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400 seats in theChamber (C) · 200 seats in theSenate (S) 201 seats needed for a majority in theChamber 104 seats needed for a majority in theSenate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 46,021,956(C) · 45,210,950 (S) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 29,385,111 (C) · 63.85% ( 9.09pp)28,850,840 (S) · 63.81% ( 9.20pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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  Election results maps by constituencies for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Early general elections were held inItaly on 25 September 2022. After thefall of the Draghi government, which led to a parliamentary impasse,PresidentSergio Mattarella dissolved Parliament on 21 July, and called for new elections.[1]Regional elections in Sicily were held on the same day. The results of the general election showed thecentre-right coalition led byGiorgia Meloni'sBrothers of Italy, anational-conservative party,[2][3][4] winning anabsolute majority of seats in theItalian Parliament.[5] Meloni was appointedPrime Minister of Italy on 22 October, becoming the first woman to hold the office.[6]
In a record-lowvoter turnout,[5][7][8] Meloni's party became the largest in Parliament with 26% of the vote;[9] as per the pre-election agreement among the centre-right coalition parties, she became the prime ministerial candidate supported by the winning coalition.[5] TheLeague andForza Italia suffered losses, polling 8% each, andUs Moderates polled below 1%. Thecentre-left coalition slightly improved its 2018 results in terms of vote share and seats in percentage with theDemocratic Party polling 19% and theGreens and Left Alliance passing the 3% threshold;More Europe andCivic Commitment failed to reach the election threshold. TheFive Star Movement defied single-digit polls before the campaign and reached 15%. TheAction – Italia Viva alliance polled 7%. Among the others to be represented in Parliament were two regionalist parties:South calls North and theSouth Tyrolean People's Party. Due to theRosatellum and itsmixed electoral system usingparallel voting, the centre-right coalition was able to win an absolute majority of seats, despite receiving 44% of the votes, by winning 83% of thesingle-member districts under thefirst-past-the-post of the system.[10][11][12]
As a result of the2020 Italian constitutional referendum, the size of Parliament was reduced to 400 members of theChamber of Deputies and 200 members of theSenate of the Republic to be elected, down from 630 and 315, respectively.[13][14] In addition, the minimumvoting age for the Senate was the same as for the Chamber (18 years old and no longer 25), which marked the first time the two houses had identical electorates.[15]
Observers commented that the results shifted thegeopolitics of theEuropean Union, followingright wing populist andfar-right gains in France, Spain, and Sweden.[16][17][18][19] It was also noted that the election outcome would mark Italy's first far-right-led government and the country's most right-wing government since 1945.[8][20][21] The newly elected legislature was seated on 13 October, and proceeded to electIgnazio La Russa, a known admirer ofBenito Mussolini, andLorenzo Fontana, a strong opponent ofLGBT rights, as President of the Senate and of the Chamber of Deputies, respectively.[22][23] TheMeloni Cabinet was sworn in on 22 October,[24][25] and received parliamentary approval through two votes of confidence (one in each House of Parliament) a few days thereafter.[26][27][28]
In the2018 Italian general election, held on 4 March, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in ahung parliament.[29][30] Thecentre-right coalition, in whichMatteo Salvini'sLeague emerged as the main political force, won aplurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishmentFive Star Movement (M5S) led byLuigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. Thecentre-left coalition, led byMatteo Renzi of the governingDemocratic Party (PD), came third.[31] Due to the PD and centre-left's poor results, Renzi resigned on 12 March, his place being takenad interim byMaurizio Martina.[32][33]
The League continued the Italian nationalist turn it took into the 2018 general election. In October 2018, the League was founded as a sister party to promote Salvini's candidature asPrime Minister of Italy. Political commentators have since described it as a parallel party of the League, with the aim of politically replacing the latter, which had been burdened by a statutory debt of €49 million. The League's statute presented it as anationalist andsouverainist party.[34] On 22 January 2020, four days before the regional elections, Di Maio resigned as the M5S leader, and was replacedad interim byVito Crimi.[35]
As a result of the hung parliament, protracted negotiations were required before a new government could be formed. The talks between the M5S and League resulted in the proposal of the self-declaredgovernment of change under the leadership ofGiuseppe Conte, a university law professor close to the M5S.[36] After some bickering with PresidentSergio Mattarella,[37][38] Conte's cabinet, which was dubbed by the media the "first all-populist government" in Western Europe,[39][40][41] was sworn in on 1 June.[42]
The2019 European Parliament election was a win for the League, which obtained 34 percent of the vote and 20 seats, more than any other party in the country.[43] In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini announced amotion of no confidence against Conte after growing tensions within the majority.[44][45] Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the League's standing in theItalian Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister.[46] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which he accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest",[47] Prime Minister Conte resigned his post to President Mattarella.[48] Meanwhile, the M5S started a decline in both opinion polls, deputies and senators, and election results, starting with the 2019 European Parliament election.[49] After the meagre results, Di Maio won a vote of confidence in his leadership and pledged to reform the party.[50][51] In the general election held in March 2018, the M5S had won 227 deputies and 112 senators; by February 2022, the party had declined to 157 deputies and 62 senators, though it remained the biggest party in theparliament.[52][53]
On 21 August President Mattarella started the consultations with all theparliamentary groups. On the same day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the M5S,[47] based onpro-Europeanism, agreen economy,sustainable development, the fight againsteconomic inequality, and a newimmigration policy.[54] As the talks resulted in an unclear outcome, President Mattarella announced a second round of consultation for 27 or 28 August.[55] In the days that preceded the second round, a confrontation between the PD and the M5S started,[56] while the left-wing parliamentary group LeU announced its support for a potential M5S–PD cabinet.[57] On 28 August, the PD's newly elected secretaryNicola Zingaretti announced at theQuirinal Palace his favourable position on forming a new government with the M5S, with Conte at its head.[58] On the same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet.[59] On 3 September, members of the M5S voted on the Rousseau platform in favour of an agreement with the PD under the premiership of Conte, with more than 79% of votes out of nearly 80,000 voters.[60] On 4 September, Conte announced the ministers ofhis new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace on the following day.[61] On 18 September, Renzi left the PD to found the liberal partyItalia Viva (IV); he then joined the government with IV to keep the League and Salvini out of power.[62]
In October 2019 Parliament approved the Fraccaro Reform, named afterRiccardo Fraccaro, the M5S deputy who was the bill's first signatory.[63] The fourth and final vote in the Chamber of Deputies came on 8 October 2019, with 553 votes in favour and 14 against. In the final vote, the bill was supported by both the majority and the opposition;[64] only the liberal partyMore Europe (+E) and other small groups voted against.[65] The reform provided a cut in the number of MPs, which would shrink from 630 to 400 deputies and from 315 to 200 senators.[66] On 20–21 September 2020, Italians largely approved the reform with nearly 70% of votes through aconstitutional referendum.[67]
In January 2020, Italy became one of the countries worst affected by theCOVID-19 pandemic.[68] Conte's government was the first in theWestern world to implement anational lockdown to stop the spread of the disease.[69][70] Despite being widely approved by public opinion,[71] the lockdown was also described as the largest suppression ofconstitutional rights in thehistory of the Italian Republic.[72][73][74] In January 2021, Renzi's party Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government, starting agovernment crisis.[75] Although Conte was able to winconfidence votes in Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign due to failing to reach anabsolute majority in the Senate.[76] After negotiations to form a third Conte cabinet failed,Mario Draghi, the formerpresident of the European Central Bank, became Prime Minister on 13 February at the head of anational unity government composed of independenttechnocrats and politicians from the League, M5S, PD, FI, IV, and LeU.[77][78]Giorgia Meloni'sBrothers of Italy (FdI) was the sole main party at the opposition.[79]
In March 2021, the PD's secretary Zingaretti resigned after growing tensions within the PD, with the party's minority accusing him for the management of the government crisis.[80] Many prominent members of the party asked to former Prime MinisterEnrico Letta to become the new leader; on 14 March, he was elected as the new secretary by the PD's national assembly.[81][82] In August 2021, Conte was elected president of the M5S.[83] In February 2022, a Naples' court ruled in favour of three M5S activists, suspending Conte's presidency.[84] On 19 February, Conte appealed to the court's decision,[85] on the grounds that he was not aware of the 2018 party statute, which provided for the exclusion from voting of those who had joined the M5S for less than six months, and the voting procedure was valid.[86]
In theItalian presidential election held in late January 2022,[87][88][89] President Mattarella was re-elected, despite having ruled out a second term, after the governing parties asked him to do so when no other candidate was viable.[90][91][92]
The2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine sent shockwave through the Italian political spectrum: Prime Minister Draghi immediately pledged support for Ukraine and was rapidly joined in this by theDemocratic Party andBrothers of Italy (which abandoned its pro-Russian views and adopted an atlanticist line[93]): on 18 March theChamber of Deputies overwhelmingly approved the sending ofmilitary aid to Ukraine, followed by theSenate on 31 March 2022.[94][95] Despite having voted in favour of military aid, the Five Star Movement, the League andForza Italia later became increasingly critical of support to Ukraine, causing tensions in the majority.[96]
During summer 2022, rumours arose that M5S might withdraw its support of the national unity government, including allegations that Draghi privately criticized Conte and asked M5S founderBeppe Grillo to replace him.[97][98] This came amid tension between the M5S and the Draghi government on economic and environmental issues,[99][100] and theRusso-Ukrainian War, which also caused a split within the M5S. In June 2022, Di Maio formedTogether for the Future (IpF), which continued to support the Draghi government.[101][102]
On 12 July, Draghi stated he would resign if the M5S withdraws its support to the government.[103] On 14 July, the M5S eventually revoked the support to the government of national unity regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to contrast the2021 energy crisis. On the same day, Draghi resigned; his resignation was rejected by Mattarella.[104] On 21 July, Draghi resigned again after a new confidence vote in the Senate failed to pass with an absolute majority, following defections of the M5S, the League, and FI.[105][106][107] Mattarella accepted Draghi's resignation and asked him to remain in place to handle current affairs.[108][109]On the following day, Mattarella officially dissolved the parliament and the snap election was called for 25 September 2022.[110][111][112]
Following the dissolution of Parliament, the electoral campaign officially began. Within thecentre-left coalition, theDemocratic Party (PD) secretaryEnrico Letta ruled out an alliance withGiuseppe Conte'sFive Star Movement (M5S), which he had always advocated in the previous months. Letta said that the government crisis brought an "irreversible break" between the two parties.[113] Conte accused Letta of being "arrogant and hypocritical", and theLeague andForza Italia (FI) of "having bullied" M5S "in front of the nation", adding that M5S would run alone in this election.[114][115] Conte and M5S declared themselves to be part of theprogressive pole and to the left of PD;[116] their campaign centered around theminimum wage and in defense of thecitizens' income against right-wing criticism.[117] Letta criticized M5S for their past government with the League and anti-immigration measures.[118][119] PD ran for awealth tax, minimum wage, support for civil rights such asegalitarian marriage, a law protecting againstsexual orientation discrimination (DDL Zan),ius scholae reform to allow children of immigrants who live and study in Italy to apply for citizenship,cannabis legalization, defense of theConstitution of Italy as an anti-fascist document, and on thelesser of two evils as the only coalition that could beat the right,[120][121] in large part due the electoral law, which Letta defined as the worst ever made.[122]
On 26 July,Italian Left (SI) andGreen Europe (EV) officially launched their joint list for the upcoming election within the centre-left coalition, namedGreens and Left Alliance (AVS).[123] After a few days,Angelo Bonelli was appointed political leader of the alliance on aeco-socialist platform.[124] To their left,Power to the People (PaP),Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), and other minor left-wing and regionalist parties formed thePeople's Union (UP) coalition led byLuigi de Magistris, a former magistrate andmayor of Naples, on ananti-neoliberal platform.[125][126] On 27 July, Letta announced thatArticle One (Art.1), theItalian Socialist Party (PSI), andSolidary Democracy (DemoS) would run within PD's list,[127] whileCarlo Calenda, leader ofAction (A), revealed thatMariastella Gelmini andMara Carfagna had joined his party and would run in the upcoming election.[128] Gelmini and Carfagna were both ministers and long-time members of FI, who leftSilvio Berlusconi's party after thefall of the Draghi government.[129]
On 28 July, thecentre-right coalition, formed by Lega, FI,Brothers of Italy (FdI),Union of the Centre (UdC),Coraggio Italia (CI), andUs with Italy (NcI), found an agreement on the distribution ofsingle-member districts between the allies and agreed also on the candidate for the premiership, which would be proposed by the party that gains more votes.[130] They campaigned on theflat tax, constitutional reforms likepresidentialism, welfare cuts, and citizen's income reform, though the three main parties and leaders had their differences,[131] and their manifesto lacked details.[132] Due to its strong showing in opinion polls,Giorgia Meloni's FdI gained 98 candidacies, Lega 70, FI–UdC 42, and NcI and CI 11.[133] Meloni ran a campaign around the "God, country and family" slogan, downplayed FdI'spost-fascist roots, and sought to promote her party as being mainstream conservative.[8][20]
On 29 July, the campaign was marked by themurder of Alika Ogorchukwu, a Nigerian migrant who was killed with bare hands and crutches by an Italian man in a street inCivitanova Marche.[134] The murderer, a 32-year-old Italian, said that he acted because Ogorchukwu had been begging insistently.[135] The murder was filmed by passers-by and made the front page of Italian newspapers on 29 July. Thepolitical class expressed its indignation following the murder, and the left and the right accused each other: the progressive parties and several commentators accused the right of spreading racist propaganda,[136][137][138] while the right-wing parties accused the left of appropriating the murder.[139]
On 1 August,Luigi Di Maio andBruno Tabacci presented their new party,Civic Commitment (IC), a centrist electoral list mainly composed by former members of M5S, which would be part of the centre-left coalition.[140] Moreover,Marco Rizzo'sCommunist Party (PC),Antonio Ingroia'sCivil Action (AC), and other minor populist andhard Eurosceptic parties launchedSovereign and Popular Italy (ISP), dubbed by the media as ared–brown alliance between left-wing and right-wing movements.[141][142] On the same day,Gianluigi Paragone'sItalexit andPino Cabras'sAlternative officially announced the formation of a Eurosceptic joint list, proposing the candidacies of severalanti-vaccination andanti-lockdown activists.[143] Four days later, Alternativa dissolved the alliance due to allegations about the presence ofneofascist candidates within Italexit's lists,[144] following an agreement between Paragone's party andCasaPound (CP).[145]
On 2 August, Letta's PD signed an alliance with Calenda's Action party andBenedetto Della Vedova'sMore Europe (+E).[146] On 6 August, PD signed another pact with AVS and IC.[147][148] These alliances caused tensions between Letta and Calenda. The latter, being a strong supporter ofeconomic liberalism andnuclear power, considered impossible a coalition between his own party and AVS.[149] On 7 August, Calenda broke the alliance with PD.[150] +E, led by Della Vedova andEmma Bonino, decided to remain in the centre-left coalition with PD, marking the end of the federation between them and Calenda's party.[151] On 11 August,Matteo Renzi'sItalia Viva (IV) and A signed an agreement to create a centrist alliance led by Calenda, using IV's symbol to avoid collecting signatures for Calenda's party.[152] Despite Draghi's dismissal, Calenda and Renzi said they would push for Draghi to remain as prime minister, should they win enough seats.[153] They also ran a pro-nuclear power and pro-regasification campaign as solutions for the ongoing energy crisis.[154]
On 22 August, Meloni tweeted a video of a rape committed by a 27-year-old Guinean asylum seeker against a 55-year-old Ukrainian woman in the city ofPiacenza,Emilia-Romagna.[155][156][157] Letta immediately labeled Meloni as "indecent", adding that "the Italian right-wing has no respect for the victim, not caring about her rights", while Calenda stated that Meloni should be ashamed of herself.[158] Meloni accused Letta of lying, saying that the video was taken from the official website of the newspaperIl Messaggero, adding that she did not have to apologize because it was done for solidarity with the victim.[159] On 24 August, the rape victim stated that she was desperate for having been recognized by someone in the video of the attack.[160] On the same day, the video was removed byTwitter,Facebook, andInstagram due to violations of the social media's policies.[161]
On 5 September, when asked about his opinions on the Italian election, former United States presidentDonald Trump endorsed Conte, whom he defined as "a very good person", stating that he hoped he would "do well" and adding that the two had "worked very well" together back when Conte was Prime Minister.[162][163] On the same day, a League councillor from Florence caused some controversy when he filmed a video saying that a vote for the League would be a vote to deport Roma people.[164] On 8 September, Letta was criticized by Meloni after he stated, at the annual meeting of the Ambrosetti Forum in Cernobbio, that "with the right's victory, Italy could become a B-class European country like Poland and Hungary."[165] His statements were also criticized by the Polish ambassador to Italy,Anna Maria Anders.[166] On 9 September,Federico Mollicone, senior member of FdI, was criticized after he demanded for aPeppa Pig episode briefly showing a lesbian couple to be censored.[167] On 20 September, FdI sackedCalogero Pisano, a member and candidate that openly praisedAdolf Hitler;[168][169] in an audio message, he expected to only be suspended for a few days. While he remained a candidate, FdI removed its symbol from his candidature.[170] He was elected in the single-district constituency ofAgrigento,Sicilia, with 37.8% of the vote.[171]
On 23 September, the centre-right coalition held a large rally in Rome, with closing statements and remarks from the main leaders of the alliance.[172] On the same day, the other main coalitions and their leaders (PD, M5S, and A–IV) held their final rallies.[173] On the day before the election,Ursula von der Leyen, thepresident of the European Commission, was asked about possibleVladimir Putin allies in the Italian political system and the upcoming election, to which she replied that "if things go in a difficult direction, I've spoken about Hungary and Poland, we have tools." The comment garnered a strong backlash from some Italian politicians, especially from Salvini and Renzi.[174][175] According to Italian law,election silence was enforced over all the national territory on 24 September.[176]
| Party | Original slogan | English translation | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| League | Credo | "I Believe" | [177] | |
| Five Star Movement | Dalla parte giusta | "On the Right Side" | [178] | |
| Democratic Party – IDP | Scegli | "Choose" | [120] | |
| Forza Italia | Una scelta di campo | "A Choice of Field" | [179] | |
| Civic Commitment | Difendiamo la libertà | "We Defend Freedom" | [180] | |
| Action – Italia Viva | L'Italia, sul serio | "Italy, Seriously" | [181] | |
| Brothers of Italy | Pronti a risollevare l'Italia | "Ready to Revive Italy" | [182] | |
| Us Moderates | Noi, i moderati di centrodestra | "Us, the Centre-Right Moderates" | [183] | |
| Greens and Left Alliance | Facciamolo | "Let's Do It" | [184] | |
| Italexit for Italy | Per l'Italia che non molla mai | "For the Italy that Never Gives Up" | [185] | |
| People's Union | L'Italia di cui abbiamo bisogno | "The Italy that We Need" | [186] | |
| More Europe | Una generazione avanti | "A Generation Ahead" | [187] | |
| Sovereign and Popular Italy | Torniamo alla Costituzione | "Let's Go Back to the Constitution" | [188] | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT | Jetzt mehr denn je, Autonomie wählen[a] | "Now More than Ever, Choose Autonomy" | [189] | |
Differently from many other Western countries,electoral debates between parties' leaders are not so common before general elections in Italy;[190][191] the last debate between the two main candidates to prime ministry dated back to the2006 Italian general election betweenSilvio Berlusconi andRomano Prodi.[192] With few exceptions, almost every main political leader had denied his participation to an electoral debate with other candidates,[193] preferring interviews with TV hosts and journalists,[194][195][196] while many debates took place between other leading members of the main parties.[197]
The 2022 election saw the first debates between the main leaders in 16 years. On 23 August, some prominent leaders of the centre-right (Meloni, Salvini, Tajani, and Lupi) and of the centre-left (Letta and Di Maio) were jointly interviewed by Luciano Fontana during theRimini Meeting, organized by the Catholic movementCommunion and Liberation.[198] Moreover, Fontana also interviewed the main parties' leaders at the Ambrosetti Forum on 4 September, and hosted a debate between Letta and Meloni on the website ofCorriere della Sera, the newspaper of which he serves as director.[199]
| 2022 Italian general election debates | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Organiser | Moderator | P Present I Invitee NI Non-invitee A Absent invitee | ||||||||
| Centre-right | Centre-left | M5S | A–IV | Italexit | UP | ||||||
| 8 August | La7 (La Corsa al Voto) | Paolo Celata Alessandro De Angelis | NI | NI | NI | NI | P Paragone | P de Magistris | |||
| 23 August | Communion and Liberation (Rimini Meeting) | Luciano Fontana | P Meloni (FdI) Salvini (Lega) Tajani (FI) Lupi (NM) | P Letta (PD) Di Maio (IC) | NI | P Rosato (IV) | NI | NI | |||
| 4 September | The European House – Ambrosetti (Ambrosetti Forum) | Luciano Fontana | P Meloni (FdI) Salvini (Lega) Tajani (FI) | P Letta (PD) | P Conte | P Calenda (A) | NI | NI | |||
| 12 September | Corriere.it | Luciano Fontana | P Meloni (FdI) | P Letta (PD) | NI | NI | NI | NI | |||
After the2020 Italian constitutional referendum, which reducedmembers of Parliament from 630 to 400 in theChamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in theSenate of the Republic, theItalian electoral law of 2017 (Rosatellum), used in the2018 Italian general election,[200] was initially expected by the thenConte II Cabinet to be either replaced entirely or itssingle-member districts underfirst-past-the-post (FPTP) be redesigned.[201] By August 2022, the electoral reform was bogged down in the Chamber's Constitutional Affairs Commission and a proposal by M5S deputy Giuseppe Brescia had been presented to the Italian Parliament but by that time it was already dissolved for snap elections.[202] Single-member district changes were approved and published on 30 December 2020 inGazzetta Ufficiale, the Italiangovernment gazette.[203] The Chamber was reduced from 232 to 147 districts, and Senate districts were reduced from 116 to 74.[14]
The 400 deputies are to be elected, usingmixed-member majoritarian representation, as follows:[204]
The 200 elective senators, also using mixed-member majoritarian representation, are to be elected as follows:[204]
For Italian residents, each house member is to be elected in single ballots, including theconstituency candidate and their supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency, the deputy or senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies are allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote and be part of a coalition obtaining at least 10% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies would come fromclosed lists.[205]
The voting paper, which is a single one for the FPTP and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and in close conjunction with them the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates.[206] The voter is able to cast their vote in three different ways, among them:[207]
Below are the main electoral lists that are running in the election.[208]
| List | Main ideology | Leader | Contested constituencies | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | S | ||||
| Alternative for Italy (APLI)[a] | Right-wing populism | Mario Adinolfi | 7 | 10 | |
| Italian Communist Party (PCI) | Communism | Mauro Alboresi | 6 | 8 | |
| South calls North (ScN) | Regionalism | Cateno De Luca | 5 | 3 | |
| Animalist Party –UCDL –10 Times Better (PAI–UCDL–10VM) | Animal rights | Cristiano Ceriello | 3 | 2 | |
| Force of the People (FdP) | Anti-vaccination | Lillo Massimiliano Musso | 1 | 1 | |
| Die Freiheitlichen (dF) | Separatism | Otto Mahlknecht | — | 1 | |
| For Autonomy (PA) | Autonomism | Augusto Rollandin | — | 1 | |
| Free (F) | Populism | Marco Lusetti | 1 | — | |
| Party of Creative Madness (PFC) | Political satire | Giuseppe Cirillo | 1 | — | |
| Team K (TK) | Regionalism | Paul Köllensperger | — | 1 | |
| United Right –Royal Italy (DU–IR) | Nationalism | Massimiliano Panero | — | 1 | |
| The Valdostan Renaissance (LRV) | Regionalism | Giovanni Girardini | 1 | — | |
| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) | Trotskyism | Marco Ferrando | — | 1 | |
| List | Main ideology | Leader | Contested constituencies | Seats at last election | Seats before election | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | S | C | S | Total | C | S | Total | ||||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | Interests ofItalians abroad | Ricardo Merlo | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | Interests ofItalians in South America | Eugenio Sangregorio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | 1 | |
| Italy of the South (IdM) | Interests of Italians in South America | Vincenzo Castellano | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Movement of Freedoms (MdL) | Interests ofItalians in Europe | Massimo Romagnoli | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Since July 2022, when the snap election was first called,Brothers of Italy (FdI) was expected to become the first party, having surged as the opposition during thenational unity government,[5] and it became more likely as the election drew near.[210] Also in part due the2017 Italian electoral law and a divided left for themajoritarian system,[5] opinion polls showed that the FdI-ledcentre-right coalition was highly favoured to win the election with a comfortable majority,[211][212] in what would be the most right-wing government in thehistory of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[213]
Some mid-July polls showed that the only way to avoid a right-wing alliance victory or to make the election more competitive was the formation of a largebig tent coalition including theDemocratic Party (PD), minor left-wing and centrist parties, and the PD's 2019–2021 government ally, theFive Star Movement.[214][215][216] Early August polls showed theAction –Italia Viva (Third Pole) split from thecentre-left coalition would not be influential in single-member districts but could cost votes for the centre-left in some competitive districts.[217]
Voter turnout was the lowest in the history of republican Italy at 63.9%,[7] about 9 percentage points below the 2018 election.[5]
| Region | Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 12:00 | 19:00 | 23:00 | |
| Abruzzo | 17.16% | 51.38% | 63.99% |
| Aosta Valley | 19.92% | 48.76% | 60.59% |
| Apulia | 16.80% | 42.57% | 56.56% |
| Basilicata | 13.86% | 41.27% | 58.77% |
| Calabria | 12.84% | 36.91% | 50.80% |
| Campania | 12.44% | 38.70% | 53.27% |
| Emilia-Romagna | 23.46% | 59.74% | 71.97% |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 21.68% | 56.20% | 66.21% |
| Lazio | 20.83% | 53.42% | 64.34% |
| Liguria | 21.89% | 53.44% | 64.19% |
| Lombardy | 22.42% | 58.34% | 70.09% |
| Marche | 20.15% | 55.69% | 68.39% |
| Molise | 13.00% | 44.04% | 56.54% |
| Piedmont | 20.47% | 53.60% | 66.35% |
| Sardinia | 15.58% | 40.96% | 53.17% |
| Sicily | 14.77% | 41.89% | 57.34% |
| Tuscany | 22.31% | 58.06% | 69.75% |
| Trentino-Alto Adige | 18.93% | 52.54% | 66.04% |
| Umbria | 20.09% | 56.07% | 68.83% |
| Veneto | 22.13% | 57.57% | 70.17% |
| Total | 19.21% | 51.14% | 63.91% |
| Source:Ministry of the InteriorArchived 26 September 2022 at theWayback Machine | |||
After the polls closed at 23:00 CEST,[8] multiple Italian broadcasters publishedexit polls that projected thecentre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in both theChamber of Deputies and theSenate of the Republic.[10][11][12] The vote count certified the victory of the centre-right coalition led byBrothers of Italy (FdI), which went from 4% in 2018 to 26%.[18]
The centre-right coalition won the absolute majority of seats in both houses of Parliament, with 237 seats in the Chamber and 115 in the Senate. First within the alliance came FdI (26.0%), followed by theLeague (8.7%) andForza Italia (8.1%), both of whom suffered losses.Us Moderates failed to reach the 1% threshold and have their votes for the centre-right coalition in the nationalproportional representation but won 7 seats in the Chamber and 2 seats in the Senate thanks to thefirst-past-the-post (FPTP) system. Thecentre-left coalition slightly improved its 2018 popular vote result but came a distant second in terms of seats, 85 in the Chamber and 44 in the Senate, winning only a few more FPTP seats than theFive Star Movement (M5S). The leading party in the centre-left coalition was theDemocratic Party (19.0%), followed by theGreens and Left Alliance (3.6%), which won 12 seats in the Chamber and 4 in the Senate;More Europe narrowly missed the national proportional threshold (3%), whileCivic Commitment also failed to reach the 1% threshold but both won 2 seats and 1 seat in the Chamber, respectively. The M5S saw its vote more than halved and won 52 seats in the Chamber and 28 in the Senate but defied single-digits polls in July 2022 by winning 15.4% of the popular vote, thanks in part to a strong performance inSouthern Italy. Due to FPTP seats, the League was able to gain more seats in both chambers than the M5S and barely less than the PD (69 to 66 in the Chamber and 40 to 30 in the Senate), despite polling half than the PD and about a third of the M5S in the popular vote. The centrist list composed ofAction andItalia Viva (Third Pole) won 21 seats in the Chamber and 9 in the Senate, with 7.8% of the vote.[5][18][218] Using theGallagher index, the disproportionality of the Chamber in the election was 12.31 and 10.83 for the Senate; for comparison, the disproportionality in the 2018 election for both houses was 5.50 and 6.12. According to political analyst Wolfango Piccoli, an estimated 30% of voters chose a different party than the one they had voted for in 2018.[16]
In Sicily, the partySouth calls North won 1 seat in the Chamber and 1 in the Senate. Linguistic minorities representatives likeAosta Valley and theSouth Tyrolean People's Party also won seats, as well as the Italians-abroad partyAssociative Movement of Italians Abroad.[219]
 Results by party Results by coalition | ||||||||||||||||
| Coalition | Party | Proportional | First-past-the-post | Aosta Valley | Overseas | Total seats | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||||
| Centre-right | Brothers of Italy | 7,302,517 | 26.00 | 69 | 12,300,244 | 43.79 | 49 | 16,016 | 28.80 | – | 281,949 | 26.00 | 1 | 119 | ||
| League | 2,464,005 | 8.77 | 23 | 42 | – | 1 | 66 | |||||||||
| Forza Italia | 2,278,217 | 8.11 | 22 | 23 | – | – | 45 | |||||||||
| Us Moderates | 255,505 | 0.91 | – | 7 | – | — | — | — | 7 | |||||||
| Centre-left | Democratic Party – IDP | 5,356,180 | 19.07 | 57 | 7,337,975 | 26.13 | 8 | [a] | — | — | 305,759 | 28.20 | 4 | 69 | ||
| Greens and Left Alliance | 1,018,669 | 3.63 | 11 | 1 | — | — | — | 52,994 | 4.89 | – | 12 | |||||
| More Europe | 793,961 | 2.83 | – | 2 | — | — | — | 29,971 | 2.76 | – | 2 | |||||
| Civic Commitment | 169,165 | 0.60 | – | 1 | — | — | — | 11,590 | 1.07 | – | 1 | |||||
| Five Star Movement | 4,333,972 | 15.43 | 41 | 4,333,972 | 15.43 | 10 | — | — | — | 93,338 | 8.61 | 1 | 52 | |||
| Action – Italia Viva | 2,186,669 | 7.79 | 21 | 2,186,669 | 7.79 | – | [a] | — | — | 60,499 | 5.58 | – | 21 | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT | 117,010 | 0.42 | 1 | 117,010 | 0.42 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | |||
| South calls North | 212,685 | 0.76 | – | 212,685 | 0.76 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | |||
| Aosta Valley | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20,763 | 38.63 | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 141,356 | 13.04 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Others | 1,599,227 | 5.68 | – | 1,599,227 | 5.68 | – | 16,967 | 32.57 | – | 106,847 | 9.85 | – | – | |||
| Total | 28,087,782 | 100 | 245 | 28,087,782 | 100 | 146 | 53,746 | 100 | 1 | 1,084,303 | 100 | 8 | 400 | |||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | 7,301,303 | 25.98 | 69 | |||
| Democratic Party – IDP (PD–IDP) | 5,348,676 | 19.04 | 57 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 4,335,494 | 15.43 | 41 | |||
| League (Lega) | 2,470,318 | 8.79 | 23 | |||
| Forza Italia (FI) | 2,279,266 | 8.11 | 22 | |||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 2,186,505 | 7.78 | 21 | |||
| Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) | 1,021,808 | 3.64 | 11 | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 796,057 | 2.83 | – | |||
| Italexit for Italy (Italexit) | 534,950 | 1.90 | – | |||
| People's Union (UP) | 403,149 | 1.43 | – | |||
| Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 348,831 | 1.24 | – | |||
| Us Moderates (NM) | 254,127 | 0.91 | – | |||
| South calls North (ScN) | 212,954 | 0.76 | – | |||
| Vita (V) | 201,737 | 0.72 | – | |||
| Civic Commitment (IC) | 173,555 | 0.62 | – | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT (SVP–PATT) | 117,032 | 0.42 | 1 | |||
| Us of the Centre –Europeanists (NDC–Eu) | 46,230 | 0.16 | – | |||
| Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 24,549 | 0.09 | – | |||
| Animalist Party – UCDL –10VM (PAI–UCDL–10VM) | 21,451 | 0.08 | – | |||
| Alternative for Italy (APLI) | 17,137 | 0.06 | – | |||
| Party of Creative Madness (PFC) | 1,419 | 0.00 | – | |||
| Free (F) | 829 | 0.00 | – | |||
| Force of the People (FdP) | 819 | 0.00 | – | |||
| Total | 28,098,196 | 100.00 | 245 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,286,915 | 4.38 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 29,385,111 | 63.85 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 46,021,956 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition (CDX) | 12,305,014 | 43.79 | 121 | |||
| Centre-left coalition (CSX) | 7,340,096 | 26.12 | 12 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 4,335,494 | 15.43 | 10 | |||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 2,186,505 | 7.78 | – | |||
| Italexit for Italy (Italexit) | 534,950 | 1.90 | – | |||
| People's Union (UP) | 403,149 | 1.43 | – | |||
| Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 348,831 | 1.24 | – | |||
| South calls North (ScN) | 212,954 | 0.76 | 1 | |||
| Vita (V) | 201,737 | 0.72 | – | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT (SVP–PATT) | 117,032 | 0.42 | 2 | |||
| Us of the Centre –Europeanists (NDC–Eu) | 46,230 | 0.16 | – | |||
| Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 24,549 | 0.09 | – | |||
| Animalist Party – UCDL –10VM (PAI–UCDL–10VM) | 21,451 | 0.08 | – | |||
| Alternative for Italy (APLI) | 17,137 | 0.06 | – | |||
| Party of Creative Madness (PFC) | 1,419 | 0.00 | – | |||
| Free (F) | 829 | 0.00 | – | |||
| Force of the People (FdP) | 819 | 0.00 | – | |||
| Total | 28,098,196 | 100.00 | 146 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,286,915 | 4.38 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 29,385,111 | 63.85 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 46,021,956 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
The autonomous region ofAosta Valley in northwestern Italy elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a directfirst-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy might have opted to run against one another, or form different coalitions, in this particular region.[221][222]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Franco Manes | Aosta Valley (VdA)[a] | 20,763 | 38.63 |  YElected | |
| Emily Rini | Centre-right coalition (Lega–FI–NM–FdI) | 16,016 | 28.80 | ||
| Giovanni Girardini | The Valdostan Renaissance (LRV) | 6,398 | 11.90 | ||
| Erika Guichardaz | Open Aosta Valley (Open VdA)[b] | 5,841 | 10.87 | ||
| Loredana Ronc | Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 2,302 | 4.28 | ||
| Loredana De Rosa | People's Union (UP) | 1,375 | 2.56 | ||
| Davide Ianni | Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 1,051 | 1.96 | ||
| Total | 53,746 | 100.00 | 1 | ||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 5,740 | 9.66 | – | ||
| Total turnout | 59,490 | 60.59 | – | ||
| Registered voters | 98,187 | – | – | ||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | |||||
Eight members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of theCaribbean), two members for South America (includingTrinidad and Tobago), three members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, andAntarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation. The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy; Forza Italia, the League, and Brothers of Italy formed a unified list for abroad constituencies.[223]
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party – IDP (PD–IDP) | 306,105 | 28.20 | 4 | |||
| League –Forza Italia –Brothers of Italy (Lega–FI–FdI) | 282,636 | 26.04 | 2 | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | 141,440 | 13.03 | 1 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 93,219 | 8.59 | 1 | |||
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | 73,389 | 6.76 | – | |||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 60,456 | 5.57 | – | |||
| Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) | 52,962 | 4.88 | – | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 29,947 | 2.76 | – | |||
| Movement of Freedoms (MdL) | 18,348 | 1.69 | – | |||
| Italy of the South (IdM) | 15,442 | 1.42 | – | |||
| Civic Commitment (IC) | 11,608 | 1.07 | – | |||
| Total | 1,085,552 | 100.00 | 8 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 164,929 | 13.19 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 1,250,481 | 26.36 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 4,743,980 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
 Results by party Results by coalition | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Coalition | Party | Proportional | First-past-the-post | Aosta Valley | Trentino-Alto Adige | Overseas | Total seats | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||||
| Centre-right | Brothers of Italy | 7,167,136 | 26.01 | 34 | 12,129,547 | 44.02 | 31 | 18,509 | 34.05 | – | 137,015 | 27.24 | – | 294,712 | 27.05 | – | 65 | |||
| League | 2,439,200 | 8.85 | 13 | 14 | 1 | 1 | – | 29 | ||||||||||||
| Forza Italia | 2,279,802 | 8.27 | 9 | 9 | – | – | – | 18 | ||||||||||||
| Us Moderates | 243,409 | 0.88 | – | 2 | – | 1 | — | — | — | 3 | ||||||||||
| Centre-left | Democratic Party–IDP | 5,226,732 | 18.96 | 31 | 7,161,688 | 25.99 | 4 | [a] | — | — | 149,682 | 29,29 | 1 | 370,262 | 33.98 | 3 | 39 | |||
| Greens and Left Alliance | 972,316 | 3.53 | 3 | 1 | — | — | — | – | — | — | — | 4 | ||||||||
| Campobase | — | — | — | – | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||
| Others | 972,214 | 3.53 | – | – | — | — | — | – | 14,610 | 1.34 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Five Star Movement | 4,285,894 | 15.55 | 23 | 4,285,894 | 15.55 | 5 | — | — | — | 28,355 | 5.64 | – | 101,794 | 9.34 | – | 28 | ||||
| Action – Italia Viva | 2,131,310 | 7.73 | 9 | 2,131,310 | 7.73 | – | [a] | — | — | 6,782 | 1.35 | – | 76,070 | 6.98 | – | 9 | ||||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 116,003 | 23.06 | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | ||||
| South calls North | 271,549 | 0.99 | – | 271,549 | 0.99 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | ||||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 138,758 | 12.73 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Others | 2,119,823 | 5,72 | 0 | 2,119,823 | 5,72 | 0 | 35,850 | 65.95 | – | 65.117 | 13.42 | 0 | 93,107 | 8.54 | – | 0 | ||||
| Total | 27,569,675 | 100 | 122 | 27,569,675 | 100 | 67 | 54,359 | 100 | 1 | 502,954 | 100 | 6 | 1,090,147 | 100 | 4 | 200 | ||||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | 7,168,875 | 26.00 | 34 | |||
| Democratic Party – IDP (PD–IDP) | 5,220,256 | 18.93 | 31 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 4,290,194 | 15.55 | 23 | |||
| League (Lega) | 2,437,406 | 8.84 | 13 | |||
| Forza Italia (FI) | 2,281,258 | 8.27 | 9 | |||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 2,131,023 | 7.73 | 9 | |||
| Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) | 972,780 | 3.53 | 3 | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 810,441 | 2.94 | – | |||
| Italexit for Italy (Italexit) | 515,657 | 1.87 | – | |||
| People's Union (UP) | 374,247 | 1.36 | – | |||
| Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 309,391 | 1.12 | – | |||
| South calls North (ScN) | 272,462 | 0.99 | – | |||
| Us Moderates (NM) | 248,308 | 0.90 | – | |||
| Vita (V) | 196,644 | 0.71 | – | |||
| Civic Commitment (IC) | 161,773 | 0.59 | – | |||
| Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 70,938 | 0.26 | – | |||
| Us of the Centre –Europeanists (NDC–Eu) | 42,905 | 0.16 | – | |||
| Alternative for Italy (APLI) | 40,397 | 0.15 | – | |||
| Animalist Party – UCDL –10VM (PAI–UCDL–10VM) | 16,950 | 0.06 | – | |||
| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) | 4,491 | 0.02 | – | |||
| United Right –Royal Italy (DU–IR) | 2,415 | 0.01 | – | |||
| Force of the People (FdP) | 864 | 0.01 | – | |||
| Total | 27,569,675 | 100.00 | 122 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,281,165 | 4.44 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 28,850,840 | 63.81 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 45,210,950 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition (CDX) | 12,135,847 | 44.02 | 56 | |||
| Centre-left coalition (CSX) | 7,165,250 | 25.99 | 5 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 4,290,194 | 15.55 | 5 | |||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 2,131,023 | 7.73 | – | |||
| Italexit for Italy (Italexit) | 515,657 | 1.87 | – | |||
| People's Union (UP) | 374,247 | 1.36 | – | |||
| Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 309,391 | 1.12 | – | |||
| South calls North (ScN) | 272,462 | 0.99 | 1 | |||
| Vita (V) | 196,644 | 0.71 | – | |||
| Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 70,938 | 0.26 | – | |||
| Us of the Centre –Europeanists (NDC–Eu) | 42,905 | 0.16 | – | |||
| Alternative for Italy (APLI) | 40,397 | 0.15 | – | |||
| Animalist Party – UCDL –10VM (PAI–UCDL–10VM) | 16,950 | 0.06 | – | |||
| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) | 4,491 | 0.02 | – | |||
| United Right –Royal Italy (DU–IR) | 2,415 | 0.01 | – | |||
| Force of the People (FdP) | 864 | 0.01 | – | |||
| Total | 27,569,675 | 100.00 | 67 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,281,165 | 4.44 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 28,850,840 | 63.81 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 45,210,950 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicoletta Spelgatti | Centre-right coalition (Lega–FI–NM–FdI) | 18,509 | 34.05 | YElected | |
| Patrik Vesan | Aosta Valley (VdA)[a] | 18,282 | 33.63 | ||
| Augusto Rollandin | For Autonomy (PlA) | 7,272 | 13.38 | ||
| Daria Pulz | Open Aosta Valley (Open VdA)[b] | 5,448 | 10.02 | ||
| Alessandro Bianchini | Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 1,569 | 2.89 | ||
| Francesco Lucat | People's Union (UP) | 1,311 | 2.41 | ||
| Guglielmo Leray | Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 1,051 | 1.93 | ||
| Larisa Bargan | Vita (V) | 917 | 1.69 | ||
| Total | 54,359 | 100.00 | 1 | ||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 5,131 | 8.62 | – | ||
| Total turnout | 59,490 | 60.59 | – | ||
| Registered voters | 98,187 | – | – | ||
| Source:[citation needed] | |||||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition (Lega–FI–NM–FdI) | 137,015 | 27.24 | 2 | ||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT (SVP–PATT) | 116,003 | 23.06 | 2 | ||
| Centre-left coalition (CB–+E–AVS–PD–A–IV) | 100,602 | 20.00 | 1 | ||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 28,355 | 5.64 | – | ||
| Centre-left coalition (PD–IDP–+E–AVS) | 21,894 | 4.35 | 1 | ||
| Vita (V) | 17,876 | 3.55 | – | ||
| Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) | 17,574 | 3.49 | – | ||
| Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP) | 15,252 | 3.03 | – | ||
| Die Freiheitlichen (DF) | 14,479 | 2.88 | – | ||
| Team K (TK) | 11,157 | 2.22 | – | ||
| Democratic Party – IDP (PD–IDP) | 9,612 | 1.91 | – | ||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 6,782 | 1.35 | – | ||
| People's Union (UP) | 6,353 | 1.26 | – | ||
| Total | 502,954 | 100.00 | 6 | ||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 32,625 | 6.09 | – | ||
| Total turnout | 811,006 | 66.04 | – | ||
| Registered voters | – | – | |||
| Source:[citation needed] | |||||
Four members of the Senate of the Republic are elected by Italians abroad. One member is elected for North America and Central America (including most of theCaribbean), one member for South America (includingTrinidad and Tobago), one member for Europe, and one for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, andAntarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation. The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy; since January 2018, Forza Italia, the League, and Brothers of Italy have formed a unified list for abroad constituencies.[225]
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party – IDP (PD–IDP) | 370,549 | 33.99 | 3 | |||
| League –Forza Italia –Brothers of Italy (Lega–FI–FdI) | 295,467 | 27.10 | – | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | 138,337 | 12.69 | 1 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 101,925 | 9.35 | – | |||
| Action – Italia Viva (A–IV) | 76,152 | 6.99 | – | |||
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | 55,523 | 5.09 | – | |||
| Movement of Freedoms (MdL) | 23,384 | 2.15 | – | |||
| Civic Commitment (IC) | 14,610 | 1.34 | – | |||
| Italy of the South (IdM) | 14,200 | 1.30 | – | |||
| Total | 1,090,147 | 100.00 | 4 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 143,681 | 11.65 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 1.233.828 | 26.01 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 4,743,980 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
Of party leaders, Meloni (FdI), Berlusconi (FI), Bonelli (AVS), and Lupi (NM) won in their respectivefirst-past-the-post (FPTP) seats. Others like Di Maio (IC), Bonino (+E), and Calenda (A–IV) lost their FPTP election; Calenda won a seat in theproportional representation (PR) lists.[226] Letta (PD), Conte (M5S), and Salvini (Lega) did not run in FPTP elections, and won their seats in the PR apportionment.[227][228][229]
| Sociology of the electorate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Centre-right | Centre-left | M5S | A–IV | Others | Turnout |
| Total vote | 43.8% | 26.1% | 15.4% | 7.8% | 6.9% | 63.8% |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 44.6% | 24.3% | 15.2% | 8.6% | 7.3% | 63.1% |
| Women | 42.9% | 28.0% | 15.6% | 6.9% | 6.6% | 58.5% |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–34 years old | 30.0% | 32.9% | 20.9% | 8.5% | 7.7% | 57.3% |
| 35–49 years old | 49.6% | 21.0% | 17.4% | 5.7% | 6.3% | 57.6% |
| 50–64 years old | 45.6% | 22.5% | 16.6% | 6.9% | 8.4% | 65.2% |
| 65 or older | 46.9% | 29.3% | 8.8% | 9.9% | 5.1% | 61.8% |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Student | 19.1% | 44.5% | 24.8% | 8.0% | 3.6% | 64.5% |
| Unemployed | 43.5% | 22.3% | 23.5% | 3.3% | 7.4% | 52.2% |
| Housewife | 51.1% | 19.9% | 19.0% | 5.4% | 4.6% | 63.0% |
| Blue-collar | 56.5% | 15.7% | 16.4% | 3.9% | 7.5% | 56.6% |
| White-collar | 38.4% | 30.7% | 13.8% | 10.8% | 6.3% | 67.2% |
| Self-employed | 43.3% | 16.0% | 15.8% | 7.5% | 17.4% | 70.0% |
| Manager | 42.6% | 28.2% | 11.6% | 12.3% | 5.3% | 74.1% |
| Retired | 44.4% | 30.5% | 9.9% | 9.0% | 6.2% | 59.9% |
| Education | ||||||
| Elementary school | 49.8% | 22.0% | 16.7% | 5.2% | 6.3% | 54.8% |
| High school | 42.4% | 25.5% | 16.1% | 7.4% | 8.6% | 64.2% |
| University | 32.8% | 36.7% | 11.3% | 14.3% | 4.9% | 71.1% |
| Economic condition | ||||||
| Lower | 49.2% | 14.4% | 25.0% | 3.4% | 8.0% | 50.6% |
| Middle-lower | 50.1% | 19.7% | 18.2% | 5.2% | 6.8% | 52.7% |
| Middle | 41.7% | 28.9% | 14.0% | 7.9% | 7.5% | 64.0% |
| Upper-middle | 37.1% | 32.6% | 11.4% | 11.5% | 7.4% | 71.7% |
| Upper | 41.1% | 34.8% | 10.2% | 11.7% | 2.2% | 72.5% |
| Source: Ipsos Italia[230] | ||||||
In a record-lowvoter turnout election,[5][7][8]exit polls projected that thecentre-right coalition would win a majority of seats.[10][11][12]Giorgia Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election. Her party,Brothers of Italy, having taken advantage of opposition to thenational unity government in 2021–2022, went from 4% in 2018 to 26% in 2022,[5] and received a plurality of seats;[16][231] per a pre-election agreement within the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the nextPrime Minister of Italy,[232] Meloni is the frontrunner.[5] She would be Italy's first female Prime Minister,[210] the firstfar-right head of government of a majoreurozone country,[233] and its first far-right leader sinceBenito Mussolini,[20][21] and lead the most right-wing government sinceWorld War II.[16]
According to observers, the result of the Italian election, together with far-right gains in the2022 Spanish regional elections in February and June, the2022 French legislative election in April, and the2022 Swedish general election earlier on 11 September shifted thegeopolitics of Europe.[16][18][19] HistorianRuth Ben-Ghiat described Meloni as "an avowed fan of Mussolini", and she argued that her government, apart from being led for the first time by a woman, whichHillary Clinton said it would represent "a break with the past, and that is certainly a good thing",[234][235] to which she responded "Meloni would also represent continuity with Italy's darkest episode: the interwar dictatorship of Benito Mussolini".[210] HistorianTimothy Garton Ash argued that "Meloni is undoubtedly an anti-immigration, rightwing populist, a strong social conservative and a Eurosceptic nationalist ... Reactionary and nationalist Meloni's ideology may be, but it has little if any of the glorification of martial violence, let alone the actual violence, that are characteristic of fascism."[236][237]
The centre-right coalition successfully took advantage of themajoritarian system and stayed united, which the left and centre were not able to achieve.[5] TheFive Star Movement (M5S) finished third in terms of popular vote, avoiding an even bigger victory for the right.[18] Despite the win of the right-wing alliance, bothForza Italia and theLeague suffered losses.[5] Leila Simona Talani ofKing's College London said that a right-wing government would face many issues and questioned their economic experience.[5] Gianluca Passarrelli ofSapienza University commented: "I think we will see more restrictions on civil rights and policies on LGBT and immigrants."[5] Emiliana De Blasio, adviser for diversity and inclusion atLUISS University in Rome, stated that Meloni is "not raising up at all questions on women's rights and empowerment in general".[21]
Political scientist Lorenzo Castellani commented that the stability and durability of a right-wing government depended on the final results. He said that, at 44%, the Meloni-led coalition "can govern in a much more stable way, without problems". At 42%, they would have had a smaller majority, while a 46–47% result could have given them the necessary first-past-the-post seats to reach the two-thirdssupermajority and approve constitutional reforms without a referendum.[20] Observers, such as political scientist Giovanni Orsina, said that far-right supporters would be disappointed by a Meloni government because she is now part of the mainstream right like theConservative Party in the United Kingdom.[238]
TheDemocratic Party (PD), the head of thecentre-left coalition, conceded defeat shortly after the exit polls.[239] Meloni said the centre-right coalition has a clear mandate and that Italians had sent "a clear message",[8] whileMatteo Salvini stated: "It's a good day for Italy because it has five years of stability ahead of it."[16] Prime ministers from various countries, includingViktor Orbán (Hungary),[8]Mateusz Morawiecki (Poland),[8]Petr Fiala (Czech Republic),[240] andLiz Truss (United Kingdom) congratulated Meloni,[8] as did far-right politiciansMarine Le Pen andÉric Zemmour in France.[241] Other Europeanradical right parties and leaders, such asAlternative for Germany andVox in Spain, also celebrated the right-wing victory.[8][242] Spain's foreign ministerJosé Manuel Albares said that "populisms always acquire importance and always end in the same way: in catastrophe."[242] Brazil's presidentJair Bolsonaro, whose son Eduardo signed the anti-leftistMadrid Charter with Meloni, also celebrated her victory, saying he and Meloni chose a similar slogan.[243]
Enrico Letta, the PD's secretary, stated "the trend that emerged two weeks ago in Sweden was confirmed in Italy", described it as a "sad day for Italy, for Europe", and called for a reflection within the party.[16] Letta added that his party would provide a "strong and intransigent opposition",[5] and announced he would not stand for the2023 PD leadership election.[244]Debora Serracchiani, a senior PD lawmaker, said that it was "a sad evening for the country", adding: "[The right] has the majority in parliament, but not in the country."[8]Giuseppe Conte, leader of the M5S, said he would lead an "uncompromising opposition" and commented: "We will be the outpost for the progressive agenda against inequalities, to protect families and businesses in difficulty, to defend the rights and values of our Constitution."[21]
European Union (EU) officials were reportedly anxious about the aftermath of the results, with France's prime ministerÉlisabeth Borne saying the EU would follow the situation to make sure that human rights and EU values, including women's access to abortion, are respected.[242][245] TheEuropean Commission expressed their hope towards a positive relationship with the next Italian government.[8] France's presidentEmmanuel Macron said his country respected the electoral results and that "as neighbors and friends, we must continue to work together. It is within Europe that we will overcome our common challenges."[8] In the United States, theBiden administration was reportedly worried by the results but pledged for cooperation,[19] while prominentRepublican Party members celebrated FdI's results.Antony Blinken,United States Secretary of State, commented: "We are eager to work with Italy's government on our shared goals: supporting a free and independent Ukraine, respecting human rights and building a sustainable economic future."[8][246]
About a Meloni-led government, Stefano Stefanini, Italy's former ambassador toNATO, stated: "The faithful need to know that her government would be tough on immigration, critical of the EU, and based on traditional values. Moderates, markets and the foreign allies want continuity."[247] Ukraine's presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy congratulated Meloni on her victory and expressed interest in collaborating with her government, especially in regard to theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[248] The Russian government was reported to be pleased by the results.Kremlin's spokesmanDmitry Peskov said: "We are ready to welcome any political forces that are able to go beyond the established mainstream, which is filled with hate for our country ... and show willingness to be constructive in relations with our country."[238]
Several politicians also congratulated Meloni, especially centre-right and right-wing politicians worldwide, including inAustralia,[249][250]France,[250]Germany,[250]Hungary,[250]Poland[250] andSpain.[250]
TheInternational Auschwitz Committee was shocked by the results, with its executive vice-president Christoph Heubner saying: "For all survivors of the Holocaust and the heirs of the Italian resistance, one of the most important resistance movements against fascism in Europe, this election outcome is a shocking and sad event."[8] Without explicitly mentioning the results,Pope Francis warned against "raising walls against our brothers and sisters".[251] Many foreign newspapers and international observers, includingAl Jazeera, theAssociated Press, theBBC,CNBC,[252]CNN,The Daily Telegraph,[253]Euronews,Le Figaro,Fox News,The Guardian,Haaretz,[254]Le Monde,El Mundo,El País,[255]The New York Times,Politico,Sky News,[256][257]Time,The Times,[258] theTimes of Israel,The Wall Street Journal,[259] andThe Washington Post,[260][261] commented the results as a right-wing shift, and several of them described it as the first time that a far-right political party won an Italian election since the end of the Second World War.[20][21]
French newspaperLibération portrayed the election result as "post-fascism in power",[262] as well as a "European earthquake".[263] while the GermanFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung commented that "Meloni is not the devil",[264] and that "the economy hopes for stability".[265]Die Zeit observed that whether Meloni would form a new government depends on President Mattarella.[266] In Britain, theFinancial Times wrote that "Giorgia Meloni's victory merits concern but not panic",[267] having tapped into "Italians' wish for radical change",[268] and cited the "economic storm" she would have to face,[269] whileThe Economist reported that business group were preparing to work with the right-wing government, wanting to maintain the cordial relations regardless of who is leading the government as is custom.[270]
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The newly elected legislature was seated on 13 October.[5][271][272] That same day,Ignazio La Russa ofBrothers of Italy was electedPresident of the Senate of the Republic.[22][273][274] He is the first politician with aneo-fascist background and to come from a post-fascist party to hold the position, which is the second highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic.[275] He was elected with some votes from parties outside thecentre-right coalition,[276][277][278] asForza Italia did not vote.[279] La Russa was proclaimed president byLiliana Segre, asenator for life andHolocaust survivor, who presided the Senate's session due to her being the oldest senator.[280] On 14 October, theLeague'sLorenzo Fontana, who is widely seen as an ultraconservative for his long-timeanti-abortion andanti-LGBT views,[23] was electedPresident of the Chamber of Deputies.[281]
As perconstitutional convention, the new government formation are preceded by rounds of talks between party leaders andPresident of Italy,Sergio Mattarella,[282][283][284] which took place on 20–21 October.[285][286][287] On 21 October, Mattarella gave Meloni the task of forming a new government, which was officially sworn in on the following day.[24][25] The talks were marred by controversy within the centre-right coalition, in particular betweenSilvio Berlusconi and Meloni, whom Berlusconi described as "patronising, overbearing, arrogant" and "offensive" in a series of written notes in the Senate.[288][289][290] Additionally, Berlusconi's views of theRussian invasion of Ukraine andVladimir Putin, with whom he said he was rekindling their friendship and claimed to have received vodka as gift and exchanged letters,[291][292] during a group session with his own party were leaked through an audio.[293][294][295] Meloni declared that "Italy, with its head high, is part of Europe and the Atlantic alliance", before adding: "Whoever doesn't agree with this cornerstone cannot be part of the government, at the cost of not having a government."[296][297]
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