2022 United States House of Representatives elections

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All 435 seats in theUnited States House of Representatives[a] 218 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	45.1%[1]
Majority party Minority party   Leader Kevin McCarthy Nancy Pelosi Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3, 2019 January 3, 2003 Leader's seat California 20th California 11th Last election 213 seats, 47.2% 222 seats, 50.3% Seats before 212 220 Seats won 222 213 Seat change 9 9 Popular vote 54,227,992 51,280,463 Percentage 50.0% 47.3% Swing 2.8pp 3.0pp
Results      Democratic gain     Republican gain      Democratic hold     Republican hold
Speaker before election Nancy Pelosi Democratic ElectedSpeaker Kevin McCarthy Republican

The2022 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 8, 2022, as part of the2022 United States elections during PresidentJoe Biden's term. Representatives were elected from all 435U.S. congressional districts across each of the 50 states to serve in the118th United States Congress, as well as 5non-voting members of the U.S. House of Representatives from theDistrict of Columbia and four of the five inhabitedinsular areas. Numerous other federal, state, and local elections, including the2022 U.S. Senate elections and the2022 U.S. gubernatorial elections, were also held simultaneously. This was the first election after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

TheRepublican Party, led byKevin McCarthy, won control of the House, defeatingNancy Pelosi and theDemocratic Party, which had held a majority in the House since 2019, as a result of the2018 elections.^[2][3] Although most observers and pundits predicted large Republican gains,^[4][5][6] they instead narrowly won 4 seats over the 218 seats needed for a majority,^[7] as Democrats won several upsets in districts considered Republican-leaning or won byDonald Trump in the2020 U.S. presidential election, such asWashington's 3rd congressional district. Republicans also won some upsets in districts that Joe Biden won by double-digits, includingNew York's 4th congressional district.^[8][9] Observers attributed Democrats' surprise over-performance to, among other factors,^[10] the issue ofabortion in the United States afterDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization,^[11] and the underperformance of multiple statewide and congressional Republican candidates who held extreme views,^[12][13][14] includingrefusal to accept the party's 2020 electoral loss.^[15][16] On the other hand, Democrats' political prospects were weighed down by the2021–2022 inflation spike, which Republicans blamed on President Biden and the Democratic-controlled Congress.^[17] The elections marked the first time since1875 that Democrats won all districts along the Pacific Ocean.^[18] This was the first time since2004 that Republicans gained House seats in consecutive elections.

Gerrymandering during the2020 U.S. redistricting cycle had a significant impact on the 2022 election results. Republicans made gains as a result of gerrymandering in Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, and Texas, while Democrats made gains as a result of gerrymandering in Illinois and New Mexico. Defensive gerrymanders helped both parties hold competitive seats in various states,^[19] while Republican gains in New York and Democratic gains in North Carolina and Ohio were made possible because theirstate supreme courts overturned gerrymanders passed by theirstate legislatures.^{[2][20][21][22]}

The narrow margin by which Republicans won their House majority resulted in historic legislative difficulties in the118th Congress. Due to a number of Republican holdouts affiliated with the right-wingHouse Freedom Caucus, McCarthy was notelected Speaker of the House until the 15th round of voting, thus marking the first time since1923 that a speaker was not elected in the first round.^[23] This was the smallest Republican majority since2000, before Republicans were re-elected with a smaller majority in2024.

Forty-six states used thefirst-past-the-post voting plurality system to elect their representatives.Instant-runoff voting was used in two states (Alaska and Maine) andrunoff system was used in two states (Georgia and Louisiana).

Asmail-in voting has increased in U.S. elections, particularly since theCOVID-19 pandemic, the results in some congressional races were not known immediately following the election, which was more competitive and closer than expected,^[24] as a widely predictedred wave election did not materialize.^[25] Instead, Democrats lost fewer seats than expected at less than 10 and fewer than the average (25) for the president's party since the end of World War II.^[26][27] Several tossup or lean Republican races were won by Democrats, including upsets inColorado's 8th,North Carolina's 13th, andWashington's 3rd congressional districts;^[28][29][30] Washington 3rd's seat was particularly notable because theCook Political Report had labeled the district as lean Republican andFiveThirtyEight hadMarie Gluesenkamp Perez's chance of winning at 2-in-100.^[31][32] Democrats also narrowly missed a further upset for theColorado's 3rd seat held by RepublicanLauren Boebert; it was so close that it needed a recount.^[33]

Democrats performed better than expected in states like Ohio and Pennsylvania,^[34] benefitting from acoattail effect,^[35][36] and performed well in Colorado and New England but suffered substantial losses in New York.^[2] In Florida and New York, Republicans achieved state-specific red waves,^[37][38][39] andred states became redder.^[40]Gerrymandering during the2020 U.S. redistricting cycle gave each party advantages in various states; due to advantageous maps, Republicans performed well or made gains in Florida, Georgia, Texas, and Tennessee, and Democrats made gains in Illinois and New Mexico.^[2][20] As of November 10, 14 seats were flipped, with Republicans gaining 11 of them for a net gain of 8 seats; Republicans needed to maintain a net gain of at least 5 seats to regain the House.^[2] Republicans won the popular vote by a 3 percent margin and would have won it even if Democrats had contested more seats than they did, which may have cost them about 1–2 percent in the final popular vote margin.^[20] According toHarry Enten ofCNN, the final popular vote margin was the second-closest midterm margin for a U.S. House election in the last 70 years.^[41]

The unprecedented degree of Republican underperformance during the election defied election analysts' predictions of heavy gains, given that while a majority of voters trusted Democrats on abortion, they were disappointed with the performance ofJoe Biden and Democrats on issues facing the country, such as the economy and inflation, crime, and immigration.^[4][5][6] This has been variously attributed by political commentators to the issue of abortion afterDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturnedRoe v. Wade in June 2022;^[11] candidate quality among Republicans who heldextremist or unpopular views,^[12][13][14] such asdenial of the 2020 U.S. presidential election results;^[15] and youth turnout, among others.^[10] According toRon Brownstein of CNN in 2023, exit polls showed that House Democrats won independent voters by 2 percentage points, making it the first time the party holding the White House did so in a midterm election since at least1982.^[42]

Biden described the results as a "strong night" for Democrats,^[43] and he urged for cooperation in Congress.^[44] SenatorLindsey Graham commented: "It's certainly not a red wave, that's for darn sure. But it is clear that we will take back the House."^[45] On November 9, when the results for the House were still uncertain, the Republican House leaderKevin McCarthy launched his bid to succeed long-time House Democratic leaderNancy Pelosi asSpeaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.^[44] In a letter asking for support among Republicans, he wrote: "I trust you know that earning the majority is only the beginning. Now, we will be measured by what we do with our majority. Now the real work begins."^[44]

Control of the House would not be known until November 16, afterMike Garcia was projected to win reelection inCalifornia's 27th congressional district, giving Republicans a total of at least 218 seats;^[46] and giving Republicans a narrow majority.^[47] The size of the majority remained in doubt with several races still to be called more than one week after Election Day.^[48] On November 17, after Republicans were projected to win back the House, Pelosi announced that she would not seek reelection as Speaker of the House,^[49] andHakeem Jeffries was later selected as the Democratic nominee by acclamation.^[50] On November 15, McCarthy won an internal Republican caucus poll as the party's nominee for Speaker of the House;^[46] as several members of the Republican caucus did not vote for him and had expressed opposition to his speakership, it cast doubt on how the2023 U.S. speaker election, which began on January 3, would unfold.^[51][52] McCarthy's speaker bid was the first of a party leadersince 1923 that did not succeed on the first ballot.

The 2022 election results are compared below to the 2020 election. The table does not include blank and over or under votes, both of which were included in the official results.

Parties		Popular vote			Seats
		Vote	%	Change	2020	2022	+/−	Strength
	Republican Party	54,227,992	50.01%	+2.78%	213	222	9	51.0%
	Democratic Party	51,280,463	47.29%	–2.97%	222	213	9	49.0%
	Libertarian Party	724,264	0.67%	–0.05%	—	—	—	—
	Independent	515,322	0.47%	+0.19%	—	—	—	—
	Green Party	69,802	0.06%	=	—	—	—	—
	Constitution Party	29,886	0.03%	–0.02%	—	—	—	—
	Other parties	1,481,822	1.37%	+0.08%	—	—	—	—
	Write-ins	113,836	0.10%	=	—	—	—	—
Totals		108,443,387	100.00%	—	435	435		100.00%
Source:[1] Election Statistics – Office of the Clerk

State	Total seats	Republican		Democratic
		Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	7	6		1
Alaska	1	0	1	1	1
Arizona	9	6	2	3	2
Arkansas	4	4		0
California	52	12	1	40	2
Colorado	8	3		5	1
Connecticut	5	0		5
Delaware	1	0		1
Florida	28	20	4	8	3
Georgia	14	9	1	5	1
Hawaii	2	0		2
Idaho	2	2		0
Illinois	17	3	2	14	1
Indiana	9	7		2
Iowa	4	4	1	0	1
Kansas	4	3		1
Kentucky	6	5		1
Louisiana	6	5		1
Maine	2	0		2
Maryland	8	1		7
Massachusetts	9	0		9
Michigan	13	6	1	7
Minnesota	8	4		4
Mississippi	4	3		1
Missouri	8	6		2
Montana	2	2	1	0
Nebraska	3	3		0
Nevada	4	1		3
New Hampshire	2	0		2
New Jersey	12	3	1	9	1
New Mexico	3	0	1	3	1
New York	26	11	3	15	4
North Carolina	14	7	1	7	2
North Dakota	1	1		0
Ohio	15	10	2	5	1
Oklahoma	5	5		0
Oregon	6	2	1	4
Pennsylvania	17	8	1	9
Rhode Island	2	0		2
South Carolina	7	6		1
South Dakota	1	1		0
Tennessee	9	8	1	1	1
Texas	38	25	2	13
Utah	4	4		0
Vermont	1	0		1
Virginia	11	5	1	6	1
Washington	10	2	1	8	1
West Virginia	2	2	1	0
Wisconsin	8	6	1	2	1
Wyoming	1	1		0
Total	435	222	9	213	9

• 
  House seats by party holding majority in state
• 
  Popular vote and seat total by states
• 
  Net changes to U.S. House seats after the 2022 elections
       +1 Dem House seat     +2 Dem House seats
       +1 Rep House seat     +2 Rep House seats
       +3–4 Rep House seats
       Republicans lost 1 seat due to reapportionment
• 
  District results by vote share

In total, 49 representatives and one non-voting delegate (30 Democrats and 20 Republicans) retired, 17 of whom (nine Democrats and eight Republicans) sought other offices.^[53]

Three seats were left vacant on the day of the general election due to resignations or death in 2022, two of which were not filled until the next Congress.

Two Democrats resigned before the end of their terms.

1. Florida 13:Charlie Crist resigned August 31 torun for governor of Florida.^[104]
2. Florida 22:Ted Deutch resigned September 30 to become CEO of theAmerican Jewish Committee.^[105]

One Republican died in office.

1. Indiana 2:Jackie Walorski died August 3. Aspecial election to fill the remainder of her term was held concurrently with the general election for the next full term.^[106]

Fourteen incumbents lost renomination in the primary elections and nine incumbents lost reelection in the general elections.

Six Democrats, half of whom were freshmen, lost renomination.

1. Georgia 7:Carolyn Bourdeaux (first elected in 2020) lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbentLucy McBath, who won the general election.^[107]
2. Illinois 6:Marie Newman (first elected in 2020) lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbentSean Casten, who won the general election.^[108]
3. Michigan 11:Andy Levin (first elected in 2018) lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbentHaley Stevens, who won the general election.^[109]
4. New York 10:Mondaire Jones (first elected in 2020) sought nomination in a new district and lost toDan Goldman, who won the general election.^[110]
5. New York 12:Carolyn Maloney (first elected in 1992) lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbentJerry Nadler, who won the general election.^[111]
6. Oregon 5:Kurt Schrader (first elected in 2008) lost renomination toJamie McLeod-Skinner, who lost the general election toLori Chavez-DeRemer.^[112]

Eight Republicans, two of whom were freshmen, lost renomination.

1. Illinois 15:Rodney Davis (first elected in 2012) lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbentMary Miller, who won the general election.^[113]
2. Michigan 3:Peter Meijer (first elected in 2020) lost renomination toJohn Gibbs, who lost the general election toHillary Scholten.^[114]
3. Mississippi 4:Steven Palazzo (first elected in 2010) lost renomination toMike Ezell, who won the general election.^[115]
4. North Carolina 11:Madison Cawthorn (first elected in 2020) lost renomination toChuck Edwards, who won the general election.^[116]
5. South Carolina 7:Tom Rice (first elected in 2012) lost renomination toRussell Fry, who won the general election.^[117]
6. Washington 3:Jaime Herrera Beutler (first elected in 2010) lost renomination toJoe Kent (R) andMarie Gluesenkamp Perez (D) in the blanket primary, with Gluesenkamp Perez defeating Kent in the general election.^[118]
7. West Virginia 2:David McKinley (first elected in 2010) lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbentAlex Mooney, who won the general election.^[119]
8. Wyoming at-large:Liz Cheney (first elected in 2016) lost renomination toHarriet Hageman, who won the general election.^[120]

Six Democrats lost re-election to Republicans.

1. Arizona 2:Tom O'Halleran (first elected in 2016) lost toEli Crane.^[121]
2. Florida 2:Al Lawson (first elected in 2016) lost a redistricting race to incumbent RepublicanNeal Dunn.^[122]
3. Iowa 3:Cindy Axne (first elected in 2018) lost toZach Nunn.^[123]
4. New Jersey 7:Tom Malinowski (first elected in 2018) lost toThomas Kean Jr.^[124]
5. New York 17:Sean Patrick Maloney (first elected in 2012) lost toMike Lawler.^[125]
6. Virginia 2:Elaine Luria (first elected in 2018) lost toJen Kiggans.^[126]

Three Republicans, two of whom were freshmen, lost re-election to Democrats.

1. New Mexico 2:Yvette Herrell (first elected in 2020) lost toGabe Vasquez.^[127]
2. Ohio 1:Steve Chabot (first elected in 1994, and then re-elected in 2010 after losing in 2008) lost toGreg Landsman.^[128]
3. Texas 34:Mayra Flores (first elected in 2022) lost a redistricting race to incumbent DemocratVicente Gonzalez.^[129]

The2020 United States census determined how many of the 435 congressional districts each state receives for the 2020 redistricting cycle. Due to population shifts, California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia each lost one seat. Conversely, Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon each gained one seat; and Texas gained two seats.^[130]

The following districts had multiple incumbent representatives running, a product of multiple districts merging in redistricting.

1. Florida 2:Neal Dunn (R) defeatedAl Lawson (D)^[131]
2. Georgia 7:Lucy McBath (D) defeatedCarolyn Bourdeaux (D)^[132]
3. Illinois 6:Sean Casten (D) defeatedMarie Newman (D)^[133]
4. Illinois 15:Mary Miller (R) defeatedRodney Davis (R)^[134]
5. Michigan 11:Haley Stevens (D) defeatedAndy Levin (D)^[135]
6. New York 12:Jerry Nadler (D) defeatedCarolyn Maloney (D)^[136]
7. Texas 34:Vicente Gonzalez (D) defeatedMayra Flores (R)^[137]
8. West Virginia 2:Alex Mooney (R) defeatedDavid McKinley (R)^[138]

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Of the 435 districts created in the 2020 redistricting, eighteen had no incumbent representative.

This is a list of House seats where the winner of the2020 presidential election and the incumbent in the district were from different parties. The results for the 2020 elections accounted for redistricting and was representative of the new district boundaries.^[140]

This is a list of districts that voted for Trump in 2020 but had a Democratic incumbent:

1. Alaska at-large (Trump +10.1,Mary Peltola (D) won re-election)
2. Arizona 2 (Trump +7.9,Tom O'Halleran (D) lost re-election)
3. Iowa 3 (Trump +0.3,Cindy Axne (D) lost re-election)
4. Maine 2 (Trump +6.1,Jared Golden (D) won re-election)
5. Ohio 9 (Trump +2.9,Marcy Kaptur (D) won re-election)
6. Pennsylvania 8 (Trump +2.9,Matt Cartwright (D) won re-election)

This is a list of districts that voted for Biden in 2020 but had a Republican incumbent:

1. Arizona 1 (Biden +1.5,David Schweikert (R) won re-election)
2. California 22 (Biden +12.9,David Valadao (R) won re-election)
3. California 27 (Biden +12.4,Mike Garcia (R) won re-election)
4. California 40 (Biden +1.9,Young Kim (R) won re-election)
5. California 45 (Biden +6.2,Michelle Steel (R) won re-election)
6. Nebraska 2 (Biden +6.3,Don Bacon (R) won re-election)
7. New Mexico 2 (Biden +5.9,Yvette Herrell (R) lost re-election)
8. Ohio 1 (Biden +8.5,Steve Chabot (R) lost re-election)
9. Pennsylvania 1 (Biden +4.6,Brian Fitzpatrick (R) won re-election)
10. Texas 34 (Biden +15.7,Mayra Flores (R) lost re-election)

Seventy-four races were decided by 10% or lower.

In February 2022,The Guardian reported that "America is poised to have a staggeringly low number of competitive seats in the US House, an alarming trend that makes it harder to govern and exacerbates political polarization." The 2020 redistricting cycle resulted in 94% of the U.S. House running in relatively safe seats, often due togerrymandering.^[141][142]

There were nine special elections in 2022 to the117th United States Congress, listed here by date and district.

District		Incumbent				Candidates[d]
Location	2022 PVI[154]	Member	Party	First elected	Status
Arizona 1	R+2	David Schweikert Redistricted from the6th district	Republican	2010	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YDavid Schweikert (Republican) 50.4% ▌Jevin Hodge (Democratic) 49.6%
Arizona 2	R+6	Tom O'Halleran Redistricted from the1st district	Democratic	2016	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌YEli Crane (Republican) 53.9% ▌Tom O'Halleran (Democratic) 46.1%
Arizona 3	D+24	Ruben Gallego Redistricted from the7th district	Democratic	2014	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YRuben Gallego (Democratic) 77.0% ▌Jeff Zink (Republican) 23.0%
Arizona 4	D+2	Greg Stanton Redistricted from the9th district	Democratic	2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YGreg Stanton (Democratic) 56.1% ▌Kelly Cooper (Republican) 43.9%
Arizona 5	R+11	Andy Biggs	Republican	2016	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YAndy Biggs (Republican) 56.7% ▌Javier Ramos (Democratic) 37.4% ▌Clint Smith (Independent) 5.9%
Arizona 6	R+3	Ann Kirkpatrick Redistricted from the2nd district	Democratic	2008 2010(lost) 2012 2016(retired) 2018	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌YJuan Ciscomani (Republican) 50.7% ▌Kirsten Engel (Democratic) 49.3%
Arizona 7	D+15	Raúl Grijalva Redistricted from the3rd district	Democratic	2002	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YRaúl Grijalva (Democratic) 64.5% ▌Luis Pozzolo (Republican) 35.5%
Arizona 8	R+10	Debbie Lesko	Republican	2018(special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YDebbie Lesko (Republican) 100%
Arizona 9	R+16	Paul Gosar Redistricted from the4th district	Republican	2010	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YPaul Gosar (Republican) 100%

California lost its 53rd district following the 2020 census.

Colorado gained its 8th district following the 2020 census.

Florida gained its 28th district following the 2020 census.