14 October. The Electoral Commission aimed to have 50% of votes counted by 10:00 pm and 95% counted by 11:30 pm. The preliminary count only included ordinary votes (approximately 2.2 million); it did not include the 603,257special votes,^[334] which can take up to 10 days to be returned to their correct electorate and need to be approved before they are counted. The polling booth rolls will also be compiled into a master roll to ensure nobody has voted more than once. Official results, including special votes and a recount of the ordinary votes, were released by the Electoral Commission on 3 November 2023, 20 days after the election.^[335]

Compared to the preliminary results, the official results showed the National Party had dropped two seats, meaning that it no longer had a majority with ACT, and must obtain the support of NZ First in order to form a government. The Māori Party took two more electorate seats, one of which was won by a margin of four votes.^[336]

Summary of the 14 October 2023 election for theHouse of Representatives^[337]

Party		Party vote				Electorate vote sum				Total seats	+/-
		Votes	Of total (%)	Change (pp)	Seats	Votes	Of total (%)	Change (pp)	Seats
	National	1,085,851	38.08	12.51	5	1,192,251	43.47	9.34	43	48	16
	Labour	767,540	26.92	23.09	17	855,963	31.21	16.86	17	34	31
	Green	330,907	11.61	3.75	12	226,575	8.26	2.52	3	15	5
	ACT	246,473	8.64	1.06	9	149,507	5.45	1.99	2	11	1
	NZ First	173,553	6.09	3.49	8	76,676	2.80	1.73	0	8	8
	Te Pāti Māori	87,844	3.08	1.92	0	106,584	3.89	1.73	6	6	4
	Opportunities (TOP)	63,344	2.22	0.72	0	27,975	1.02	0.13	0	0
	NZ Loyal	34,478	1.21	new	0	32,240	1.18	new	0	0	new
	NewZeal[e]	16,126	0.57	0.29	0	3,585	0.13	0.11	0	0
	Legalise Cannabis	13,025	0.46	0.01	0	12,566	0.46	0.17	0	0
	Freedoms NZ	9,586	0.34	0.09	0				0	0
	DemocracyNZ	6,786	0.24	new	0	12,060	0.44	new	0	0	new
	Animal Justice	5,018	0.18	new	0	5,829	0.21	new	0	0	new
	New Conservative	4,532	0.16	1.31	0	3,167	0.12	1.64	0	0
	Women's Rights	2,513	0.09	new	0	0	0.00	new	0	0	new
	Leighton Baker Party	2,105	0.07	new	0	2,623	0.10	new	0	0	new
	New Nation	1,530	0.05	new	0	433	0.02	new	0	0	new
	Unregistered parties
	Independent					34,277	1.25	0.87
Valid votes		2,851,211				2,742,677
Informal votes		16,267				40,353
Disallowed votes[338]		16,633				59,043
Belowelectoral threshold
Total		2,884,111	100.00		51	2,842,073	100.00		71	122
Eligible voters andturnout		3,688,292	78.20	4.04		3,688,292	77.06	5.18

The table below shows the results of the electorate vote in the 2023 general election:

Key

The followinglist candidates were elected:

Andrew Little was elected as a Labour Party list MP but resigned, effective from 5 December, after Labour lost the election. Unsuccessful Ikaroa-Rāwhiti candidateMeka Whaitiri had held office as an independent (previously Labour Party) but contested the election for Te Pāti Māori.

Based on preliminary results, 40 candidates who had never been in parliament before were returned. Of those, 21 were from National,^[340] 2 from Labour,^[340] 7 from the Greens,^[341] 4 from ACT,^[341] 2 from Te Pāti Māori,^[342] and 4 from NZ First.^[343] Based on preliminary results, parliament had 122 representatives, i.e. nearly one-third of the members were to be newcomers.^[344]

When the final results were released on 3 November, there were some changes. Te Pāti Māori had taken two additional electorates from Labour, and both Te Pāti Māori politicians (Takutai Tarsh Kemp andMariameno Kapa-Kingi) were new to parliament; the beaten Labour candidates (Peeni Henare andKelvin Davis remained in parliament via the Labour list.^[345] The Green Party gained a higher share of the vote, giving it an additional list seat that was going to a newcomer (Kahurangi Carter).^[344] Two electorates where the preliminary results indicated success for National Party newcomers (Blair Cameron andAngee Nicholas) reverted to the Labour Party incumbents (Rachel Boyack andPhil Twyford). This meant that two other Labour candidates (Tracey McLellan andShanan Halbert) who, based on preliminary results had gained list seats, were ultimately unsuccessful.^[344] Recounts were requested for three electorates and they were completed by 15 November, with the outcomes not changing.^[346] With National having lost two new MPs, and Te Pāti Māori and the Greens having gained two and one new MPs, respectively, the number of new MPs increased to 41.

The 2023 general election finished with the2023 Port Waikato by-election, which was won byAndrew Bayly. As Bayly had previously been confirmed as a list MP, this gained the National Party another list MP (Nancy Lu – a first-time MP). The situation also created an additional overhang seat, with parliament now having 123 seats and 42 new MPs, meaning that one-third of the members are newcomers.^[347] As Lu's return to parliament was practically confirmed due to Bayly's strong position, she was part of the induction process for new MPs in early November.^[348]

Overall turnout for the general election was 78.2%. This is down from the turnout of 82.2% in the 2020 general election. Turnout among Māori was 70.3%, down from 72.9% in the 2020 general election.^[349]

On 21 October,Stuff reported that voter turnout inNew Zealand prisons were low, citing data released by the Electoral Commission. Under the New Zealand law, prisoners on remand or serving prison sentences less than three years (totalling 5,593 individuals) are eligible to vote. At Invercargill Prison, 16 prisoners on the general roll voted for Labour, three for National, three for ACT, one for NZ First, and one for NZ Loyal. At the Otago Corrections Facility, 9 voted for Labour, one for National, and one for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party (ALCP). In Waikeria Prison, four voted for Labour, two for National, one for NZ First, and one for the Leighton Baker Party.^[350]

Stuff also surveyed the voting behaviour of prisoners on the Māori roll from the Auckland Region Women's Corrections Facility, theSerco-run Auckland South Corrections Facility, Arohata Prison, and Invercargill Prison. Eight prisoners at Auckland Regional prison voted for Labour, one for the ALCP, and one for Te Pāti Māori (TPM). At the Auckland South Corrections Facility, Labour received six votes, TPM two votes, and ALCP one vote. At Arohata Prison, five voted for Labour and three for TPM. At Invercargil Prison, seven prisoners on the Māori roll voted for Labour, two for ALCP, two for NZ First, two for TPM, and one for National.^[350]

On 16 November, following the completion of the judicial recounts, the writ was returned to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, along with the declaration of MPs elected from party lists.^[351]

Per Section 19 of theConstitution Act 1986, the latest possible date for the first meeting of the 54th Parliament is 28 December (six weeks following the return of the writ).^[352]

On 17 October 2023, Labour'sAndrew Little announced his retirement from politics,^[353] and his resignation took effect on 5 December.^[354] Since Little did not hold an electorate seat, his list position of 12th was enough to get him into parliament.^[353] Following Little's resignation,Camilla Belich was declared elected as an MP on 6 December.^[355]

The electorate contest inPort Waikato was cancelled because theACT New Zealand candidate died during the general election voting period.^[356][357] A by-election to fill this vacancy was held on 25 November 2023.^[357]Andrew Bayly was elected as the MP switching from a list MP to an electorate MP. This allowed National to gain one extra List MP withNancy Lu becoming the 123rd MP in addition to the 122 already elected.^[357][358]

Threelocal government by-elections have been called as a result of incumbent local body politicians resigning from their previous roles due to their election to Parliament.

• East ward by-election, Hamilton City Council:Hamilton City councillor and incomingHamilton East MPRyan Hamilton resigned immediately after the general election. Voting in the by-election for the council's East ward closed on 17 February 2024.^[359][360]
• Banks Peninsula community board by-election, Christchurch City Council:Christchurch City Council community board member and incomingChristchurch East MPReuben Davidson resigned in late October. Voting in the council's Banks Peninsula community board by-election closed on 17 February 2024.^[361]
• Pukehīnau Lambton ward by-election, Wellington City Council:Wellington City councillor and incomingWellington Central MPTamatha Paul will serve her last day as a councillor on 10 November. Voting in the council's Pukehīnau Lambton ward by-election closed on 17 February 2024.^[362]

Marlborough District councillor and incomingNew Zealand First list MPJamie Arbuckle told media after the election he would not resign from his council position until October 2024, by which point a by-election would not be required due to the proximity of the2025 local elections.^[363]

In late October 2023,Radio New Zealand reported thatPasifika New Zealanders were under-represented in the incomingSixth National Government. While the outgoingLabour Government had 12 Pasifika MPs over the previous two terms, National's two Pasifika candidatesAngee Nicholas andAgnes Loheni, were based in marginal seats or ranked too low on the party list to be elected into Parliament.^[364] Following the release of final results on 3 November, Nicholas lost herTe Atatū electorate to Labour's Phil Twyford by a margin of 131 votes whilst Loheni was ranked too low on the list, (25), to get into parliament. As a result, the incoming National-led government lacked a single Pasifika MP.^[365]

On 7 November 2023,The New Zealand Herald reported that three booths in thePort Waikato andIlam electorates had mistakenly assigned hundreds of votes to theLeighton Baker Party and theNew Conservatives Party. This affected votes which had been cast for the National, Labour, Greens, NZ First parties and Te Pāti Māori. The Electoral Commission subsequently admitted that a data entry error had resulted in this mistake. The Commission also launched a full check of all voting place results to investigate if there were more transcription errors.^[366]

On 9 November, the Electoral Commission admitted that 15 voting places had data entry errors, and that more than 700 votes were left off the final vote announced on 3 November. The Commission also said that the final checks of party, electorate and special votes had not affected overall results or allocation of seats in Parliament. Due to these corrections, 693 extra party votes and 708 candidate votes were included in the overall result. The overall turnout for the 2023 election remained at 78.2%.^[367]

In response to several reported incidents of vote counting errors at polling booths, theAuditor General John Ryan commenced a review into various aspects of the quality assurance processes for the vote count during the 2023 general election.^[368] On 7 May 2024, the Auditor-General Ryan's investigation found that the final check of the official election hours had been done in a few hours under extreme pressure on the day of its official announcement on 3 November 2023; which would normally take two days. This rushed assessment failed to identify multiple errors in the official results. Ryan also found that several apparent dual votes had been included in the official count. He made several recommendations to the Electoral Commission including reviewing vote counting procedures, the staff recruitment process, hardware requirements and information technology systems.^[369]

On 8 November 2023, theDistrict Court of New Zealand received three applications for judicial recounts of 2023 election results in three marginal electorates. Labour sought a judicial recount forTāmaki Makaurau where their candidatePeeni Henare had been unseated by Māori Party candidateTakutai Tarsh Kemp by a margin of four votes. In addition, National sought judicial recounts forNelson andMount Albert, where their candidatesBlair Cameron andMelissa Lee trailed close behind their respective Labour candidates after the final count, by 29 and 20 votes respectively.^[370][371]

On 10 November, the Electoral Commission confirmed that Labour MPRachel Boyack had retained Nelson by a margin of 26 votes, three votes smaller than the final vote results on 3 November.^[372] On 15 November, the Electoral Commission confirmed thatHelen White had retainedMount Albert for Labour by 18 votes (two fewer than the final vote results) and thatTakutai Tarsh Kemp had unseatedPeeni Henare inTāmaki Makaurau by 42 votes (38 more than the final vote results).^[373]

On 9 November, the Electoral Commission confirmed that it was investigating allegations that food was served to voters atManurewa Marae in the Tāmaki Makaurau electorate. Under New Zealand electoral law, serving food to voters in order to influence their vote is illegal and considered a form oftreating. Te Pāti Māori candidateTakutai Tarsh Kemp, who eventually won the election, was the CEO of Manurewa Marae at the time. Te Pāti Māori presidentJohn Tamihere rejected allegations that food was served to voters to influence their votes, describing them as "innuendo" and "without evidence."^[374]

On 2 June 2024,Stuff journalist Andrea Vance reported thatStatistics New Zealand was investigating several allegations by former staff at Manurewa Marae that Te Pāti Māori had illegally used2023 New Zealand census data to targetMāori electorate voters in theTāmaki Makaurau electorate during the 2023 election, and that participants were given supermarket vouchers, wellness packs and food parcels to encourage them to fill out census forms and switch to the Māori electoral roll. The party's candidate Takutai Tarsh Kemp had won Tāmaki Makaurau during the 2023 election. A whistleblower from theMinistry of Social Development had alerted Statistics NZ and the Police. In response, Te Pāti Māori leader John Tamihere denied the allegations and claimed that they were made by disgruntled complainants. Tamihere said that the marae had been working with the Whānau Ora Commissioning Agency to promote Māori participation in the 2023 census. Tamihere also acknowledged that marae workers had given gifts to encourage people to participate in the 2023 census and switch to the Māori roll.^[375]

On 5 June, Vance reported that theLabour Party had filed a complaint against Te Pāti Māori in November 2023 for allegedly using personal information collected during the COVID-19 immunisation programme for political campaigning purposes during the 2023 election, which is illegal under New Zealand electoral law. Labour's complaint alleged that Māori voters in Auckland had received two text messages from the text code 2661 urging them to vote for Te Pāti Māori. 2661 was registered with the Waipareira Trust, which is led by Tamihere.^[376] In response, Labour leader Chris Hipkins, ACT leader David Seymour, and prime minister Christopher Luxon called for an investigation into the data breach allegations.^[377][378] ThePrivacy Commissioner also confirmed that Statistics NZ had alerted it to a potential privacy breach during its investigation. Chief statistician Mark Sowden called for anyone with information to contact Statistics NZ.^[378] In response to the second allegations, Tamihere denounced the allegations as baseless and alleged that the party was being smeared by opponents for speaking up for Māori. Tamihere also accusedDestiny Church leaderBrian Tamaki and his followers of attempting to take over Manurewa Marae.^[379]

On 7 June, Te Pāti Māori co-leaders Rawiri Waititi and Debbie Ngarewa-Packer called for an urgent Police investigation into the data breach allegations made against Te Pāti Māori. Police confirmed they were already investigating complaints they had received.^[380] That same day, actingPublic Service Commissioner Heather Baggott convened a meeting with the heads of Statistics New Zealand, theMinistry of Health,Te Whatu Ora, the Ministry of Social Development, theMinistry of Justice, theDepartment of Internal Affairs,Te Puni Kōkiri,Oranga Tamariki, theDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, the Police and Electoral Commission to ensure that all relevant agencies were investigating the data breach allegations^[381]

On 27 August 2024, former academic Rawiri Taonui asserted that the whistleblowers connected toDestiny Church had made the allegations against Manurewa Marae and Te Pāti Māori following a failed attempt by the church to take over the marae.^[382] On 22 January 2025, a Statistics New Zealand report cleared the Whanau Ora Commissioning Agency of data breaches during the2023 New Zealand census, finding that the agency increased Māori participation. The report made nine recommendations to improve Statistics NZ's procedures and referred allegations against Manurewa Marae to thePrivacy Commissioner. The report also found no evidence that one of the alleged whistleblowers had attempted to contact Statistics NZ regarding allegations against the marae.^[383]

On 11 February 2025,The New Zealand Herald reported that Detective Superintendent Ross McKay was leading an inquiry into allegations regarding Te Pāti Māori's misuse of census data and Covid-19 vaccination information at Manurewa Marae for electoral campaigning purposes.^[384] On 2 October, the Police andSerious Fraud Office (SFO) halted their investigation into the Manurewa Marae electoral misconduct allegations after they found insufficient evidence of corruption. The SFO andPrivacy Commissioner are still investigating potential privacy breaches.^[385]

In late June 2024, the Electoral Commission referred Green MPDarleen Tana and the publishers ofVerve Magazine to Police for allegedly failing to include a promoter statement in an election advertisement published in May 2023. Tana had earlier been suspended by her party over her knowledge and involvement in alleged migrant exploitation by her husband's bike company.^[386]

Hipkins conceded to Luxon on election night and congratulated Luxon for his victory.^[387]

VeteranTVNZ broadcasterJohn Campbell described Labour's failure as being rooted in the party's refusal to back a capital gains tax, which he blamed on "what appears to have been truly useless focus group information", their decision not to fully implement any recommendations advised by the official Welfare Expert Advisory Group ahead of the election, and a sense of self-assurance that the election was "unloseable", leading to an "inexplicably lifeless" campaign. He noted that out of the 1.06 million eligible voters who did not vote, most statistically were renters from the youngest demographics, and claimed that National had efficiently mobilised support for landlords in a way Labour had failed to do for tenants. Campbell also pointed that the enrolment rate in the country's wealthiest electorate, the safe ACT seat ofEpsom for 18-to-24 year olds was 85%, compared to a mere 46% in the safe Labour seat ofMāngere. Campbell concluded: "Labour couldn't mobilise young people in the country's poorest electorates to do the same thing [that National did with landlords]. That's on Labour. And it's a terrible failure".^[388]

Australia's prime ministerAnthony Albanese congratulated Luxon on his victory and thanked Hipkins for his service, describing Hipkins as his friend.^[389]Opposition Leader andLiberal Party of Australia (the maincentre-right,liberal conservative party) leaderPeter Dutton also congratulated Luxon for his victory.^[390] Cook Islands' prime ministerMark Brown called Luxon to congratulate him for his victory.^[391] India's prime ministerNarendra Modi congratulated Luxon for his party's win.^[392] Singapore's prime ministerLee Hsien-Loong congratulated Luxon for his victory.^[393] Ukraine's presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy thanked Hipkins for his support for Ukraine and congratulated Luxon on his victory.^[394]Elon Musk congratulated Luxon.^[395] Following his election in November 2023, United Kingdom's prime ministerRishi Sunak congratulated Luxon.^[396]

Following the release of preliminary results on 14 October, National began coalition negotiations with both ACT and New Zealand First.^[397][398] Christopher Luxon stated that he would be conducting these negotiations privately and would not confirm his stance on policies such as ACT's proposed referendum on Māori co-governance.^[397] Following the release of final results on 3 November, National's seat count dropped from 50 to 48, depriving a two-party arrangement between National and ACT of the 62 seats needed for amajority government, thus making the support of New Zealand First necessary to command a parliamentary majority.^[399]

On 8 November, ACT and NZ First made first contact in their coalition talks during a meeting between ACT's chief of staff Andrew Ketels and NZ First's chief of staffDarroch Ball. This introductory meeting was meant "to establish a line of communication" between the two parties. In addition, the National and NZ First parties conducted high-level negotiation talks in Wellington that same week.^[400] Following the release of final results, ACT leader David Seymour attempted to contact NZ First leader Peters via text message but he had mistaken it for a scam.^[401] On 9 November, Seymour expressed hope that coalition negotiations and government formation would be completed before an upcomingAPEC meeting in mid-November 2023.^[402]

Amidst coalition talks, the outgoingLabour Government remained in a caretaker capacity. On 10 November, Hipkins and Luxon agreed to advise Governor-GeneralCindy Kiro to prolong the caretaker government arrangement until the conclusion of coalition talks.^[403]

On 13 November, Luxon said it was unlikely he would go to APEC due to prioritising a government coalition.^[404]

On 15 November, Luxon, Seymour and Peters met at Pullman Hotel's boardroom in Auckland. It was the first time the three leaders had met since the election.^[405][406]

On 20 November, Luxon confirmed that National had reached an agreement on policy positions with ACT and New Zealand First. In response to Luxon's announcement, Peters stated that it was an "assumption" to state that a policy agreement had been reached.^[407][408] In addition, Seymour said "that Luxon had maybe had too manyWeet-Bix that day." Seymour also opined that ACT as the second largest party in the coalition should hold the position of Deputy Prime Minister and have more ministerial portfolios than NZ First.^[409] That same day, the three parties entered into talks about allocating cabinet ministerial positions.^[408][409] On 21 November, Luxon met with Seymour to discuss ministerial portfolios.^[410]

Coalition negotiations between the three parties concluded on the afternoon of 23 November. That same day Luxon, Seymour and Peters met in Wellington to finalise the agreement between National, ACT, and NZ First.^[411][412] The terms of the coalition agreement were unveiled on 24 November 2023.^[413]

• Elections in New Zealand