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2016 United States presidential election in New York

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Main article:2016 United States presidential election
2016 United States presidential election in New York

← 2012
November 8, 2016
2020 →
Turnout67.3% (Increase 8.1pp)
 
NomineeHillary ClintonDonald Trump
PartyDemocraticRepublican
AllianceConservative
Home stateNew YorkNew York
Running mateTim KaineMike Pence
Electoral vote290
Popular vote4,556,1242,819,534
Percentage59.38%36.75%

County results
Congressional district results
Municipality results
Precinct results

Clinton

  30–40%
  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%
  80–90%
  90–100%

Trump

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%
  80–90%
  90–100%

Tie/No Data

  
  


President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Donald Trump
Republican

Elections in New York
Presidential elections
Presidential primaries
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
New York gubernatorial elections
Attorney General elections
State Comptroller elections
State Senate elections
State Assembly elections
General elections
Ballot Measures
Special elections
Mayoral elections

Pre-consolidation:

Post-consolidation:

City Council elections

Pre-consolidation:

Post-consolidation:

Public Advocate elections
Comptroller elections
Borough president elections
District attorney elections
Ballot Proposals
Mayoral elections
Orange County Executive elections
County Executive elections
County Legislature elections
Mayoral elections

The2016 United States presidential election in New York was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, as part of the2016 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus theDistrict of Columbia participated.New York voters chose electors to represent them in theElectoral College via a popular vote, pitting theRepublican Party's nominee, businessmanDonald Trump, and running mateIndiana GovernorMike Pence againstDemocratic Party nominee, formerSecretary of StateHillary Clinton, and her running mate VirginiaSenatorTim Kaine. New York has 29 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[1]

Prior to the election, New York was considered to be a state that Clinton would win or a safeblue state. Despite Trump's association with the state, New York remained a Democratic stronghold with Clinton winning with 59.01% of the vote, while Trump received 36.52% of the vote, a 22.49% Democratic margin of victory. On Election Day, Clinton was immediately declared the winner of New York when polls closed based on exit polling alone.

Despite Clinton's landslide victory, Trump won more counties, taking 45 counties statewide compared to Clinton's 17.[2] Trump also flipped 19 counties that had voted forBarack Obama in2012, tied withMinnesota for the third-most countiesflipped in any state; onlyIowa andWisconsin had more. Clinton received a smaller vote share than outgoing PresidentBarack Obama had in 2012, while Trump improved onMitt Romney's performance despite losing the state by a large margin.

New York was the home state of both major party nominees, though Clinton was born and raised inChicago. Trump was born and raised inNew York City and has been long associated with the state. Clinton has been a resident ofChappaqua in suburbanWestchester County since 1999 and represented the state in theU.S. Senate from 2001 to 2009. Trump became the second consecutive major-party presidential nominee to lose his home state by over 20 points, after Mitt Romney, who lost his home state ofMassachusetts by a similar margin in2012. Before Romney, the last nominee this happened to wasHerbert Hoover in his home state ofCalifornia during1932. Trump also became the fourth winning presidential candidate to lose his state of residence, afterJames K. Polk,Woodrow Wilson, andRichard Nixon. Trump and Polk are the only ones to have lost their state of birth as well (also New York in Trump's case).

The election also marks the most recent cycle in which Trump would be on the presidential ballot as a legal resident of New York state; according to court filings, he registeredPalm Beach, Florida, as his "primary residence" in 2019.[3]This is the first time since1956 in which New York voted more Republican thanCalifornia, which has also occurred in every subsequent election.

Primary elections

[edit]
Hillary Clinton at her2016 campaign kickoff onRoosevelt Island

On April 19, 2016, in thepresidential primaries, New York voters expressed their preferences for theDemocratic andRepublican parties' respective nominees for president. Registered members of each party only voted in their party's primary, while voters who were unaffiliated with either party didn't vote in the primary.[4]

Democratic primary

[edit]
Main article:2016 New York Democratic presidential primary

Two candidates appeared on the Democratic presidential primary ballot:[5]

Similarly to the general election, both candidates in the Democratic primary had a connection to New York, as New York was Clinton's adopted home state and the birthplace of Sanders (who was running from neighboringVermont).

New York Democratic primary, April 19, 2016
CandidatePopular voteEstimated delegates
CountPercentagePledgedUnpledgedTotal
Hillary Clinton1,133,98057.54%13941180
Bernie Sanders820,05641.62%1080108
Void11,3060.57%
Blank votes5,3580.27%
UncommittedN/a033
Total1,970,900100%24744291
Source:[6][7]

Republican primary

[edit]
Main article:2016 New York Republican presidential primary

Three candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot:[5]

New York Republican primary, April 19, 2016
CandidateVotesPercentageActual delegate count
BoundUnboundTotal
Donald Trump554,52259.21%89089
John Kasich231,16624.68%606
Ted Cruz136,08314.53%000
Blank & Void14,7561.58%000
Unprojected delegates:000
Total:936,527100.00%95095
Source:The Green Papers

General election

[edit]

Predictions

[edit]
SourceRankingAs of
Los Angeles Times[8]Safe DNovember 6, 2016
CNN[9]Safe DNovember 4, 2016
Cook Political Report[10]Safe DNovember 7, 2016
Electoral-vote.com[11]Safe DNovember 8, 2016
Rothenberg Political Report[12]Safe DNovember 7, 2016
Sabato's Crystal Ball[13]Safe DNovember 7, 2016
RealClearPolitics[14]Safe DNovember 8, 2016
Fox News[15]Safe DNovember 7, 2016

Polling

[edit]
See also:Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election § New York

Polls projected New York to remain safely in the Democratic column for former Senator Hillary Clinton, despite it also being the home state of Donald Trump for his entire life. The last poll showed Hillary Clinton leading Trump 51% to 34%, and the average of the final 3 polls statewide showed Clinton leading Trump 52% to 31%, which was accurate compared to the results.[16]

Debate

[edit]

Thefirst Presidential Debate took place at Hofstra University. Snap polls indicated that Clinton won.

Candidates

[edit]

New York is a fusion state, which means that candidates are allowed to be on multiple lines.Those on the ballot were:

Democratic, Women's Equality and Working Families Parties

Conservative and Republican parties

Green party

Independence and Libertarian parties

Gary Johnson and Bill Weld were nominated by the Libertarian and Independence Parties using separate elector slates. Their votes have been added together in the below table for convenience.[17]

With the introduction of computerized voting, write-in candidates were permitted. The following is a certified list of persons who made valid presidential write in filings with the State Board of Elections[18]

According toThe New York Times, only 300 write-in votes were counted in 2012,[19] while 63,239 were recorded as "Blank, Void or Scattering".[20]

Results

[edit]
2016 United States presidential election in New York[21]
PartyCandidateRunning mateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
DemocraticHillary ClintonTim Kaine4,379,78356.08%
Working FamiliesHillary ClintonTim Kaine140,0431.83%
Women's EqualityHillary ClintonTim Kaine36,2920.47%
TotalHillary ClintonTim Kaine4,556,11859.38%29
RepublicanDonald TrumpMike Pence2,527,14132.94%
ConservativeDonald TrumpMike Pence292,3923.81%
TotalDonald TrumpMike Pence2,819,53336.75%0
IndependenceGary JohnsonBill Weld119,1601.55%0
LibertarianGary JohnsonBill Weld57,4380.75%0
TotalGary JohnsonBill Weld176,5982.30%
GreenJill SteinAjamu Baraka107,9351.41%0
Official write-inEvan McMullinMindy Finn10,3970.14%0
Official write-inOthersOthers2,5180.03%0
Totals7,673,099100.00%29

New York City results

[edit]
2016 Presidential Election in New York CityManhattanThe BronxBrooklynQueensStaten IslandTotal
Democratic-
Working Families-
Women's Equality
Hillary Clinton579,013353,646640,553517,22078,1432,159,57578.99%
86.6%88.5%79.5%75.4%41.0%
Republican-
Conservative
Donald Trump64,93037,797141,044149,341101,437494,54918.1%
9.7%9.5%17.5%21.8%56.1%
OthersOthers24,9978,07924,00819,8325,38082,2963.0%
3.7%2.0%3.0%2.9%3.0%
TOTAL668,940399,522805,605686,393184,9602,736,420100.00%

By New York City Council district

[edit]

Clinton won 47 of 51New York City Council districts, including one held by a Republican, while Trump won 4 of 51 city council districts, including two held by Democrats.[22]

New York City Council district results
DistrictClintonTrumpCity-Council Member
1st83.3%12.6%Margaret Chin
2nd86.6%9.3%Rosie Méndez
3rd87.1%9.0% Corey Johnson
4th78.1%17.5%Daniel Garodnick
5th80.1%15.5%Ben Kallos
6th87.2%9.0%Helen Rosenthal
7th91.9%4.8%Mark Levine
8th92.8%5.0%Melissa Mark-Viverito
9th94.6%2.7%Inez Dickens
10th89.8%7.1%Ydanis Rodriguez
11th81.5%15.1%Andrew Cohen
12th94.1%4.3%Andy King
13th66.6%30.5%James Vacca
14th93.0%5.3%Fernando Cabrera
15th92.1%6.1%Ritchie Torres
16th94.8%3.9%Vanessa Gibson
17th93.5%4.8%Rafael Salamanca
18th91.6%6.6%Annabel Palma
19th54.6%41.9%Paul Vallone
20th69.0%28.1%Peter Koo
21st87.3%10.5%Julissa Ferreras
22nd77.3%18.5%Costa Constantinides
23rd71.0%26.2%Barry Grodenchik
24th72.3%24.7%Rory Lancman
25th80.0%17.0%Daniel Dromm
26th82.1%14.4%Jimmy Van Bramer
27th94.8%3.7%Daneek Miller
28th91.2%7.4%Adrienne Adams
29th68.8%27.4%Karen Koslowitz
30th56.4%39.9%Elizabeth Crowley
31st89.1%9.0%Donovan Richards
32nd59.6%37.6%Eric Ulrich
33rd85.6%10.4%Stephen Levin
34th89.1%7.2%Antonio Reynoso
35th91.6%5.3%Laurie Cumbo
36th95.1%1.9%Robert Cornegy
37th91.8%5.5%Rafael Espinal
38th79.7%16.8%Carlos Menchaca
39th85.0%11.4%Brad Lander
40th91.9%5.3%Mathieu Eugene
41st95.6%2.7%Darlene Mealy
42nd95.2%3.5%Inez Barron
43rd54.7%40.9%Vincent J. Gentile
44th31.4%64.5%David G. Greenfield
45th84.2%13.6%Jumaane Williams
46th75.0%22.8%Alan Maisel
47th54.2%43.0%Mark Treyger
48th38.8%58.1%Chaim Deutsch
49th67.1%29.6%Debi Rose
50th34.9%62.0%Steven Matteo
51st25.5%71.9%Joe Borelli
Treemap of the popular vote by county

By county

[edit]
CountyHillary Clinton
Democratic
Donald Trump
Republican
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%
Albany83,07159.41%47,80834.19%8,9396.40%35,26325.22%139,818
Allegany4,88226.12%12,52567.01%1,2856.87%-7,643-40.89%18,692
Bronx353,64688.52%37,7979.46%8,0792.02%315,84979.06%399,522
Broome39,21245.56%40,94347.57%5,9176.87%-1,731-2.01%86,072
Cattaraugus9,49730.48%19,69263.19%1,9726.33%-10,195-32.71%31,161
Cayuga13,52240.76%17,38452.41%2,2666.83%-3,862-11.65%33,172
Chautauqua19,09135.20%31,59458.25%3,5496.55%-12,503-23.05%54,234
Chemung13,75738.09%20,09755.64%2,2656.27%-6,340-17.55%36,119
Chenango6,77533.61%11,92159.13%1,4647.26%-5,146-25.52%20,160
Clinton15,05946.91%14,44945.01%2,5978.08%6101.90%32,105
Columbia15,28449.46%13,75644.51%1,8626.03%1,5284.95%30,902
Cortland8,77143.33%9,90048.90%1,5737.77%-1,129-5.57%20,244
Delaware6,62733.48%11,94260.34%1,2236.18%-5,315-26.86%19,792
Dutchess62,28547.54%61,82147.19%6,9125.27%4640.35%131,018
Erie215,45650.86%188,30344.45%19,8664.69%27,1536.41%423,625
Essex7,76245.08%7,95846.22%1,4988.70%-196-1.14%17,218
Franklin7,29743.05%8,22148.50%1,4348.45%-924-5.45%16,952
Fulton6,49630.62%13,46263.46%1,2565.92%-6,966-32.84%21,214
Genesee7,65028.94%16,91563.99%1,8677.07%-9,265-35.05%26,432
Greene7,40533.58%13,07359.29%1,5727.13%-5,668-25.71%22,050
Hamilton94929.43%2,06464.00%2126.57%-1,115-34.57%3,225
Herkimer8,08330.79%16,69963.60%1,4735.61%-8,616-32.81%26,255
Jefferson13,80936.12%21,76356.92%2,6646.96%-7,954-20.80%38,236
Kings640,55379.51%141,04417.51%24,0082.98%499,50962.00%805,605
Lewis3,14627.78%7,40065.34%7796.88%-4,254-37.56%11,325
Livingston10,69735.62%17,29057.57%2,0446.81%-6,593-21.95%30,031
Madison11,66738.81%15,93653.01%2,4618.18%-4,269-14.20%30,064
Monroe188,59254.23%136,58239.27%22,6166.50%52,01014.94%347,790
Montgomery6,59534.61%11,30159.31%1,1586.08%-4,706-24.70%19,054
Nassau332,15451.33%292,02545.13%22,9433.54%40,1296.20%647,122
New York579,01386.56%64,9309.71%24,9973.73%514,08376.85%668,940
Niagara35,55938.48%51,96156.23%4,8825.29%-16,402-17.75%92,402
Oneida33,74337.08%51,43756.52%5,8296.40%-17,694-19.44%91,009
Onondaga112,33753.89%83,64940.13%12,4545.98%28,68813.76%208,440
Ontario22,23342.33%26,02949.55%4,2658.12%-3,796-7.22%52,527
Orange68,27844.91%76,64550.42%7,0984.67%-8,367-5.51%152,021
Orleans4,47027.29%10,93666.76%9745.95%-6,466-39.47%16,380
Oswego17,09535.48%27,68857.47%3,3977.05%-10,593-21.99%48,180
Otsego10,45140.72%13,30851.85%1,9097.43%-2,857-11.13%25,668
Putnam19,36639.88%27,02455.65%2,1734.47%-7,658-15.77%48,563
Queens517,22075.35%149,34121.76%19,8322.89%367,87953.59%686,393
Rensselaer32,71745.72%33,72647.13%5,1197.15%-1,009-1.41%71,562
Richmond74,14340.97%101,43756.05%5,3802.98%-27,294-15.08%180,960
Rockland69,34251.33%60,91145.09%4,8343.58%8,4316.24%135,087
Saratoga50,91344.62%54,57547.83%8,6067.55%-3,662-3.21%114,094
Schenectady33,74750.16%28,95343.03%4,5806.81%4,7947.13%67,280
Schoharie4,24030.18%8,83162.85%9796.97%-4,591-32.67%14,050
Schuyler3,09135.24%5,05057.57%6317.19%-1,959-22.33%8,772
Seneca5,69740.75%7,23651.76%1,0477.49%-1,539-11.01%13,980
St. Lawrence16,48842.11%19,94250.93%2,7286.96%-3,454-8.82%39,158
Steuben12,52629.82%26,83163.88%2,6456.30%-14,305-34.06%42,002
Suffolk303,95144.62%350,57051.46%26,7333.92%-46,619-6.84%681,254
Sullivan12,56841.96%15,93153.18%1,4564.86%-3,363-11.22%29,955
Tioga7,52633.75%13,26059.46%1,5136.79%-5,734-25.71%22,299
Tompkins28,89067.69%10,37124.30%3,4178.01%18,51943.39%42,678
Ulster44,59752.29%35,23941.32%5,4546.39%9,35810.97%85,290
Warren13,09141.68%15,75150.15%2,5668.17%-2,660-8.47%31,408
Washington9,09837.09%13,61055.49%1,8207.42%-4,512-18.40%24,528
Wayne13,47333.95%23,38058.91%2,8347.14%-9,907-24.96%39,687
Westchester272,92664.88%131,23831.20%16,4913.92%141,68833.68%420,655
Wyoming3,90422.57%12,44271.93%9525.50%-8,538-49.36%17,298
Yates3,65936.35%5,66056.23%7477.42%-2,001-19.88%10,066
Totals4,556,14259.00%2,819,55736.51%346,0964.49%1,736,58522.49%7,721,795
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[23]

Swing by county
Legend
  •   Democratic — +12.5-15%
  •   Democratic — +7.5-10%
  •   Democratic — +5-7.5%
  •   Democratic — +2.5-5%
  •   Democratic — +0-2.5%
  •   Republican — +0-2.5%
  •   Republican — +2.5-5%
  •   Republican — +5-7.5%
  •   Republican — +7.5-10%
  •   Republican — +10-12.5%
  •   Republican — +12.5-15%
  •   Republican — +>15%
Trend relative to the state by county
Legend
  •   Democratic — +12.5-15%
  •   Democratic — +7.5-10%
  •   Democratic — +5-7.5%
  •   Democratic — +2.5-5%
  •   Democratic — +0-2.5%
  •   Republican — +0-2.5%
  •   Republican — +2.5-5%
  •   Republican — +5-7.5%
  •   Republican — +7.5-10%
  •   Republican — +10-12.5%
  •   Republican — +12.5-15%
  •   Republican — +>15%
County flips
Legend
  • Democratic

      Hold

    Republican

      Hold
      Gain from Democratic

By congressional district

[edit]

Clinton won 18 of 27 congressional districts. Both Trump and Clinton won a district held by the other party.[24]

DistrictClintonTrumpRepresentative
1st42%54%Lee Zeldin
2nd44%53%Peter T. King
3rd51%45%Steve Israel
Thomas Suozzi
4th53%43%Kathleen Rice
5th85%13%Gregory Meeks
6th65%32%Grace Meng
7th86%10%Nydia Velázquez
8th84%13%Hakeem Jeffries
9th83%14%Yvette Clarke
10th77%19%Jerry Nadler
11th44%53%Dan Donovan
12th82%13%Carolyn Maloney
13th92%5%Charles B. Rangel
Adriano Espaillat
14th77%20%Joe Crowley
15th94%5%Jose Serrano
16th75%22%Eliot Engel
17th58%38%Nita Lowey
18th47%49%Sean Patrick Maloney
19th44%50%John Faso
20th53%40%Paul Tonko
21st39%53%Elise Stefanik
22nd39%54%Richard L. Hanna
Claudia Tenney
23rd39%54%Tom Reed
24th49%45%John Katko
25th55%39%Louise Slaughter
26th57%38%Brian Higgins
27th35%59%Chris Collins

Analysis

[edit]

Reflecting a strong nationwide trend of rural areas swinging hard against Clinton, Trump improved greatly upon recent Republican performances in ruralUpstate New York. Upstate New York was historically a staunchly Republican region, although it had been trending Democratic since the 1990s, and Democrat Barack Obama had twice performed very strongly across both urban and rural upstate in the preceding two elections. Trump won 19 counties in New York State that voted for President Obama in 2012, 17 of which were rural upstate counties. Clinton won Upstate New York's traditionally Democratic cities and held onto the urban counties upstate. However, Trump also made gains in urban parts of upstate, which had long been in economic decline, due to his strength in economically distressed areas and his appeal to working-class whites who traditionally vote Democratic. Trump's message on trade policy and pledge to halt joboutsourcing appealed strongly to theRust Belt region of the United States, where many local economies had been ravaged by the loss of industrial jobs, which extends into Upstate New York cities likeBinghamton,Buffalo,Rochester, andSyracuse.

InErie County, where Buffalo is located inWestern New York bordering theGreat Lakes, Clinton won only 51-44 compared with Obama's 57–41 victory in 2012. Clinton suffered her strongest swings against her in traditionally DemocraticNorthern New York along theSaint Lawrence River. The only upstate county where Clinton won by a stronger margin than Obama had in 2012 was the liberal Democratic stronghold ofTompkins County, home to the college town ofIthaca whereCornell University is located. Clinton and Obama both received 68% in the county, but Trump's unpopularity with young people and students led him to fall to only 24% of the vote compared with 28% for Romney. Hillary Clinton's landslide statewide win was powered by an overwhelmingly lopsided victory in the massively populated five boroughs ofNew York City, the largest city in the United States, despite Donald Trump's longtime popular cultural association with the city. In New York City, Hillary Clinton received 2,164,575 votes (79.0% of the vote) compared with only 494,549 votes (18.0% of the vote) for Donald Trump. This represented a slight fall from Barack Obama's historic 81.2% in the city in 2012, and the borough ofStaten Island flipped from Obama to Trump. However, Trump's percentage was virtually unchanged from Romney's 17.8%. With huge victories in the other four boroughs, Clinton's 60.9% victory margin over Trump was a slight decrease from Obama's record 63.4% margin over Romney, making Clinton's win the second-widest victory margin for a presidential candidate in New York City history.

Trump's birthplace borough ofQueens gave Clinton over 75% of the vote and less than 22% to Trump. InManhattan, home toTrump Tower, Trump's famous landmark residence, Clinton received nearly 87% while Trump received less than 10% of the vote, the worst performance ever for a major party presidential candidate in Manhattan. This made Trump's home borough one of only 3 counties in the state where Trump did worse than Mitt Romney had in 2012, along with Westchester and Tompkins counties. In the populated suburbs around New York City, Hillary Clinton won overall, although, with the sole exception of her county of residence, there were strong swings against her compared with President Obama's performance. The downstate suburban counties around the city were historically Republican bastions, until Hillary's husbandBill Clinton made dramatic suburban gains for Democrats in the 1990s and easily swept every suburban New York county in his1996 re-election campaign. North of the city, Clinton significantly further improved on Barack Obama's landslide margin in wealthyWestchester County, where the Clintons own their primary residence inChappaqua, New York. Clinton won Westchester County 65-31 compared with Obama's 62–37 victory over Mitt Romney. Conversely, Trump made major gains onLong Island, as Clinton wonNassau County by only a slightly reduced 6-point margin rather than the 8-point margin by which Obama had won it, whileSuffolk County saw an even bigger swing, going from a 4-point win for Obama to a 7-point win for Trump, the first Republican victory in the county since 1992. Broome and Niagara counties voted Republican for the first time since 1984, while Rensselaer, Franklin, and St. Lawrence counties did so for the first time since 1988.[25]

While heavily Democratic New York City had secured consistent Democratic landslides in New York State for 3 decades, since 1992 every Democratic presidential candidate would have still carried New York State even without the massive Democratic vote margins provided by the 5 boroughs, albeit by substantially closer margins. In 2012, Obama won New York State outside of New York City with 54.03% of the vote compared with Mitt Romney's 44.54%. With Donald Trump having made major gains over Romney's performance across Upstate New York and improving overall in suburban downstate, Hillary Clinton was heavily dependent on New York City for her victory; her margin of 1,724,416 votes in the Five Boroughs accounted for almost all of her statewide majority. Clinton did manage to continue the Democratic winning streak in New York State outside of New York City, albeit just barely. Removing the 5 boroughs of New York City from the result, Clinton received 2,391,549 votes while Trump received 2,324,985 votes, meaning Clinton would have won New York State without the city by 66,564 votes, a margin of 1.4% out of all statewide votes cast outside of the city. However, when removing the ten counties in the state that are part of theNew York metropolitan area (The Boroughs, Long Island, and Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties), Trump became the first Republican to carryUpstate sinceGeorge H. W. Bush did so in 1988, obtaining 1,463,217 votes in the state's other 52 counties compared to Clinton's 1,393,810 votes, a margin of 69,407 votes, thoughGeorge W. Bush came within 8,056 votes ofJohn Kerry in Upstate during the 2004 election. The2016 United States Senate election in New York held on the same day turned notably different. While Clinton only carried 12 upstate counties,Chuck Schumer won all counties in New York state except 5 and captured over 70% of the vote. As of the2024 United States presidential election, this is the most recent presidential election where the following counties voted Republican:Broome,Essex,Rensselaer, andSaratoga.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Distribution of Electoral Votes".National Archives and Records Administration. September 19, 2019. RetrievedDecember 18, 2020.
  2. ^"2016 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. RetrievedDecember 6, 2016.
  3. ^Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019)."Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida".The New York Times. RetrievedApril 9, 2020.
  4. ^"The Green Papers Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions". The Green Papers. 2016. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2016.
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  12. ^"Presidential Ratings". The Rothenberg Political Report. RetrievedAugust 16, 2021.
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  17. ^Mahoney, Bill."How New York election law makes Gary Johnson more marginal".Subscriber.politicopro.com. RetrievedDecember 19, 2018.
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  19. ^Wolfe, Jonathan (November 3, 2016)."New York Today: Our City's Other Presidential Candidates".The New York Times. RetrievedDecember 19, 2018.
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  24. ^"Dra 2020".
  25. ^Sullivan, Robert David;‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’;America Magazine inThe National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016

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