This article is about the March 2017 attack in Westminster. For the similar attack in June 2017 in London, see2017 London Bridge attack. For other uses, seeWestminster attack.
Police treated the attack as "Islamist-related terrorism". Masood said in a final text message that he was wagingjihad in revenge for Western military action in Muslim countries in the Middle East.Amaq News Agency, which is linked toIslamic State, said the attacker answered the group's calls to target citizens ofstates that were fighting against it, though the claim was questioned by the UK police and government. Police have found no link with a terrorist organisation and believe Masood acted alone.[1]
New Palace Yard, where the knife attack and shooting by police took place
At 14:40local time on 22 March 2017,[6] a greyHyundai Tucson,[7][8][9][10] hired inBirmingham,[7] was driven at up to 76 miles per hour (122 km/h)[11] into pedestrians along thepavement on the south side ofWestminster Bridge and Bridge Street, causing multiple casualties.[12][13] One of the victims, a Romanian tourist, was thrown by the car's impact over the parapet of the bridge into theRiver Thames below. Having been knocked unconscious and sustained severe injuries from the fall, she was rescued by the crew of a river cruise and brought aboard aLondon Fire Brigade boat.[8] She later died in hospital from her injuries.[14]
The car continued, and crashed into railings on Bridge Street at the north perimeter of the Palace of Westminster.[15] Masood, wearing black clothes, got out of the car and ran around the corner into Parliament Square and through the open Carriage Gates where he fatally stabbed an unarmed police officer,PCKeith Palmer. An armed police officer (believed to have been theMetropolitan Police close protection officer for the thenSecretary of State for DefenceMichael Fallon[16]) witnessed the stabbing, ran towards the scene and shot Masood dead.[16][17][18] The entire attack lasted 82 seconds.[6]
Despite attempts to resuscitate him, Masood died at the scene having been hit by all three shots fired by police. The first bullet, which struck his upper torso, was believed to be the cause of death;[19][20][21][22] he was pronounced dead at 15:35 at hospital.[23] Passers-by, including MPTobias Ellwood (theForeign Minister for the Middle East and Africa) and paramedics, attempted to revive PC Palmer, also without success.[24][21] Police later confirmed that PC Palmer had been wearing a protective vest, which did not appear to have been punctured in the attack.[25]
The hearse carrying PCKeith Palmer en route to Southwark Cathedral
Six people, including the attacker, died as a result of the incident, and around 50 others were injured, some of them severely. Of the five people killed by the attacker, three wereBritish nationals.[13][17] One of the dead was a teacher believed to have been walking along the bridge to pick up her children from school.[42] A tourist from the United States also died; he was visiting London fromUtah to celebrate his 25th anniversary with his wife, who was among the injured.[17][43] The fourth victim was a 75-year-old man fromClapham in south-west London, who was hit by the car and later died in hospital after hislife support was switched off.[44][45] A fifth victim, a 31-year-old tourist from Romania, fell into theThames during the attack; she died in hospital as a result of her injuries on 6 April after her life support was withdrawn. Her Romanian boyfriend, who had planned to propose marriage during their trip to London, was also injured during the attack.[46][35]
A dozen people received serious injuries, some described as "catastrophic",[18] and eight others were treated for less serious injuries at the scene.[21] Injured members of the public were taken toSt Thomas' Hospital, which is located immediately across Westminster Bridge inLambeth, and toKing's College Hospital (which declared a 'major incident' in its designated trauma centre),St Mary's Hospital, theRoyal London Hospital and theChelsea and Westminster Hospital.[17][21] Three French students, fromConcarneau in Brittany, were among those injured;[49] others included three police officers who were returning from a commendation ceremony, four students fromEdge Hill University in Lancashire, and the wife of the American who was killed.[17][21]
The attacker was identified by theMetropolitan Police as Khalid Masood, a 52-year-oldBlack Briton.[50][51] He was born Adrian Russell Elms to a single mother but used his stepfather's surname, Ajao, interchangeably with Elms from the age of two.[52][53][54] He changed his name to Khalid Masood after converting toIslam. Police said he also used several other aliases, including Khalid Choudry.[52][55]
Masood was born inKent, and brought up inRye, East Sussex, and later attended secondary school inTunbridge Wells in Kent. Latterly, he lived in the West Midlands.[56] He dropped out of school at 16 and by 18 was described as a heavycocaine user.[57] He was sentenced to two years in prison in 2000 forgrievous bodily harm during a knife attack in a public house inNorthiam in Sussex. In 2003, he was sentenced to six months in prison for possession of an offensive weapon following another knife attack inEastbourne in Sussex.[58][59] He also had convictions forpublic order offences going back to 1983.[58][59] Heconverted to Islam while in prison[60] although police found no evidence to suggest he becameradicalised there.[61][62] He changed his name to Khalid Masood in 2005.
Masood taught English inSaudi Arabia from November 2005 to November 2006, and again from April 2008 to April 2009,[63][64] after which he worked at a collegeteaching English as a foreign language inLuton, England.[65] In early March 2015, he made a brief trip to Saudi Arabia on anUmrah visa, normally issued to those making a pilgrimage toMecca.[53][64]
In 2010, Masood was described as a "peripheral figure" in aMI5 investigation of a group of Islamists later convicted of plotting to bomb aTerritorial Army base in Luton. Following a risk assessment, MI5 decided he did not pose a threat.[66][67] The Metropolitan Police said he was not the subject of any current investigations and there was no prior intelligence about his intent to mount a terrorist attack.[68] He had not been convicted of any terrorism offences.[69]
Farasat Latif, director of the language school in Luton where Masood taught between 2010 and 2012, toldThe Guardian that when Masood lived in Luton he was apolitical and not aligned with the younger and predominantly Asian local radical Islamist groupAl-Muhajiroun. Although aware of violence in Masood's past, Latif had only seen him become angry once, when Masood learnt of plans for a march by theEnglish Defence League through Luton.[70] Between 2012 and 2016, Masood appeared in MI5 investigations as a contact of individuals linked to Al-Muhajiroun.[60]
Masood carried out reconnaissance of Westminster Bridge in person and online three days before the attack,[60] He spent the night before the attack at the Preston Park Hotel inBrighton, Sussex and was described as "laughing and joking" by the manager there.[71] He had takenanabolic steroids in the days and hours before the attack.[72]
Masood, at 52, was atypical in that most jihadi terrorists are under 35.[73]
On 22 March, the day of the attack, the Metropolitan Police said it believed the attack was inspired by "international terrorism"[74][75] and that they were working under the assumption that it was "Islamist-related terrorism".[76][77][78] On 23 March, theIslamic State-associatedAmaq News Agency announced that the attacker was "a soldier of the Islamic State, executing the operation in response to calls to target citizens of coalition nations".[79] TheHome Secretary,Amber Rudd, cast doubts on this claim.[80] Analysts monitoring Islamic State online said the claim appeared to be an effort to mask its losses in Iraq and Syria, adding that the lack of biographical information on the attacker and lack of specifics about the attack suggested it was not directly involved.[81]
Describing Masood as a "terrorist",[82] the Metropolitan Police said it was investigating whether he was alone actor inspired by terrorist propaganda or was being directed by others.[83] On 25 March,Neil Basu, Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and Senior National Coordinator for UK Counter-Terrorism Policing, announced that investigators believed Masood acted alone.[84] On 27 March, Basu announced that Masood clearly had an interest injihad, that his methods echoed the rhetoric of Islamic State leaders and that investigators have found no evidence he was linked with it oral-Qaeda.[85][66]
The security services later recovered the lastWhatsApp message sent by Masood shortly before his attack. In it, Masood reportedly said he was waging jihad in revenge for Western military action in Muslim countries of the Middle East.[1] He had written a document named "Jihad in theQuran andSunnah", with his photograph on the front page and multiple extracts from the Quran that could be seen as supportive of jihad and martyrdom. He sent this document to numerous contacts a few minutes before the attack.[60]
Some early reports gave descriptions of two supposed attackers, one described as a "bald white man" and another as a "black man with goatee beard".[17] On the morning after the attack,Mark Rowley, the Metropolitan Police'sAssistant Commissioner forSpecialist Operations, stated that the police believed the attacker acted alone.[74]Abu Izzadeen was also erroneously identified as the attacker on social media,Channel 4 News andThe Independent shortly after the attack, although Izzadeen was actually in prison at the time.[86] In April 2017,OFCOM announced an investigation into theChannel 4 News naming of Izzadeen.[87]
Police and media outside the Hagley Road premises that were raided on 22 March, seen on the morning following the raid
At 23:00 on 22 March,West Midlands Police raided a flat inHagley Road, Birmingham. By the morning of 23 March, six locations in East London and Birmingham had been raided resulting in the arrests of eight people on suspicion of preparing terrorist acts.[17][51][88] Officials also carried out searches in London,Brighton andCarmarthenshire.[89][51] The investigation was named Operation Classific. By 24 March, three further arrests had taken place, two men overnight in the West Midlands andNorth West England and a woman during the day inManchester.[90] A woman, arrested earlier in East London, was released on bail.[91] Later on 24 March, seven of those initially arrested were released without further action and the woman arrested in Manchester was released on bail.[92][20][53]
By 25 March, only one man from Birmingham remained in custody and the woman on bail from East London had been removed from police enquiries. Up to that point in the investigation, 2,700 items had been seized and 3,500 witnesses had been contacted.[6] A further arrest was made in Birmingham on 26 March.[93] By 1 April, all twelve suspects arrested after the attack had been released without charge.[94]
Inquests for the dead victims were opened and adjourned on 29 March 2017, and into Masood's death the following day,[23] both under theSenior Coroner for Westminster, Fiona Wilcox.[23]
On 12 October 2018, the jury at the inquest into Masood's death, held under the direction of theChief Coroner of England and Wales,Mark Lucraft, found that Masood had been lawfully killed by a minister's close protection officer identified only as SA74. Two plain-clothed armed officers from theRoyalty and Specialist Protection branch of theMetropolitan Police became aware of the ongoing attack; SA74 recounted to the court how Masood had ignored shouted warnings and how he had opened fire in response to Masood running towards him brandishing a knife.[95]
Both the House of Commons and the House of Lords resumed their normal functions on 23 March, the day after the attack.[20] Aone-minute silence in honour of the dead was observed in Parliament, and by London's emergency services, at 09:33. The time was selected to coincide with the start of the day's official parliamentary business.[98][78] In the morning session of parliament, Prime Minister Theresa May said that, "Yesterday an act of terrorism tried to silence our democracy, but today we meet as normal ... to deliver a simple message: We are not afraid and our resolve will never waver in the face of terrorism."[98][78] In a later statement following the2017 London Bridge attack, May stated that all three recent attacks were "bound together by the single evil ideology of Islamic extremism".[99] TheLabour leaderJeremy Corbyn, theLeader of the Opposition, described the attack as "an appalling atrocity".[98][78] Thespeakers of both Houses of Parliament jointly offered sympathy to those affected, and thanked the emergency services.[100] The Scottish Parliament suspended the day's proceedings, including a debate ona second independence referendum.[101] Some MSPs who opposed the decision to suspend parliament said that doing so was "giving in to terrorism".[102]
On 23 March, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh faith leaders met officers at Scotland Yard to discuss responses to the attack.[103] Muslim groups, including theMuslim Council of Britain,[21]Ahmadi Muslims UK,[104] and individual mosques across the country condemned the attack.[103] That evening, there was a public candlelit vigil inTrafalgar Square to honour victims of the attack. It was led by the Mayor of LondonSadiq Khan, the Home SecretaryAmber Rudd and the Acting Metropolitan CommissionerCraig Mackey and attended by leaders of different faiths.[105][106]
Candlelit vigil in Trafalgar Square on 23 March
The Metropolitan Police honoured PC Palmer by retiring his shoulder number 4157U;Charlton Athletic F.C. announced that hisseason ticket seat at theValley would not be occupied at the club's next home game, but would instead have a club scarf placed over it as a mark of respect.[107] AJustGiving fund was set up, with the target of raising £100,000 for his family, a goal attained in less than 24 hours.[69] A group called "Muslims United for London" also raised over £29,000 to support victims and victims' families, releasing a statement saying, "The British Muslim community stands with the community during these difficult times".[108][109][110] Home Secretary Amber Rudd announced that PC Palmer would be remembered at theNational Memorial Arboretum's UK Police Memorial inStaffordshire.[111]
On 26 March, in an event organised by Women's March on London, roughly 100 women, including many Muslims, joined hands to form achain along Westminster Bridge and stood in silence for five minutes to pay tribute to the victims of the attack.[114][115][116] Amber Rudd appeared on BBC'sThe Andrew Marr Show to call for governmentbackdoor access to encrypted messaging services likeWhatsApp, which Masood used to send a message shortly before the attack. She announced a meeting with similar technology industry leaders for 30 March, where she would persuade them to voluntarily co-operate with the government. She refused to rule out passing new legislation to this end if the companies do not comply.[117][1]
As part of the2019 New Year Honours, six other constables, Andy Dunmore, John Kenealy, Stephen Marsh, Mary Mayes, Richard Moore, and Jerry Pearce, received theBritish Empire Medal following the attack, and PC Nick Carlisle was awarded theQueen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service. Acting Detective Sergeant Zac Idun, nurse Joy Ongcachuy, Peter Boorman ofNHS England, and Claire Summers were all madeOBEs for services in investigating the attacks and assisting the victims and their families.[121]
On 22 March 2022, the five year anniversary of the attack, a memorial service was held,[122] and a memorial plaque installed on Westminster Bridge.[123]
On the evening of the attack, theBrandenburg Gate in Germany andTel Aviv City Hall in Israel were illuminated with theUnion Jack.[164] At midnight that evening, theEiffel Tower's lights were switched off to honour those killed in the London attack.[165] On 23 March,Jean-Marc Ayrault, France'sMinister of Foreign Affairs, came to London, where he first visited the hospital where three French high school students injured in the attack were being treated and later attended the morning session in the House of Commons.[166][167]
The BBC TV documentary seriesHospital was filming a routine meeting atSt Mary's when the attack occurred; within minutes St Mary's declared a "major incident", one of several central London hospitals to do so. The cameras recorded the involvement of theemergency department andintensive care staff over the next few hours, and then followed the cases of three patients until their discharge. This episode was broadcast in June 2017.[168]
^Brown, David; Swerling, Gabriella; Gibbons, Katie (23 March 2017). "Police search homes linked to criminal with a string of aliases".The Times. p. 2.ISSN0140-0460.
^Burke, Jason (23 March 2017)."No surprise that London attacker Khalid Masood was born in UK".The Guardian. Retrieved12 October 2018.The standout detail from the sketchy profile we have of Khalid Masood is his age: 52, nearly twice that of most contemporary attackers.
^"Rutte noemt beelden uit Londen afschuwelijk" [Rutte calls images from London horrible].De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Amsterdam: TMG Landelijke Media B.V. 22 March 2017. Retrieved22 March 2017.
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