On 15 November 2022, a missile struck Polish territory, in the village ofPrzewodów near theborder with Ukraine, killing two people.[1][2][3] The incident occurred duringattacks on Ukrainian civilian infrastructure by Russia.[4][5] It was the first incident of a foreign missile (as opposed toprior UAV incursion) hittingNATO territory during theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[6][7] InitiallyUkraine accused Russia of striking Poland,[8] while the United States claimed that the missile was likely to have been anair defence missile fired by Ukrainian forces at an incoming Russian missile.[9][10][11] This was later confirmed in September 2023 by the Polish Prosecutor's Office, which stated that the explosion was caused by an out of control air-defenceS-300 missile.[12][13]
The explosion happened on a day when the Russian military extensively bombarded infrastructure all over Ukraine, the largest-scale attack so far.[14] According to the Ukrainian Air Force Command, the Russian military launched 96 pieces of various types of weapons at Ukraine on 15 November.[14] These included air and sea cruise missiles (Kh-555 and Kh-101, andKalibr),Kh-59 guided missiles,Geran-1 and-2 attack drones, andOrlan-10 andOrion UAVs.[14] According toForbes, one Kalibr alone costs $6.5 million, and the Kh-101 missile costs $13 million.[14] TheEconomic Pravda orEpravda (Ukrainian:Економічна правда) calculated that Russia had spent between half a billion and a billion U.S. dollars' worth of weaponry in the 15 November 2022 attack on Ukraine.[14]
Explosion
Polish media reported that two people (Bogusław Wos and Bogdan Ciupek)[15][16][17][18] were killed in an explosion[19][20] at a grain dryer.[5] Polish officials stated that the cause of the explosion was unknown. Polish radio stationRadio ZET reported that two[3] stray rockets fell on the village, causing the explosion, although later reports indicated that there was only one missile.[4][21]NATO members started to review the evidence soon after the explosion was reported.[22][23]
Investigation
After the meeting of the PolishNational Security Bureau on 15 November, the government spokesman said: "The services will work all night to sort things out".[24]
Conflicting reports emerged regarding the origin and nature of the explosion(s) shortly after the incident. Poland'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs stated that the projectile was "Russian-produced".[25] Andrés Gannon, a security expert at the think tankCouncil on Foreign Relations, speculated that the missiles could be fromS-300 systems.[26] S-300s were used by both combatants during the invasion both assurface-to-air andsurface-to-surface missiles, primarily by Ukraine and Russia respectively.[27][28][29] Mariusz Gierszewski, a Polish reporter forRadio ZET, reported sources claiming the missile was the remains of a downed rocket.[30] U.S. presidentJoe Biden, speaking from theG20 summit inBali, said that it was "unlikely" that the missile was fired from Russia.[31]
According to US intelligence officials, initial assessments suggest that the missile was probably launched by Ukrainian forces at an incoming Russian missile.[10][11]
On 17 November,Head of the Polish International Policy BureauJakub Kumoch gave a similar explanation that an air defence missile failed to shoot down the Russian target it sought to intercept; then "[t]he self-destruct system did not work, and this missile led to a tragedy."[32]
Also on 17 November, Polish officials stated that Ukrainian investigators were likely to be granted access to the site of the explosion.[33]
On 21 November, it was reported that Ukraine will not be granted access to the investigation by the Polish prosecutor's office.[34]
On 26 September 2023,Rzeczpospolita reported that Ukrainian state did not cooperate in the investigation and did not provide any useful material to Poland. Polish Prosecutor's Office stated that the air-defence missile S-300 5-W-55, fired by the Ukrainian army, went out of control and hit Polish territory.[12]
After the explosion,Prime Minister of PolandMateusz Morawiecki called an urgent meeting of a committee for national security and defence affairs.[35][36] A government spokesperson said that Poland was raising the alert level of some of its military units after the conclusion of the meeting. He also stated that Polish PresidentAndrzej Duda spoke to Secretary General of NATOJens Stoltenberg regarding the possibility of activatingArticle 4 of the NATO charter.[37]
Polish foreign ministerZbigniew Rau reportedly summoned the Russian ambassador and demanded "immediate detailed explanations".[38]
Polish presidentAndrzej Duda stated late on 15 November 2022local time that there was no evidence of who fired the missile.[39]
In a September 2025 interview, Duda was asked whether Zelensky had pressured him to state the missile was Russian, and replied "you could say that", adding that he viewed it as an attempt to involve Poland in the war.[40]
International
Russia
TheRussian defence ministry denied reports that Russian missiles had hit Poland, labeling it as "deliberate provocation aimed at escalating the situation".[41]
The next day, it said that Russian strikes on Ukraine had been at least 35 kilometres (22 mi) away from the border with Poland, and that photos of the site published in Poland had been "identified by Russian defence industry specialists as elements of an anti-aircraft guided missile of the S-300 air defence system of the Ukrainian air force".[42][43] Later that day, theRussian foreign ministry summoned the Polish ambassador.[44]
Ukraine
PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy blamed Russia for the incident in his nightly video address that day, saying that "Russian missiles hit Poland" and describing it as an infringement upon "collective security" and as a "significant escalation".[8] Around the same time, foreign ministerDmytro Kuleba labeled the suggestion of the missile being fired by Ukrainian air defense as a "conspiracy theory" promoted by Russia.[45][46]
The next day, Ukraine's presidential adviserMykhailo Podolyak had tweeted that European countries should "close the sky" overUkraine after the blast.[47]Oleksiy Danilov, the secretary of theNational Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, claimed that Ukraine had evidence of a "Russian trace" in the explosion, without giving any details.[48] Zelenskyy also said that he had "no doubt that it was not our missile" and that Ukraine should be given access to the site of the explosion.[49]
On 17 November, Zelenskyy said: "I don't know what happened. We don't know for sure. The world does not know. But I am sure that there was a Russian missile, I am sure that we fired from air defense systems".[32]
Shortly after the alleged strike, theUnited States Department of Defense acknowledged reports that two Russian missiles struck a location inside Poland near its Ukrainian border, though it could not confirm them.[52]Bob Menendez, Senate Foreign Relations Chair, expressed the hope that Russia would "apologize quickly for the loss of life and express that it wasn't intentional", and warned of "all sorts of consequences", including the possibility of invokingArticle 5, if the strike was intentional.[53]
Poland requested aNATO meeting on Wednesday, 16 November, on the basis ofArticle 4. NATO diplomats said that the alliance would act cautiously and needed time to verify exactly how the incident happened.[54]
Estonian Minister of Foreign AffairsUrmas Reinsalu responded to the reports by tweeting that Estonia was ready to defend "every inch" of NATO territory.[55] Belgian Prime MinisterAlexander De Croo responded to the reports by saying "We stand with Poland."[56] Czech Prime MinisterPetr Fiala tweeted that if the strikes were confirmed to be an intentional act, "it would "be a further escalation by Russia."[57] Romanian PresidentKlaus Iohannis tweeted that Romania stands "in full solidarity with our friend and ally Poland" and that "we are in contact with our partners and allies".[58]
Stoltenberg stated that Russia bears the blame, although the missile was most likely a Ukrainian air defense system or missile.[59][60]
Others
President of theEuropean CouncilCharles Michel stated that he was "shocked" by the reports of the incident, adding that "we stand with Poland", which is a member of the European Union (EU).[61]
TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ofMoldova expressed solidarity with Poland after the explosions and said that it was in contact with the Polish authorities. Moldovan foreign ministerNicu Popescu sent toZbigniew Rau, his Polish counterpart, condolences for the families of the victims.[62] An event similar to the missile strike in Poland had occurred in the Moldovan village ofNaslavcea earlier on 31 October, when as a result of another wave of Russian missiles against Ukraine, one of them was taken down by Ukrainian air defence systems and it crashed into the village, causing material damages but no casualties.[63]
Related incidents
On 5 December 2022, as Russia launched a wave of targeted missile strikes against Ukraine, a missile fell within the territory of Moldova, near the city ofBriceni. Russian military expert Alexei Leonkov claimed that this and the incident at Przewodów were similar and that the missile in both cases originated from a S-300 missile system.[64] A third missile fell into the Moldovan village ofLarga on 14 January 2023[65][66] and a fourth missile fell in the same village on 16 February 2023.[67] On 25 September, a missile crashed intoChițcani, for the first time in Moldovan territory controlled byTransnistria.[68] On 11 February 2024, fragments of a Russian drone were found in the Moldovan village ofEtulia.[69] This happened again on 17 February in Etulia Nouă[70] and on 4 April again in Etulia.[71]
In April 2023, the wreck of a Russian missile, likely a Kh-55 missile launched overBelarus on 16 December 2022, was discovered in forests nearBydgoszcz in Poland, after having crossed around 500 kilometres (310 mi) of Polish territory.[72][73][74][75]
On 29 December 2023, during that day'sbombardment of Ukraine by Russia, a Russian missile travelled through Polish airspace for about 40 kilometres (25 mi) before turning back towards Ukraine.[76]
At 04:23CET on 24 March 2024, a Russian missile spent 39 seconds passing through Polish airspace, travelling about one to two km in Poland before entering Ukrainian airspace.[77]
President of theEuropean CouncilCharles Michel stated that he was "shocked" by the reports of the incident, adding that "we stand with Poland", which is a member of the European Union (EU).[61]
TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ofMoldova expressed solidarity with Poland after the explosions and said that it was in contact with the Polish authorities. Moldovan foreign ministerNicu Popescu sent toZbigniew Rau, his Polish counterpart, condolences for the families of the victims.[62] An event similar to the missile strike in Poland had occurred in the Moldovan village ofNaslavcea earlier on 31 October, when as a result of another wave of Russian missiles against Ukraine, one of them was taken down by Ukrainian air defence systems and it crashed into the village, causing material damages but no casualties.[63]
