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All 250 seats in theParliament of Syria 126 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 18,766,014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 33.17% ( 24.39pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Parliamentary elections were scheduled to be held inSyria on 13 April 2020 to elect members of thePeople's Council of Syria. However, on 14 March they were postponed to 20 May due to thecoronavirus pandemic.[1] On 7 May it was decided to postpone the elections until 19 July.[2] Syria's parliamentary elections occur every four years, with the last held in2016.
A total of 1,656 candidates ran for office, competing for all 250 seats in Syria's parliament.
The previous parliamentary election was held on 13 April 2016, although its results were not recognized by theUnited Nations.[3] On 3 March 2020, PresidentBashar al-Assad issued a decree setting the date of the election to 13 April 2020. The decree stipulated that 127 of the 250 members of the People's Council were to be workers and farmers, while 123 were to be from other segments of the population. All were to be elected from 15 multi-member constituencies.[4] The announcement came amida government offensive onIdlib Governorate, the last province mainly controlled by theSyrian opposition. The oppositionSyrian National Coalition called the election a "theatrical election by the Assad regime" with millions uprooted or in exile.[5]
In the months leading up to the election, there were heavy disputes within the Syrian government, as President Assad quarreled with the influential Maklouf family. Accordingly, pro-Assad factions attempted to weaken Maklouf allies, including theSyrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP). The SSNP had previously acted as a kind of opposition within the government and was regarded as the country's most powerful party after the Ba'ath Party.[6][7] Besides the Ba'ath Party and the SSNP, theSyrian Communist Party (Bakdash) was considered as a runner-up, as it had substantial grassroots support.[6] In addition, several candidates in the election were affiliated with or leaders of militias involved in the civil war, includingBaqir Brigade, ex-Ba'ath Brigades,Hezbollah, and tribal militias.[6] One candidate was Madloul Omar al-Aziz, an ex-al-Nusra Front member who had defected to the government in course of the civil war.[7]
The 250 seats of thePeople's Council of Syria are elected throughparty bloc voting in 15 multi-member constituencies. Voters in a riding choose a closed list of candidates that they cannot change from the proposed ones, and the one with the most votes wins all the seats at stake in the riding. Each list is made up of a minimum of two-thirds ofBa'ath Party candidates and half of workers and peasants, so that the total of the latter is 127 out of the total of 250 elected deputies.
In practice, committees appointed by a commission whose members are themselves chosen by the president decide on the validity of the candidacies of "workers and peasants," meaning the president has de facto control over who is allowed to run under that designation, and political parties other than the ruling Ba'ath Party are prohibited from criticising the national government or the Ba'ath Party under a ban on "weakening national sentiment". All members of theNational Progressive Front are also loyal to the Ba'ath Party.[citation needed]
The electoral process was accessible to Syrians living in all areas held by the Syrian government, theSyrian Democratic Forces (SDF) allowed elections as well under joint government-SDF control, which is around 70% of the country's total territory. This made the 2020 election the first time since the beginning of the country'scivil war in which a government-sponsored election was held in the provinces ofRaqqa,Al-Hasakah and the government-controlled parts ofIdlib. Previously, the armed groups that controlled those areas did not allow the Syrian Government to organize elections within them.[8][9] However, the SDF did not allow the election to take place in areas under its exclusive rule, as they saw an election prior to dialogue and agreement on a solution to the end of the civil war as premature.[10]
The country's electoral authorities officially stated that the elections were fair, noting that candidates, their representatives and the media would be allowed to monitor the voting and vote counting process. TheSyrian Opposition and armed rebel groups within it, which don't recognize the government at all, rejected the election completely and refused to take part in it, leaving the ruling coalition to face very little opposition at the polls.[8] TheMiddle East Institute claimed that "widespread electoral fraud" had taken place before and during the election. Aleppo candidate Fares Shehabi and the mostly Kurdish Youth and Justice Party protested onFacebook against irregularities; Youth and Justice Party candidate Borween Ibrahim was consequently arrested.[7]
As the election was held during theCOVID-19 pandemic in the country, voters had their temperature checked before being allowed into the voting premises, while election officials were required to wear masks and ensure that queues of voters observedsocial distancing.[8]
Unknown individuals detonated a bomb inside a polling center inBusra al-Harir on election day, coinciding with two other bombings in the Syrian capital ofDamascus, which detonated near a mosque in theNaher Aisha neighbourhood and killed at least one person.[11]
Results were delayed as they had to be re-run in 5 of the over 7,000 total voting districts. Voting was held in 70% of Syrian territory.[12]
The nationwide turnout for the election was 33.17%, as 6,224,687 voters voted in the election. This represented a decline in turnout, which the Syrian government attributed to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Syria.[13] Observers concurred that the deadly pandemic had significantly affected turnout, but added that the news of the election day bombings, wartime poverty and a lack of confidence in the ability of the parliament to end the crisis that had beset Syria since the start of the country's civil war were also major contributing factors to the low turnout.[11]
There were several changes to the ethnic and religious makeup of parliamentary as a result of the election.[7] FourArmenians were elected to the People's Council, an increase of one compared with the previous elections.[7][14] The country's large Kurdish minority received six seats, a "token increase" from 2016.Druze received eight seats, though six of these were Ba'ath Party loyalists unlike in the 2016 election, where opposition-leaning Druze had received more support. There was a marginal increase in Alawite, Sunni, andMurshidi MPs. The number of Christian representatives declined from 22 to 18.[7]
The pro-governmentNational Progressive Front and its allies won 183 of the 250 seats. Overall, the NPF lost seats, particularly due to the SSNP suffering heavy losses, being reduced to three seats. These were attributed to the clashes between Assad and the SSNP before the election. The Ba'ath Party received 66.8% of the seats, registering victory. Militia representatives running as independents won several seats.[7] In addition, candidates affiliated with Syrian First LadyAsma al-Assad won several seats which was interpreted by observers as showcasing her growing influence within the Syrian government.[7]
In addition, the election resulted in a reduced representation of women, as 27 female candidates secured a seat, compared to 32 in 2016.[7]
TheFirst Hussein Arnous government was formed in the months after the election. TheSecond Hussein Arnous government was formed the following year.
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| Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| National Progressive Front | Ba'ath Party | 167 | ||||
| Arab Socialist Union Party | 3 | |||||
| Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash) | 3 | |||||
| Syrian Social Nationalist Party | 3 | |||||
| National Covenant Party | 2 | |||||
| Socialist Unionist Party | 2 | |||||
| Arab Democratic Union Party | 1 | |||||
| Democratic Socialist Unionist Party | 1 | |||||
| Syrian Communist Party (Unified) | 1 | |||||
| Independents | 67 | |||||
| Total | 250 | |||||
| Total votes | 6,224,687 | – | ||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 18,766,014 | 33.17 | ||||
| Source: Middle East Institute[7] | ||||||
| Presidential elections | |
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| Parliamentary elections | |
| Local elections | |
| Referendums | |
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