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2020 United States presidential election in Arkansas

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Main article:2020 United States presidential election

2020United States presidential election in Arkansas

← 2016November 3, 20202024 →
Turnout66.9%Increase
 
NomineeDonald TrumpJoe Biden
PartyRepublicanDemocratic
Home stateFloridaDelaware
Running mateMike PenceKamala Harris
Electoral vote60
Popular vote760,647423,932
Percentage62.40%34.78%

County results
Congressional district results
Precinct results

Trump

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%
  80–90%
  90–100%

Biden

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%
  80–90%
  90–100%

Tie/No Vote

  
  


President before election

Donald Trump
Republican

Elected President

Joe Biden
Democratic

Elections in Arkansas
Seal of Arkansas
Presidential elections
Presidential primaries
Democratic
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Republican
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
U.S. Senate elections
U.S. House of Representatives elections

The2020 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus theDistrict of Columbia participated.[1]Arkansas voters chose six electors[2] to represent them in theElectoral College via a popular vote puttingincumbentRepublicanPresidentDonald Trump and hisrunning mate, incumbentVice PresidentMike Pence, againstDemocratic challenger and formerVice PresidentJoe Biden and his running mate,United States SenatorKamala Harris of California. Also on the ballot were the nominees for theLibertarian,Green,Constitution,American Solidarity, Life and Liberty, andSocialism and Liberation parties andIndependent candidates.Write-in candidates are not allowed to participate in presidential elections.[3]

Prior to the election, all 14 news organizations making predictions considered this a state Trump would win, or otherwise a safered state. In2016, Trump won Arkansas by a 26.92% margin,[4] the largest margin for a candidate of either party sinceJimmy Carter's 30.01% margin in1976. In 2020, Trump won 62.40% of the vote to Biden's 34.78%, a 27.62% margin,[5] the seventh consecutive election in which Republicans improved on their margin in Arkansas, the longest in the nation of any state for either party.[6] This made Arkansas one of only six states, along with theDistrict of Columbia, in which Trump improved on his performance in 2016.[a] Despite improving on Hillary Clinton's performance in the Natural State by 1.13% in terms of raw vote percentage, Biden's losing margin makes it the largest loss by a Democrat in Arkansas sinceGeorge McGovern's 38.1-point defeat in1972. The last Democrat even to win over 40% of the vote wasJohn Kerry in2004.[6] AfterBarack Obama, Biden is the second ever Democrat to win the presidency without carrying Arkansas. This was the first time ever that an incumbent Republican carried the state while losing re–election.

Trump won landslide margins across the state, including in many of the state's metropolitan areas and suburbs. Trump once again carriedWoodruff County, formerly a Democratic stronghold, thus marking the first time since its founding that a Democrat was elected president without carrying the county.[7] Biden's strength was mostly isolated toPulaski County, home to the state capital and largest city ofLittle Rock, andJefferson County, home toPine Bluff. He also won six rural, predominantly African-American counties on the eastern border along theMississippi River. All but seven counties in the state swung heavily to the right, the exceptions being Pulaski County and one other county in theLittle Rock metropolitan area;Sebastian County, home toFort Smith; and three counties in the northwest encompassing and surrounding the college town ofFayetteville, where theUniversity of Arkansas is located.[8] Notably, Biden lostWashington County, where Fayetteville is, by only 3.9 percentage points, the closest any Democrat has come to winning it sinceClinton did so in1996. Arkansas voted 32.07% more Republican than the national average in 2020.

Primary elections

[edit]

The primary elections were held onSuper Tuesday, March 3, 2020.

Republican primary

[edit]

Incumbent PresidentDonald Trump, formerMassachusetts GovernorBill Weld, and perennial candidateRocky De La Fuente were the declared Republicans candidates.Tom Cotton, the current junior senator from Arkansas, declined to run in 2017.[9][10][11] As incumbent presidents rarely face prominent challenges in primaries, Trump won all 40 delegates and 97.13% of the vote.

This section istranscluded from2020 Arkansas Republican presidential primary.(edit |history)

The following candidates are on the ballot.[12]

2020 Arkansas Republican presidential primary[13]
CandidatePopular voteDelegates
CountPercentage
Donald Trump238,98097.13%40
Bill Weld5,2162.12%0
Rocky De La Fuente1,8480.75%0
Total246,044100%40

Democratic primary

[edit]

Eighteen candidates were on the Democratic primary ballot, of whom nine had already withdrew, three withdrew during the early voting period, and six were active candidates. Former Vice PresidentJoe Biden won the primary with 40.59% of the vote and 17 delegates; he carried all but one county. SenatorBernie Sanders ofVermont came in second place, with 22.44% of the vote and 9 delegates. FormerNew York CityMayorMichael Bloomberg won 16.72% of the vote and 5 delegates; no other candidates won over 15% of the vote or any delegates.[14] Biden's win was widely predicted in polling and forecasts,[15][16] similar to most other southern states; his best performance was along the eastern border along the Mississippi River and on the southern border, which have high concentrations of African American voters, who Biden consistently performed better among throughout the primary. He also won theLittle Rock,Fort Smith,Jonesboro, andPine Bluff metropolitan areas. Analogous with his performance in the2016 primary, Sanders performed best in the northwest, traditionally the most Republican part of the state, holding Biden to less than 40 percent of the vote in many regions and winningWashington County, home to theUniversity of Arkansas inFayetteville. Biden's strong performance in the state is a vestige of the prominence of moderate, white, Democratic politicians in and from the state throughout the late 20th century and 2000s which has largely faded amid increased political polarization and Republican gains among white, non-college-educated voters.[17] Aided by several other centrist candidates withdrawing from the race just before Super Tuesday[18] and a growing Democratic voter base in the suburbs,[19] Arkansas was a relatively noncompetitive state throughout the primary.

This section is an excerpt from2020 Arkansas Democratic presidential primary § ARresults.[edit]
Popular vote share by county
  Biden—30–40%
  Biden—40–50%
  Biden—50–60%
  Biden—60–70%
  Sanders—30–40%
2020 Arkansas Democratic presidential primary[20]
CandidateVotes%Delegates
Joe Biden93,01240.5917
Bernie Sanders51,41322.449
Michael Bloomberg38,31216.725
Elizabeth Warren22,97110.03
Pete Buttigieg(withdrawn)[b]7,6493.34
Amy Klobuchar(withdrawn)[b]7,0093.06
Tom Steyer(withdrawn)[b]2,0530.90
Tulsi Gabbard1,5930.70
Kamala Harris(withdrawn)7150.31
Andrew Yang(withdrawn)7150.31
Michael Bennet(withdrawn)5740.25
Cory Booker(withdrawn)5720.25
Marianne Williamson(withdrawn)5010.22
Steve Bullock(withdrawn)4850.21
John Delaney(withdrawn)4430.19
Joe Sestak(withdrawn)4080.18
Julian Castro(withdrawn)3040.13
Other candidate3930.17
Total229,122100%31

General election

[edit]

Predictions

[edit]
SourceRankingAs of
The Cook Political Report[21]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
Inside Elections[22]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
Sabato's Crystal Ball[23]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
Politico[24]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
RCP[25]Likely RNovember 3, 2020
Niskanen[26]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
CNN[27]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
The Economist[28]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
CBS News[29]Likely RNovember 3, 2020
270towin[30]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
ABC News[31]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
NPR[32]Likely RNovember 3, 2020
NBC News[33]Safe RNovember 3, 2020
538[34]Safe RNovember 3, 2020

Polling

[edit]

Graphical summary

[edit]
‹ Thetemplate below (Graph:Chart) is being considered for deletion. Seetemplates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
This graph was using thelegacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to thenew Chart extension.


Aggregate polls

[edit]
Source of poll
aggregation
Dates
administered
Dates
updated
Joe
Biden

Democratic
Donald J.
Trump

Republican
Other/
Undecided
[c]
Margin
270 to Win[35]October 17–28, 2020November 3, 202035.0%60.3%4.7%Trump +25.3
FiveThirtyEight[36]until November 2, 2020November 3, 202036.2%58.9%4.9%Trump +22.8
Average35.6%59.6%4.8%Trump +24.0

Polls

[edit]
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered
Sample
size[d]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump

Republican
Joe
Biden

Democratic
Jo
Jorgensen

Libertarian
Howie
Hawkins

Green
OtherUndecided
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37]Oct 20 – Nov 2, 20201,309 (LV)± 4%61%[e]38%--
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37]Oct 1–28, 20202,239 (LV)60%38%--
University of Arkansas[38]Oct 9–21, 2020591 (LV)± 3.9%65%32%--3%
Hendrix College/Talk Business & Politics[39]Oct 11–13, 2020647 (LV)± 4.9%58%34%2%1%2%[f]4%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37]Sep 1–30, 2020771 (LV)62%38%--1%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37]Aug 1–31, 2020689 (LV)67%32%--1%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37]Jul 1–31, 2020747 (LV)66%32%--2%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[37]Jun 8–30, 2020354 (LV)59%38%--2%
Hendrix College/Talk Business & Politics[40]Jun 9–10, 2020869 (LV)± 3.3%47%45%--5%[g]3%

Fundraising

[edit]

According to theFederal Election Commission, in 2019 and 2020,Donald Trump and his interest groups raised $2,732,436.64,[41]Joe Biden and his interest groups raised $2,088,712.78,[42] andJo Jorgensen and her interest groups raised $5,289.19[43] from Arkansas-based contributors.

Candidate ballot access

[edit]

The candidates on the ballot were listed in the following order:[44]

Political party candidates were eligible via a primary election or party convention and had to have filed anaffidavit of eligibility, political practices pledge, and party certificate with the Arkansas Secretary of State by March 1, 2020, as did independent candidates. Independents also had to file a petition with at least 1,000 signatures of eligible voters from up to 90 days before the petition filing deadline on August 3, 2020.Write-in candidates cannot run in presidential, municipal, or primary elections.[46][47]

Electoral slates

[edit]

Technically the voters ofArkansas cast their ballots for electors, or representatives to theElectoral College, rather than directly for president and vice president. Arkansas is allocated six electors because it has fourcongressional districts and twosenators. All candidates who appear on the ballot must submit a list of six electors who pledge to vote for their candidate and their running mate. Whoever wins the most votes in the state is awarded all six electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than their candidate is known as afaithless elector. In the state of Arkansas, there are no laws regarding faithless electors, meaning their vote is counted and not penalized.[48]

The electors of each state and theDistrict of Columbia met on December 15, 2020, to cast their votes for president and vice president. All six pledged electors cast their votes for incumbent PresidentDonald Trump and Vice PresidentMike Pence. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead, the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols. The electoral vote wastabulated and certified by Congress in ajoint session on January 6, 2021, per theElectoral Count Act.

These electors were nominated by each party in order to vote in the Electoral College should their candidate win the state:[49]

Donald Trump
Mike Pence
Republican
Joe Biden
Kamala Harris
Democratic
Jo Jorgensen
Spike Cohen
Libertarian
Kanye West
Michelle Tidball
Independent
Howie Hawkins
Angela Nicole Walker
Green
Phil Collins
Billy Joe Parker
Independent
Brock Pierce
Karla Ballard
Independent
Don Blankenship
William Mohr
Constitution
Brian T. Carroll
Amar Patel
American Solidarity
Ed Bethune
Sharon Brooks
Iverson Jackson
J. D. McGehee
Rod Soubers
Doyle Webb
Connie Castleberry
Nicole Clowney
Frederick Freeman
Megan Godfrey
Philip Hood
Asad Khan
James Hood
Christopher Olson
Morgan Reynolds
Brian Shank
Jake Simpson
Joe Swafford
Addison Blakely
Audrey Buckner
Christopher Blakely
Christopher Donegan
Trista Nicole Donegan
Courtney Johnson
Ryan Giglio
Chad Jones
Lowel Lybarger
Marilyn Rumph
Robin Rumph
Andrew Waldron
None submittedJoni Bilhartz
Erin Krus
Jeremy Plumlee
Kelly Shadlow
Susan Shadow
Christopher Smiley
Jonathan Baker
Spencer Graham
Mitchell Ingram
Margie Mullins
Trently Mullins
Brian Webb
Angela Clark-Chandler
Everett DePangher
Ashley Evans
Gary Evans
Lee Evans
Adam Wheeless
C. L. Gammon
Phil Collins
Independent
John Richard Myers
Tiara Lusk
Life and Liberty
Gloria La Riva
Sunil Freeman
Socialism and Liberation
Rocky De La Fuente
Darcy Richardson
Independent
None submittedJacob Faught
Brenda Hinesly
William Whitfield Hyman
Brian Leach
Zachary Caleb Mulson
Glen Schwarz
Taylor Adams
Karl Brown
Aaron Gibson
Jill Neimeier
Destin Reishus
Achal Thakore
Gevina Jackson
Orlando Jones
Phyllis McCullor
Elisha Patrick
Tiara Peters
Therma L. Propps Jr.

Results

[edit]
2020 United States presidential election in Arkansas[5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
RepublicanDonald Trump
Mike Pence
760,64762.40%+1.83%
DemocraticJoe Biden
Kamala Harris
423,93234.78%+1.13%
LibertarianJo Jorgensen
Spike Cohen
13,1331.08%−1.56%
IndependentKanye West
Michelle Tidball
4,0990.34%n/a
GreenHowie Hawkins
Angela Walker
2,9800.24%−0.60%
IndependentPhil Collins
Billy Joe Parker
2,8120.23%n/a
IndependentBrock Pierce
Karla Ballard
2,1410.18%n/a
ConstitutionDon Blankenship
William Mohr
2,1080.17%−0.24%
American SolidarityBrian T. Carroll
Amar Patel
1,7130.14%n/a
IndependentC. L. Gammon
Phil Collins[h]
1,4750.12%n/a
Life and LibertyJohn Richard Myers
Tiara Lusk
1,3720.11%n/a
Socialism and LiberationGloria La Riva
Sunil Freeman
1,3360.11%n/a
IndependentRocky De La Fuente
Darcy Richardson
1,3210.11%n/a
Total votes1,219,069100%+2.83%

By county

[edit]
CountyDonald J. Trump
Republican
Joe Biden
Democratic
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal
#%#%#%#%
Arkansas4,30468.40%1,81828.89%1702.71%2,48639.51%6,292
Ashley5,54870.00%2,12526.81%2533.19%3,42343.19%7,926
Baxter15,83675.38%4,63522.06%5362.56%11,20153.32%21,007
Benton73,96561.68%42,24935.23%3,6983.09%31,71626.45%119,912
Boone13,65279.77%3,06417.90%3982.33%10,58861.87%17,114
Bradley2,33563.90%1,21433.22%1052.88%1,12130.68%3,654
Calhoun1,63674.98%47921.95%673.07%1,15753.03%2,182
Carroll7,42462.93%4,02334.10%3502.97%3,40128.83%11,797
Chicot1,75242.70%2,26055.08%912.22%-508-12.38%4,103
Clark4,61654.99%3,43840.95%3414.06%1,17814.04%8,395
Clay4,08678.83%96218.56%1352.61%3,12460.27%5,183
Cleburne10,32881.45%1,98815.68%3642.87%8,34065.77%12,680
Cleveland2,86779.64%65118.08%822.28%2,21661.56%3,600
Columbia5,50063.83%2,81432.66%3023.51%2,68631.17%8,616
Conway5,69465.56%2,61530.11%3764.33%3,07935.45%8,685
Craighead25,55866.37%11,92130.95%1,0322.68%13,63735.42%38,511
Crawford18,60777.24%4,95920.58%5252.18%13,64856.66%24,091
Crittenden7,33344.80%8,51452.02%5203.18%-1,181-7.22%16,367
Cross4,94671.25%1,77225.53%2243.22%3,17445.72%6,942
Dallas1,57359.38%96336.35%1134.27%61023.03%2,649
Desha1,92146.13%2,01648.41%2275.46%-95-2.28%4,164
Drew4,34962.96%2,42635.12%1331.92%1,92327.84%6,908
Faulkner34,42163.24%18,34733.71%1,6603.05%16,07429.53%54,428
Franklin5,67779.63%1,30018.24%1522.13%4,37761.39%7,129
Fulton3,96177.38%1,03520.22%1232.40%2,92657.16%5,119
Garland29,06965.77%14,04531.78%1,0852.45%15,02433.99%44,199
Grant6,79482.85%1,26815.46%1381.69%5,52667.39%8,200
Greene12,67078.70%3,05818.99%3722.31%9,61259.71%16,100
Hempstead4,47065.27%2,13831.22%2403.51%2,33234.05%6,848
Hot Spring9,20273.28%3,08224.54%2732.18%6,12048.74%12,557
Howard3,36769.65%1,34027.72%1272.63%2,02741.93%4,834
Independence11,25077.52%2,80619.34%4563.14%8,44458.18%14,512
Izard4,63179.71%1,02117.57%1582.72%3,61062.14%5,810
Jackson3,59370.58%1,36526.81%1332.61%2,22843.77%5,091
Jefferson9,52137.84%14,98159.55%6562.61%-5,460-21.71%25,158
Johnson6,93873.05%2,28324.04%2772.91%4,65549.01%9,498
Lafayette1,75765.58%83931.32%833.10%91834.26%2,679
Lawrence4,56978.01%1,08018.44%2083.55%3,48959.57%5,857
Lee1,28645.15%1,42349.96%1394.89%-137-4.81%2,848
Lincoln2,72970.43%1,03226.63%1142.94%1,69743.80%3,875
Little River3,71571.76%1,22623.68%2364.56%2,48948.08%5,177
Logan6,44178.31%1,54418.77%2402.92%4,89759.54%8,225
Lonoke22,88474.63%6,68621.81%1,0923.56%16,19852.82%30,662
Madison5,65876.97%1,56321.26%1301.77%4,09555.71%7,351
Marion5,78377.08%1,53120.41%1892.51%4,25256.67%7,503
Miller11,92072.12%4,24525.68%3642.20%7,67546.44%16,529
Mississippi7,29659.12%4,55836.93%4883.95%2,73822.19%12,342
Monroe1,54554.87%1,14740.73%1244.40%39814.14%2,816
Montgomery3,04678.65%73118.87%962.48%2,31559.78%3,873
Nevada2,13363.52%1,07632.04%1494.44%1,05731.48%3,358
Newton3,19279.84%70917.73%972.43%2,48362.11%3,998
Ouachita5,29454.98%3,99541.49%3403.53%1,29913.49%9,629
Perry3,47975.19%1,01221.87%1362.94%2,46743.32%4,627
Phillips2,41738.72%3,62358.04%2023.24%-1,206-19.32%6,242
Pike3,51982.88%64415.17%831.95%2,87567.71%4,246
Poinsett5,91878.69%1,42418.93%1792.38%4,49459.76%7,521
Polk7,03582.86%1,24614.68%2092.46%5,78968.18%8,490
Pope18,08174.01%5,77223.62%5792.37%12,30950.39%24,432
Prairie2,78679.71%65418.71%551.58%2,13261.00%3,495
Pulaski63,68737.47%101,94759.98%4,3222.55%-38,260-22.51%169,956
Randolph5,35578.61%1,21517.84%2423.55%4,14060.77%6,812
St. Francis3,24245.61%3,60450.70%2623.69%-362-5.09%7,108
Saline39,55669.45%16,06028.20%1,3432.35%23,49641.25%56,959
Scott2,96283.41%48313.60%1062.99%2,47969.81%3,551
Searcy3,36583.73%58814.63%661.64%2,77769.10%4,019
Sebastian31,19866.18%14,48730.73%1,4553.09%16,71135.45%47,140
Sevier3,88474.66%1,11621.45%2023.89%2,76853.21%5,202
Sharp5,93878.48%1,39818.48%2303.04%4,54060.00%7,566
Stone4,61677.74%1,18019.87%1422.39%3,43657.87%5,938
Union10,47863.09%5,58433.62%5453.29%4,89429.47%16,607
Van Buren6,03477.29%1,59320.40%1802.31%4,44156.89%7,807
Washington47,50450.39%43,82446.49%2,9383.12%3,6803.90%94,266
White24,18278.30%5,97819.36%7252.34%18,20458.94%30,885
Woodruff1,54362.32%85634.57%773.11%68727.75%2,476
Yell5,22677.53%1,28419.05%2313.42%3,94258.48%6,741
Totals760,64762.40%423,93234.78%34,4902.82%336,71527.62%1,219,069
Swing by county
Legend
  •   Democratic — +5–7.5%
  •   Democratic — +2.5–5%
  •   Democratic — +0–2.5%
  •   Republican — +0–2.5%
  •   Republican — +2.5–5%
  •   Republican — +5–7.5%
  •   Republican — +7.5–10%
  •   Republican — +10–12.5%
  •   Republican — +12.5–15%
  •   Republican — +>15%

By congressional district

[edit]

Trump won all four congressional districts.[50]

DistrictTrumpBidenRepresentative
1st69%28%Rick Crawford
2nd53%44%French Hill
3rd62%35%Steve Womack
4th68%30%Bruce Westerman

Analysis

[edit]

Arkansas is a majority-White, heavily-ruralSouthern state with a strong distaste for social liberalism, contained entirely within theBible Belt. As a result, no Democrat has won Arkansas since native son and former governorBill Clinton did so in1996; since then, the Republican margin of victory has increased in every consecutive presidential election. The state thoroughly ceased to be competitive in2008, when DemocratBarack Obama lost Arkansas by nearly 20 points despite decisively winning the national election. This marked a historic shift in the state; Obama became the first Democrat ever elected president without carrying Arkansas. Analysts atThe New York Times speculated that the shift in 2020 occurred becauseHillary Clinton, as the formerFirst Lady of Arkansas, had ahome state advantage in2016.[51]

Continuing on this trend, Trump carried Arkansas again by a margin of 27.62%, a 0.7% increase from 26.92% four years earlier in 2016. Even as most of the nation swung slightly leftward, many counties in Arkansas still swung dramatically rightward. Trump improved his margin in the historically DemocraticDelta county ofWoodruff from 8.9% four years prior to 27.7% in 2020. Biden also became the first Democrat to ever win the White House without carrying this county since its founding in 1862.

Perexit polls by theAssociated Press, Trump's strength in Arkansas came from 86% withWhite,born again/evangelicalChristians. Fifty-two percent of voters opposed changing theArkansas state flag to remove thestar that symbolizes theConfederacy, and these voters backed Trump by 88%–10%.[52]

In other elections, incumbent RepublicanTom Cotton defeated Libertarian Ricky Dale Harrington Jr. in thesenatorial election by 33 points, outperforming Trump. Harrington's performance is the best Libertarian senatorial performance in history in terms of voting percentage.[53] No Democrat filed in the senatorial race.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The other five states wereCalifornia,Florida,Hawaii,Nevada, andUtah.
  2. ^abcCandidate withdrew after early voting had started.
  3. ^Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
  4. ^Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  5. ^Overlapping sample with the previous SurveyMonkey/Axios poll, but more information available regarding sample size
  6. ^"Someone else" with 2%
  7. ^"Another candidate" with 5%
  8. ^abC. L. Gammon was the original presidential nominee of theProhibition Party, with Phil Collins as his running mate. After Gammon withdrew, Collins was given the party's nomination for president, but appears on the ballot a second time as Gammon and Collins' original candidacy was never removed.[45]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Kelly, Ben (August 13, 2018)."US elections key dates: When are the 2018 midterms and the 2020 presidential campaign?".The Independent.Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2019.
  2. ^"Distribution of Electoral Votes".National Archives and Records Administration.Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2019.
  3. ^"Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arkansas".Ballotpedia. RetrievedApril 19, 2021.
  4. ^"2016 General Election and Nonpartisan Runoff Election - Official County Results".Arkansas Secretary of State. RetrievedApril 19, 2021.
  5. ^ab"2020 General Election and Nonpartisan Judicial Runoff".Arkansas Secretary of State. RetrievedNovember 28, 2020.
  6. ^ab"Arkansas Presidential Election Voting History".270toWin. RetrievedApril 19, 2021.
  7. ^Leip, Dave."Arkansas Election Results".Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  8. ^"Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins".The New York Times. November 3, 2020.ISSN 0362-4331. RetrievedApril 19, 2021.
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