2022 Philippine general election

← 2019 May 9, 2022 2025 →
Registered	67,523,697
Turnout	56,028,855 (82.98%8.67pp from 2019)
Presidential election
← 2016 2028 →
Candidate Bongbong Marcos Leni Robredo Manny Pacquiao Party PFP Independent[a] PROMDI Alliance UniTeam TRoPa MP3 Running mate Sara Duterte Francis Pangilinan Lito Atienza Popular vote 31,629,783 15,035,773 3,663,113 Percentage 58.77% 27.94% 6.81%
President before election Rodrigo Duterte PDP–Laban Elected President Bongbong Marcos PFP
Vice presidential election
← 2016 2028 →
Candidate Sara Duterte Francis Pangilinan Tito Sotto Party Lakas Liberal NPC Alliance UniTeam TRoPa Reporma–NPC Popular vote 32,208,417 9,329,207 8,251,267 Percentage 61.53% 17.82% 15.67%
Vice President before election Leni Robredo Liberal Elected Vice President Sara Duterte Lakas
Senate election
← 2019 2025 →
12 of the 24 seats of theSenate of the Philippines 13 seats needed for a majority
Alliance UniTeam Reporma–NPC TRoPa Seats won 4+2 guests 3+1 guest 1+2 guests Popular vote 120,752,210 82,579,024 53,753,651 Percentage 27.95% 19.12% 12.44%
House of Representatives elections
← 2019 2025 →
All 316 seats of theHouse of Representatives of the Philippines 159 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/– PDP–Laban 22.77 66 −16 Nacionalista 13.75 36 −6 NUP 12.66 33 +8 NPC 11.72 35 −2 Lakas 9.22 26 +14 Liberal 3.79 10 −8 Others 26.09 47 +20 Party-list — 63 +2 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Speaker before Speaker after Lord Allan Velasco PDP–Laban Martin Romualdez Lakas

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The2022 Philippine general election took place on May 9, 2022, for the executive and legislative branches of government at every level – national, provincial, and local – except for thebarangay officials.

At the top of the ballot is theelection for the successors to PresidentRodrigo Duterte and Vice PresidentLeni Robredo. There were also elections for:^[1]

• 12 seats of theSenate
• All 316 seats of theHouse of Representatives
• All 81 governors and vice governors, and 782 seats of theprovincial boards in allprovinces
• All 146 city mayors and vice mayors, and 1,650 seats of thecity councils in allcities
• All 1,488 municipal mayors and vice mayors, and 11,908 seats of themunicipal councils in allmunicipalities

The first election of theBangsamoro Parliament was scheduled to be held on the same date, but was rescheduled to 2025.

This is the first election inDavao de Oro under that name, as it was renamed from Compostela Valley in December 2019after a successful plebiscite.

In September 2020, PresidentRodrigo Duterte appointed lawyer Michael Peloton as commissioner, filling in for the seat vacated byLuie Tito Guia's retirement. As this was a regular appointment as opposed to an ad interim one made when Congress is in recess, Peloton had to be confirmed by theCommission on Appointments before he could take office.^[2] In November, Duterte appointedDavao del Norte election supervisorAimee Ferolino-Ampoloquio to the seat vacated by Al Parreño.^[3]

By October 2021, there were reports that Duterte would appoint Melvin Matibag, the secretary-general of thePDP–Laban faction preferred by the former, as chairman. Matibag denied he knew about talks of him being appointed as chairman.^[4] Several weeks later, Duterte appointed Rey Bulay, chief prosecutor ofManila, as commissioner, with a term ending in 2027, replacing Peloton, who was rejected by the Commission on Appointments.^[5] Bulay was accepted by the Commission on Appointments on December 1.^[6]

ChairmanSheriff Abas and commissionersRowena Guanzon andAntonio Kho Jr. retired on February 2, 2022.^[7] Over a month later, acting presidential spokespersonMartin Andanar announced the appointments ofSaidamen Balt Pangarungan as chairman, and George Erwin Garcia and Aimee Neri as commissioners.^[8] Garcia, who lists presidential candidateBongbong Marcos as a previous client, promised to inhibit (i.e., recuse) himself from cases involving his former clients, including Marcos.^[9]

Voter registration began on January 20, 2020, and was scheduled to end on September 30, 2021. The commission expects 4.3 million eligible voters to register. Registration was suspended in some areas inCavite,Laguna andBatangas due to theTaal Volcano eruption, and inMakilala, Cotabato due toan earthquake.^[10] However, even before registration for 2022 opened, many voters enrolled early between August 1 and September 30, 2019, ahead of thebarangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections. These were initially scheduled for May 11, 2020, but were eventually postponed after the general election to December 5, 2022.^[11][12]

On March 10, 2020, the commission suspended voter registration in the entire country due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.^[13] By June, the commission announced its initial resumption on July 1.^[14] However, the commission suspended voter registration anew up to August 31.^[15] The commission later stated on August 15 that voter registration would resume on September 1 in areas undergeneral community quarantine (GCQ) or modified general community quarantine (MGCQ). Areas under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) and modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) will have their registration suspended.^[16]

Registration in the province ofPalawan was also suspended due to theplebiscite to divide it into three provinces on March 13, 2021.^[17] The plebiscite was originally set for May 11, 2020, but was rescheduled due to the pandemic.^[18][19]

In some areas, almost eight months of voter registration were lost due to lockdowns.^[20] There were calls to extend voter registration after September 30, 2021, but the commission rejected this, saying that this will delay other election-related activities.^[21] The commission instead allowed voter registration to continue in areas under MECQ starting on September 6, with longer hours and in malls.^[22]

With barely a week before the close of registration, the Senate passed a bill onsecond reading extending registration for another month.^[23] The House of Representatives passed a similar bill days later, also on second reading.^[24] Earlier, both chambers separately passed resolutions urging the commission to extend registration,^[25] while the Senate threatened to cut the commission's 2022 budget if registration was not extended.^[26] On the eve of the end of registration, Sheriff Abas announced that they approved extending registration from October 11 to 30 for voters in the Philippines, and from October 1 to 14 for overseas voters.^[27] On the same day, President Duterte signed into law extending registration for 30 days from when it was made effective.^[28]

After extended registration ended, the commission announced that 400,000 people registered in October.^[29] The commission tallied 65,745,529 voters in the Philippines, withCalabarzon being theregion with the most voters, with 9.1 million. The total was almost 4 million more compared to2019.^[30] By January 2022, the commission announced that they will print 67,442,714 ballots, with 1,697,202 of these for overseasabsentee voting.^[31] The commission later released per-location total of registered voters, withCebu (includingindependent cities associated with it) as the most vote-richprovince,Quezon City as the most vote-richcity, and Calabarzon as the most vote-rich region.^[32]

In connection to the2021 Southeast Asian Games which were held in Vietnam from May 12 to 23, 2022, thePhilippine Sports Commission lobbied the commission to allow the participants to vote as local absentee voters. The commission denied the request, saying that unless a participant is a government official or employee, a member of either thePhilippine National Police orArmed Forces of the Philippines who was assigned in places where one is not a voter, or media covering the games, the athlete cannot vote as a local absentee voter.^[33]

Camarines Sur RepresentativeLuis Raymund Villafuerte proposed to use a hybrid electoral system in 2022, or manual counting of votes, then electronic transmission of results. This is in contrast to the automated counting and transmission systemused since 2010. He cited 40 lawsuits on the current system used by the Commission on Elections as evidence to shift away from automated counting of votes.^[34] President Rodrigo Duterte suggested junkingSmartmatic as the automation partner for future elections because of problems from theprevious election.^[35] However, Smartmatic expressed its interest to participate in future elections.^[36] In May 2021, the commission awarded the contract to conduct automated elections, specifically the software that will be used in the voting machines, to Smartmatic.^[37][38]

Administration of logistics related to the election was awarded toF2 Logistics in August 2021.^[39] A former commissioner questioned the deal because of the company's association withDennis Uy, who donated toDuterte's 2016 presidential campaign.^[40] The commission stated that the deal with F2 Logistics is legal and valid.^[41]

In April 2020,COMELEC Commissioner Rowena Guanzon proposedvoting by mail as an option in the elections, mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[42] By May 2021, Commissioner Antonio Kho Jr. said that voting hours would be extended, as the eight-hour timeframe given for previous elections could not be used any longer. As for multiple days of voting, Kho said that only a law passed by Congress would allow that to happen.^[43]

SenatorMigz Zubiri, in aprivileged speech, disclosed that he commissioned aPulse Asia survey in July 2021 which said that 46% of voters will not vote ifCOVID-19 cases in theirbarangay are high on election day, with 35% willing to vote and 19% undecided. Zubiri questioned if the public would accept the results if less than a majority of voters turned out to vote.^[44]

The 1987Constitution of the Philippines states thatunless otherwise provided by law, the election of members of Congress is held on the second Monday of May.^[45] According to Republic Act No. 7166, the election for national, provincial, city and municipal positions are held on the second Monday of May, since 1992, and every three years thereafter, with the president and vice president being elected in six-year intervals.^[46] It has been three years since the 2019 general election and six years since the2016 presidential election, and with no law postponing the election to date,^[when?] this meant that the election was scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022.

However, some congressmen and government officials suggested postponing the election due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.^[47][48][49] Sherriff Abas, the chairman of the commission, said that it had not entered their minds, that the terms are fixed, adding that they are planning on having the vote over two days.^[50] Postponement is only possible if Congress passes a law permitting such, and if it is approved by the people in a plebiscite. The commission has no part in scheduling the election outside from what is mandated by the constitution.^[51]

A group called Coalition for Life and Democracy petitioned the commission to postpone the elections due to the ongoing pandemic. The group conceded that only Congress can postpone the election, and that their petition contained different dates to hold the election: the body of the petition called for it to be rescheduled to May 2023, but the prayer in it called for May 2025.^[52] Another petition that would affect the election's date was filed on December 31 by the Cusi wing of PDP–Laban. Their petition aimed to re-open the filing of candidacies, and to suspend the printing of ballots.^[53] The commission tackled both petitions, and announced that both were unanimously dismissed on January 12.^[54]

In November 2020, the 80-personBangsamoro Parliament passed a resolution urging Congress to extend the transition from June 2022 to 2025. If Congress agreed, no election would be held.^[55] By July 2021, Senator Migz Zubiri said that postponing the Bangsamoro election to 2025 is likely.^[56] In September, the Senate passed a bill postponing the election to 2025.^[57] A few days later, the House of Representatives passed their own version of the bill.^[57] As the two bills are different, they had to be reconciled before being sent to President Duterte for his signature.^[58] Theconference committee approved the Senate version, giving the winner of the 2022 presidential election the power of appointing the next transitional parliament.^[59] Duterte then signed the bill into law, postponing the election to 2025.^[60]

In the Philippines, congressional and local elections, excluding the regional and barangay levels, have been synchronized to be held on the second Monday of May every three years, starting in 1992. Presidents and vice presidents have six-year terms, so they are only elected on even-numbered years (1992, 1998, and so on). Elections where the presidency is not on the ballot are calledmidterm elections, and occur on odd-numbered years (1995, 2001, and so on).

Every seat up for election is voted on separately. Since 2010, general elections have beenautomated, with voters shading an oval next to their chosen candidate.^[61] For executive positions, elections are decided via thefirst-past-the-post voting (FPTP) system, where the voter has one choice. Elections to the Senate and local legislatures are held viamultiple non-transferable vote, where the voter hasx number of choices depending on the number of seats up for election (12 in the case of the Senate), and thex candidates with the highest number of votes win. For House elections, each voter hastwo votes, one via FPTP, and the other via a modifiedparty-list proportional representation system.^[62]

Elections are organized, run, and adjudicated by theCommission on Elections (COMELEC), an independent governmental body. Appeals are allowed under certain conditions to theRegional Trial Courts, theCongress, or theSupreme Court, sitting as theHouse of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, theSenate Electoral Tribunal, or thePresidential Electoral Tribunal depending on the election being appealed.

The election calendar was published by COMELEC in February 2021:^[63]

Ballot printing was initially scheduled to start on January 15, 2022.^[65] However, technical issues hounded the printing, and the commission postponed it to January 17,^[66] and then to January 19.^[67] The commission started printing ballots on January 20, 2022.^[68]

As this was a presidential election year, presidential candidates could endorse a running mate for vice president, a senatorial slate, district and party-list representatives, and local officials, who may not necessarily be of the same party or coalition. According to Joy Aceron, an academic from the Ateneo De Manila University, political parties in the Philippines have been described as "temporary political alliances", or it is argued that there are no parties at all, merely "fan clubs of politicians".Party-switching is not uncommon, and the dependence of parties on personalities instead of issues is seen as a factor of why this is so.^[69][70]

The following table is sorted by which party holds the presidency, vice presidency, number of House seats, and number of Senate seats.

National political conventions and assemblies were held to nominate candidates for the upcoming election.^[95] The PDP–Laban's two factions held separate conventions. On September 8, 2021, the Cusi faction held their national convention inSan Fernando, Pampanga, where they selected SenatorBong Go as their presidential nominee and incumbent President Rodrigo Duterte as his running mate. They also nominated eight people for senator.^[96] The opposing faction led by Pimentel held their convention in Quezon City on September 19. Senator Manny Pacquiao was nominated as their presidential candidate.^[97] On the same day, the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP) held their own convention, nominating former Senator Bongbong Marcos as their presidential candidate.^[94] He was also nominated by theKilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) at their convention on September 24.^[98] National democracy coalition Makabayan held its assembly on September 27 and nominated members for its party lists.^[99] The Aksyon Demokratiko party also held their convention on September 27 in Manila, selecting Manila Mayor Isko Moreno andWillie Ong as their standard bearers for the presidential and vice presidential elections respectively.^[91] Aksyon also nominated two people for Senate. PROMDI held their national convention inCebu City on the same day, nominating Pacquiao for president and approving an electoral alliance with the Pimentel faction of PDP–Laban.^[93] On September 28, two labor parties,Labor Party Philippines (LPP) and Partido Lakas ng Manggagawang Pilipino (PLMP), held their political convention inMabalacat. This convention nominated Marcos for president, approved an electoral alliance between LPP and PLMP, endorsed theAsenso Manileño party list, and approved partnerships between LPP and KBL and PFP. ThePartido Lakas ng Masa (PLM) held their national convention on the same day and nominated labor leaderLeody de Guzman for president.^[100] Former Akbayan representativeWalden Bello was eventually chosen to be his running mate.^[101]

Some of the results of the national conventions were noticeably not followed. For the Cusi faction of the PDP–Laban, Go declined to run for president, and Duterte, who originally accepted the nomination,^[102] changed his mind and announced his retirement from politics.^[103] In the end, Go became the vice presidential nominee,^[104] whileRonald dela Rosa was named their presidential nominee.^[105] Pacquiao ran under the PROMDI party instead of PDP–Laban, after the Pimentel faction forged an electoral alliance with them.^[106][107] Marcos, who was nominated by at least four parties, chose to run under the PFP.^[108] The Makabayan bloc would also later endorse incumbent VP Robredo and Senator Francis Pangilinan as their presidential and vice presidential candidates respectively.^[109]

In the flurry of substitutions prior to the deadline, Duterte and Go, erstwhile PDP–Laban politicians, were to run under thePederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan as senator and president respectively, to avoid legal complications amidst theongoing dispute in PDP–Laban.^[110] Go announced his withdrawal from the presidential election on November 30, 2021.^[111]

The Philippines is amulti-party democracy. This means parties enter into coalitions and alliances with each other prior to, during, and after elections in order to be part of the government. These coalitions are ordered by formalization date.

Coalition		Parties		Presidential ticket		Senatorial slate
				President	Vice president
	MP3 Alliance Formalized September 18, 2021[112]		PDP–Laban Pimentel wing	Manny Pacquiao PROMDI	Lito Atienza PROMDI	Lutgardo Barbo (PDP–Laban) Jejomar Binay (UNA) Neri Colmenares (Makabayan) JV Ejercito (NPC) Chiz Escudero (NPC) Win Gatchalian (NPC) Dick Gordon (Bagumbayan–VNP) Elmer Labog (Makabayan) Loren Legarda (NPC) Raffy Tulfo (Independent) Joel Villanueva (Independent) Migz Zubiri (Independent)
			PROMDI
			People's Champ Movement
	Tuloy ang Pagbabago coalition Formalized September 23, 2021[113]		PDP–Laban Cusi wing	none	Sara Duterte Lakas–CMD	Greco Belgica (PDDS) John Castriciones (PDP–Laban) Gregorio Honasan (Independent) Rey Langit (PDP–Laban) Rodante Marcoleta (PDP–Laban) Robin Padilla (PDP–Laban) Salvador Panelo (PDP–Laban) Astravel Pimentel-Naik (PDP–Laban) Mark Villar (Nacionalista)
			Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan (PDDS)
	UniTeam Formalized November 25, 2021[114]		Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP)	Bongbong Marcos PFP		Herbert Bautista (NPC) Jinggoy Estrada (PMP) Larry Gadon (KBL) Win Gatchalian (NPC) Gregorio Honasan (Independent) Loren Legarda (NPC) Rodante Marcoleta (PDP–Laban) Robin Padilla (PDP–Laban) Harry Roque (PRP) Gilbert Teodoro (PRP) Mark Villar (Nacionalista) Migz Zubiri (Independent)
			Lakas–CMD
			Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP)
			Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP)
	Team Robredo–Pangilinan		Liberal Party (LP)	Leni Robredo Independent	Francis Pangilinan Liberal	Teddy Baguilat (Liberal) Jejomar Binay (UNA) Leila de Lima (Liberal) Chel Diokno (KANP) Francis Escudero (NPC) Dick Gordon (Bagumbayan–VNP) Risa Hontiveros (Akbayan) Alex Lacson (Ang Kapatiran) Sonny Matula (Independent) Antonio Trillanes (Liberal) Joel Villanueva (Independent)
			Akbayan
			Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KANP)
			Ang Kapatiran
	Laban ng Masa		Partido Lakas ng Masa (PLM)	Leody de Guzman PLM	Walden Bello PLM	Teddy Baguilat (Liberal) Roy Cabonegro [ceb] (PLM) Neri Colmenares (Makabayan) David D'Angelo [ceb] (PLM) Leila de Lima (Liberal) Chel Diokno (KANP) Luke Espíritu [es] (BMP) Risa Hontiveros (Akbayan) Elmer Labog (Makabayan) Sonny Matula (Independent)
			Sanlakas

Laura del Rosario, former Undersecretary for International Economic Affairs, alleged that to ensure a pro-Chinese leader is elected, multiple candidates would be clandestinely supported byChina, and encouraged the public to reject these "Manchurian candidates".^[115] China was involved interritorial disputes with the Philippines throughout the election period. Rodrigo Duterte's office described former Secretary of Foreign AffairsAlbert del Rosario's allegation that he received support from China in 2016 as nonsensical.^[116]

Substitution of candidates aside from death or illness is allowed in the Philippines, under the Omnibus Election Code. A substitute can replace a withdrawn candidate only on COMELEC's set schedule; for death or disqualification, the substitute can replace the original candidate until midday on election day.^[117] Notably, incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte was a substitute in 2016.^[118] Deputy speakerRufus Rodriguez proposed to ban such substitutions, and to reimpose the old rule that requires candidates to resign from any political positions they hold when running for a different position.^[119] The commission promised to be firm on rules regarding substitution after Sara Duterte missed the deadline to file for presidential candidacy.^[120]

On January 10, 2022, theManila Bulletin published an article alleging that COMELEC's servers were hacked by a group who downloaded more than 60 gigabytes of data containing usernames and passwords for thevote-counting machines (VCMs), and other sensitive information.^[121] The commission initially denied its servers were breached and asserted that their system has not yet been connected to any network and no PINs have been generated.^[122] Following the report, theNational Bureau of Investigation (NBI) launched its own investigation into the incident.^[123] Another investigation by theDepartment of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) asserted that it was not COMELEC that was hacked, but its software contractor, Smartmatic.^[124] A public hearing was held by the Senate. On March 17, 2022 after the Senate's executive session with COMELEC officials, senatorsImee Marcos and Tito Sotto revealed that Smartmatic was breached after an employee allowed a group to copy data from a company-issued laptop.^[125][126] The commission later met with Smartmatic officials on March 31.^[127] On April 1, COMELEC confirmed the Smartmatic breach, but clarified that the leaked data was not related to the elections, and theSD cards for the VCMs were not compromised.^[128]

Even before election day, multiple cases of gun violence and attacks were reported in different areas of the country. InIlocos Sur, a shoot-out led to 2 injuries.

COMELEC placed the following areas under strict control. Once an area is placed under the commission's control, it has direct supervision over officials and employees, and full control over law enforcement agencies guarding the area. Prior to the release of the initial two places, the commission withheld releasing a list of such areas because it had not yet been validated.^[129] Most of the places under commission control are located inMindanao.

• Malabang, inLanao del Sur, due to a "recent spate of killings"^[129]
• Tubaran, Lanao del Sur, which has a history of election-related violence^[129]
• The following places inBangsamoro, upon recommendation of the police, military, and regional election director:^[130]
  • Marawi, Lanao del Sur
  • Maguing, Lanao del Sur
  • Buluan, inMaguindanao
  • Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao
  • Datu Piang, Maguindanao
  • Mangudadatu, Maguindanao
  • Pandag, Maguindanao
  • Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
• Misamis Occidental, for security and safety concerns^[131]
• Pilar, inAbra, upon petition of its mayor^[131]

On the election day itself, several separate incidents of grenade explosions were reported in the Maguindanaon towns ofDatu Unsay andShariff Aguak, which resulted in nine minor injuries.^[132] In Buluan in the same province, a shooting led to the deaths of three guards.^[133][134] In Datu Piang, six were hurt when a grenade exploded in front of a polling center.^[135]

One day after the elections, escalating protests at theButig town hall in Lanao del Sur resulted in multiple injuries and damage to the hall's windows. The AFP calmed down the situation after sending additional personnel to the area. Accusations of electoral cheating by bringing VCMs into the hall as well as allegations of ballot fraud were seen as the primary reasons for the conflict between the two camps in the mayoral race.

Out of the 106,174 VCMs used in the elections,^[136] about 1,800 malfunctioned in election day. Commissioner George Garcia listed the common issues that the VCMs encountered as follows:^[137]

• 940 VCMs had a paper jam
• 606 VCMs rejected ballots
• 158 VCMs had scanner issues
• 87 VCMs were not printing
• 76 VCMs were not printing properly

The affected VCMs were repaired by technicians and only ten faulty machines needed to be replaced.

Voters in several precincts complained about the ordeal and many of them exceeded the allotted voting time during election day due to delays and machine malfunctions. Many were told to leave their ballots for the precinct director to scan, with some required to sign awaiver. This resulted in dismay from voters with many rejecting the offer. Some ballots which were successfully entered into the VCMs were reportedly not counted after the machine broke down requiring a designated technician to repair or replace it. COMELEC then ordered a temporary time extension for the precincts encountering problems.

According tonational security adviserHermogenes Esperon Jr., there were more than 20,000 attempts to hack the VCM system and automated fraud attempts but all were prevented. Esperon also noted that the number of malfunctioning VCMs did not reach one percent of the total number of VCMs that were used during the elections, signifying that the system was effective.^[138]

The International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines (ICHRP), a global human rights group, released its final report in June 2022. The report said the elections failed to meet the standards of "free, honest, and fair" voting, citing reports of human rights violations and fraud. The ICHRP recommended the restructuring of COMELEC and replacing VCMs for future elections.^[149]

Campaigning for nationally elected positions began on February 8, 2022. COMELEC, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, prohibited entering houses, kissing and hugging, and taking selfies with voters. Campaigns also required approval from the local elections office before being allowed to start. The commission also set up aFacebook page for its e-rallies, allowing candidates and parties a limited time to campaign.^[150] With most of the country being placed in Alert Level 1, the commission recalibrated its rules on March 16, increasing the capacity for venues and removing the need for permits for localities in levels 1 and 2.^[151]

The commission, as mandated by the Fair Elections Act, also banned campaign paraphernalia outside the common posting areas in every locality, in public spaces, and in private property without the owner's consent.^[152]

The Philippine National Police startedOplan Baklas (lit. 'operation plan remove') on the first day of campaigning.^[153] TheLeni Robredo presidential campaign, citing the arbitrary application of the law, was considering legal action in response to the actions of the authorities, as they removed campaign materials from private property. This followed the removal of campaign materials from their media center in Quezon City, and from theirSantiago, Isabela campaign headquarters.^[154] Interior SecretaryEduardo Año defended the police actions, saying that private property owners were notified of the violations before the campaign materials were removed.^[155]1Sambayan cited theDiocese of Bacolod v. COMELECSupreme Court case, which states "COMELEC [has] no legal basis to regulate expressions made by private citizens."^[156] On March 8, the Supreme Court issued arestraining order against the operation.^[157]

One day after the elections, theMMDA and severalLGUs conducted widespread enforcement, removing campaign posters and electoral paraphernalia. Posters near schools and government buildings were prioritized for clearance ahead of incoming classes. A week after the election, the MMDA had removed more than 470 tons of campaign material.^[158]

In March 2024, almost two years after the election, the Supreme Court ruledOplan Baklas, as it pertains to removal of campaign materials in private property, as unconstitutional, citing the aforementioned Diocese of Bacolod v. COMELEC case as precedent.^[159]

These are the candidates for national-level positions, except for party list candidates:

COMELEC announced that there would be 18,180 posts up for election, including the 80 seats that would have been contested in the Bangsamoro Parliament.^[1] The commission then announced that there will be 18,100 posts up, with a total of 47,853 candidates running across all posts.^[160]

Overseas absentee voting began on April 10 and ended on May 9, election day in the Philippines. There were about 1.6 million registered voters outside the country.^[161]

The commission declared the winners for all positions except for president and vice president, who were declared by Congress.

The presidential election determined the successor of Rodrigo Duterte, who was term-limited and thus could not run for re-election. COMELEC released the official list of candidates on January 18, 2022, with 10 candidates listed on the final ballot.^[162][163]

Bongbong Marcos was elected with over 31 million votes.^[164][165]

The vice presidential election determined the successor of Leni Robredo, who was eligible for a second term but decided to run for president. COMELEC released the official list of candidates on January 18, 2022.^[163] There were nine candidates on the ballot.

Sara Duterte, daughter of outgoing president Rodrigo Duterte, was elected with over 32 million votes.^[164]

Members of the19th Congress of the Philippines were elected in this election.

One half of the senators, or 12 of 24 seats in theSenate, last contested in2016, were up for election. Those elected in 2019 were joined by the winners of this election to serve in the 19th Congress. There were 178 people who filed to run for Senate,^[160] and the final ballot included 64 names.^[166]

Among the senators-elect, four were reelected, five returned to the Senate, and three including top vote-winner Robin Padilla were new.^[167] Migz Zubiri was elected Senate President.^[168]

All 316 seats in theHouse were up for election, an increase of 12 seats from the outgoing18th Congress. There are now 253congressional districts, each electing one representative, and 63 seats elected via theparty-list system on a nationwide vote.^[1] There were 733 people who filed to run in congressional districts.^[160] A total of 177 parties contested the party-list election.^[169]

After the election, allies of President-elect Bongbong Marcos obtained a supermajority in the House.^[170] Martin Romauldez, a cousin of Marcos, was subsequently elected Speaker.^[171]

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	PDP–Laban	10,950,696	22.77	−8.45	66	−16
	Nacionalista Party	6,610,876	13.75	−2.35	36	−6
	National Unity Party	6,087,288	12.66	+3.15	33	+8
	Nationalist People's Coalition	5,637,211	11.72	−2.59	35	−2
	Lakas–CMD	4,432,113	9.22	+4.11	26	+14
	Liberal Party	1,823,426	3.79	−1.94	10	−8
	Hugpong ng Pagbabago	1,223,815	2.54	+0.93	6	+3
	People's Reform Party	942,719	1.96	+1.62	3	+2
	Aksyon Demokratiko	868,668	1.81	+0.83	0	0
	Partido Pilipino sa Pagbabago	503,827	1.05	New	0	0
	Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma	478,031	0.99	New	2	New
	Partido Federal ng Pilipinas	458,038	0.95	−1.43	2	−3
	Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan	426,451	0.89	+0.25	2	New
	National Unity Party/One Cebu	423,818	0.88	New	2	New
	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	373,988	0.78	+0.16	1	−1
	Bukidnon Paglaum	336,266	0.70	−0.13	2	0
	Unang Sigaw	313,521	0.65	+0.35	0	0
	United Bangsamoro Justice Party	292,110	0.61	New	0	0
	PROMDI	288,049	0.60	New	0	0
	National Unity Party/United Negros Alliance	254,355	0.53	New	2	New
	Padayon Pilipino	245,206	0.51	+0.27	2	New
	Aksyon Demokratiko/Asenso Manileño	240,559	0.50	New	3	New
	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	213,950	0.44	+0.36	0	0
	People's Champ Movement	204,076	0.42	New	1	New
	Nacionalista Party/Bileg Ti Ilokano	201,418	0.42	New	1	New
	National Unity Party/Asenso Manileño	165,577	0.34	New	2	New
	Sulong Zambales Party	144,060	0.30	New	1	New
	Mindoro bago Sarili	142,095	0.30	New	1	New
	Basilan Unity Party	137,976	0.29	New	1	New
	Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines	128,134	0.27	+0.07	1	0
	United Benguet Party	123,801	0.26	New	1	New
	Partido Pederal ng Maharlika	104,588	0.22	New	0	0
	Bigkis Pinoy Movement	94,571	0.20	New	0	0
	Nationalist People's Coalition/Asenso Manileño	90,075	0.19	New	1	New
	Partido Navoteño	79,505	0.17	−0.03	1	0
	Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas	78,029	0.16	+0.02	0	0
	Lakas–CMD/United Negros Alliance	76,115	0.16	New	0	New
	Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod	73,796	0.15	−0.34	0	−1
	Adelante Zamboanga Party	73,785	0.15	+0.08	1	New
	Samahang Kaagapay ng Agilang Pilipino	73,346	0.15	New	0	0
	Partidong Pagbabago ng Palawan	71,986	0.15	−0.31	0	−2
	Reform Party	70,116	0.15	New	0	0
	United Nationalist Alliance	68,572	0.14	−0.43	1	New
	Partido Prosperidad y Amor para na Zamboanga	67,133	0.14	New	0	0
	Lingkod ng Mamamayan ng Valenzuela City	50,599	0.11	New	0	0
	Labor Party Philippines	50,150	0.10	+0.08	0	0
	Achievers with Integrity Movement	48,462	0.10	New	0	0
	PDP–Laban/Partido Siquijodnon	33,989	0.07	New	1	New
	Ummah Party	29,043	0.06	New	0	0
	Ang Kapatiran	17,484	0.04	New	0	0
	Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino	10,642	0.02	−0.96	0	−1
	Partido Lakas ng Masa	5,223	0.01	New	0	0
	Philippine Green Republican Party	4,856	0.01	+0.01	0	0
	Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino	4,370	0.01	−0.28	0	0
	Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi	2,295	0.00	New	0	0
	Bagumbayan–VNP	1,607	0.00	−0.08	0	0
	Independent	2,137,093	4.44	−0.53	6	+4
Party-list seats					63	+2
Total		48,089,548	100.00	–	316	+12
Valid votes		48,089,548	86.98	+0.64
Invalid/blank votes		7,201,273	13.02	−0.64
Total votes		55,290,821	100.00	–
Registered voters/turnout		65,745,526	84.10	+8.20
Source: COMELEC (Results per individual province/city,election day turnout,absentee turnout

Local elections above the barangay level were held along with the national elections:^[1]

• All 81 governors and vice governors, and 782 seats to provincial boards in all provinces
• All 146 city mayors and vice mayors, and 1,650 seats to city councils in all cities
• All 1,488 municipal mayors and vice mayors, and 11,908 seats to municipal councils in all municipalities

• A "two joints" hand gesture in support of Isko Moreno went viral during the campaign^[179]
• A chant in support of Leni Robredo called "Ang Presidente, Bise Presidente" was turned into a song byGabriel Valenciano^[180]
• "Bagong Pagsilang", a march commissioned in 1973 during thepresidency of Ferdinand Marcos, was re-released in 2022 with a new version for Bongbong Marcos's campaign^[181]
• Yorme: The Isko Domagoso Story, a biographical film about Isko Moreno, was released in January 2022^[182]