"2016 Olympics", "Rio 2016", and "Rio de Janeiro 2016" redirect here. For the Winter Youth Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, see2016 Winter Youth Olympics. For the Summer Paralympics, see2016 Summer Paralympics.
The2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese:Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016),[C] officially theGames of the XXXI Olympiad (Portuguese:Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada) and officially branded asRio 2016, were an internationalmulti-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 inRio de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August. Rio de Janeiro was announced as the host city at the121st IOC Session inCopenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009.
A young girl adding her signature in support of Rio de Janeiro's candidacy.The bid committee, led byCarlos Arthur Nuzman, giving a press conference.
The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympics was officially launched on 16 May 2007.[8] The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files containing answers to a 25-question IOC form were to be submitted by each city by the deadline of 14 January 2008. On 4 June 2008, two months before theBeijing Olympics, four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist:Chicago,Madrid,Rio de Janeiro, andTokyo, which had already hosted the Summer Olympics in1964. Three cities—Baku,Doha, andPrague—failed to reach the candidature phase.
Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the2012 Summer Olympics bids, which was awarded toLondon, United Kingdom. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members on 2 September, one month before the elections.[9]
Many safeguards were put in place to prevent bidding cities from communicating with or directly influencing the 115 IOC members eligible to vote in the elections. For example, cities could not invite any IOC member to visit, nor could they send anything that could be construed as a gift. Nonetheless, bidding cities invested large sums in their PR and media programs to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic support and backing from sports media and general international media.
Ultimately, you are communicating with just 115 people and each one has influencers and pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, perhaps 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a targeted and very carefully planned campaign.
The final voting was held in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009, with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro considered favorites to secure the Games. Chicago was eliminated after the first round of voting, and Tokyo after the second (The latter city would eventually be awarded the2020 Summer Olympics in 2013). Rio de Janeiro took a significant lead over Madrid, heading into the final round; the lead was held, and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.
On 26 June 2011, it was reported onAround The Rings that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking the job at ROOC. This came just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons.[12] Pestana withdrew later during the2012 Summer Paralympics, and Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.[13]
Events took place at eighteen existing venues, nine new venues constructed specifically for the Games, and seven temporary venues.[14]
For the events held in Rio de Janeiro, each event was held in one of four geographically segregated Olympic clusters–Barra,Copacabana,Deodoro, andMaracanã–as was done for the2007 Pan American Games.[15][16] Several of the venues were located at the Barra Cluster Olympic Park.[14] Nearly half of the athletes could reach their venues in less than 10 minutes, and almost 75 per cent could do so in less than 25 minutes. Of the 34 competition venues, eight underwent some permanent works, seven were totally temporary and nine were constructed as permanent legacy venues.[1]
The largest venue at the Games in terms ofseating capacity was the 75,000-seatMaracanã Stadium, which served as the ceremonies venue and site of the football finals.[14] The second largest stadium was the 60,000-seatEstádio Olímpico Nilton Santos (formerly João Havelange during the Games), which hosted track and field events.[14] The athletes' village was said to be the largest in Olympic history. Fittings included about 80,000 chairs, 70,000 tables, 29,000 mattresses, 60,000 clothes hangers, 6,000 television sets and 10,000 smartphones.[17]
The Barra Olympic Park is a cluster of nine sporting venues inBarra da Tijuca, in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The site was formerly occupied by theAutódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, also known as the Jacarepaguá Formula One circuit.[18]
The nine venues within the Olympic Park were:[19][20]
As well as the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange and Maracanã and in Rio de Janeiro, football matches took place at five venues in the cities ofSão Paulo,Belo Horizonte, and the more distantSalvador,Brasília andManaus.
Rio's historicaldowntown underwent an urban waterfront revitalization project known asPorto Maravilha, covering 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project aimed to redevelop the port area, increase the city center's attractiveness, and enhance Rio's competitive position in the global economy.[21]
The urban renovation involved 700 km (430 mi) of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads; 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike path; 15,000 trees; and three sanitation treatment plants. As part of this renovation, a new tram was built from theSantos Dumont Airport to Rodoviária Novo Rio, due to open in April 2016.[22]
The Games required over 200 kilometers of security fencing. A 15,000 square meter warehouse in Barra da Tijuca was used to assemble and supply the furniture and fittings for the Olympic Village. The second warehouse of 90,000 square meters in Duque de Caxias, near the roads that provide access to the venues, contained all the equipment needed for the sporting events.[17]
The medals were produced by theCasa da Moeda do Brasil (the Brazilian National Mint). The medal design was unveiled on 15 June 2016. They were designed to be environmentally friendly using recycled materials; the bronze and silver medals contained 30% recycled materials. The gold medals were produced using gold that had been mined and extracted according to a set of sustainability criteria, such as being extracted without the use of mercury. The medals feature a wreath design on the front, and in keeping with tradition, the obverse featuresNike, the Greek goddess of victory. A wooden carrying box accompanied each medal. Medalists were also awarded a trophy in the shape of the Games' emblem.[23][24]
In May 2017, anAssociated Press article disclosed that over 100 athletes who had won medals at the Rio Olympics reported that their medals were showing some damage, including black spots, flaking, or surface degrading. Rio officials offered to replace any defective medals and found problems with 6 to 7 percent of all those awarded.[25]
The torch relay began its journey around Brazil on 3 May at the capitalBrasília. The flame visited more than 300 Brazilian cities, including all 26 state capitals and theBrazilian Federal District.[27] The relay ended in Rio de Janeiro on 5 August when the flame was used to light the Olympic cauldron during theopening ceremony.
Unpaid volunteers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games. A target of 50,000 volunteers was set as early as 2012. More than 240,000 applications were received when recruitment took place in 2014. The clothing worn by the volunteers included yellow polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, white socks, and green trainers, which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges which were allocated to officials, athletes, family members, and media, allowing them to gain access to specific venues and buildings around the site.[28] Many volunteers gave up their roles due to long working hours and insufficient free meals.[29]
The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014, all of which were sold inBrazilian reais (BRL). A total of 7.5 million tickets were to be sold in total, with ticket prices ranging from BRL 40 for many events to BRL 4,600 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets were available for BRL 70 or less.[30][31]
Future Arena, a temporary venue designed for future reconstruction into school buildings
As an aspect of its bid, Rio's organizing committee planned to focus onsustainability andenvironmental protection as a theme of the 2016 Games, going on to dub them a "Green Games for a Blue Planet".[32] As legacy projects, organizers intended to introduce a wider array of public transport options, upgrade the infrastructure of thefavelas to provide improved transport and access to utilities, upgrade Rio's sewer system to remediate the level of pollution in theGuanabara Bay,[32][33] and plant 24 million seedlings to offset the expected carbon emissions of the Games. However, some of these projects met with delays or faced economic shortfalls, leading some critics to believe that Rio would not be able to accomplish them.[32][34]
The focus on environmental protection also influenced the implementation of certain Olympic protocols. To reduce emissions, the Olympic cauldron was designed to be smaller than previous iterations, using akinetic sculpture to enhance its appearance in place of a larger body of flames.[35] The bronze and silver medals, as well as the ribbons on all medals, were designed to incorporate recycled materials.[23][24] The athletes were not presented with flowers during the medal ceremonies, as had been the tradition at previous Olympics (although floral displays were still used as part of the staging of medal presentations). The organizers considered the practice to be wasteful because the flowers were often thrown away and "would struggle to survive in the tropical Brazilian climate" if kept. The podiums were designed using materials that could be recycled to make furniture.[24][36]
TheFuture Arena, the venue for the handball competitions, was designed as a temporary modular structure whose components could be reconstructed after the Games to build schools.[37] However, as of November 2017, the arena was still standing due to lack of funds to dismantle it and no allocation of funds to do so in the 2018 budget.[38] Portions of the opening ceremony were dedicated to the issue ofclimate change.[39]
The ceremony included the inaugural presentation of theOlympic Laurel, an honor bestowed by the IOC on those that have made "significant achievements in education, culture, development and peace through sport"; the trophy was awarded to Kenyan athleteKipchoge Keino.[42] The Games were officially opened by theacting president of Brazil,Michel Temer.[43]
Following the opening ceremony, a public cauldron was lit in front of theCandelária Church by Jorge Gomes, a 14-year-old Brazilian athlete who had escaped from poverty to train as a runner.[47][48]
In April 2008, the IOC began accepting applications for two new sports to be introduced to the Olympic programme. Baseball andsoftball (which were both dropped in 2005),karate,squash,golf,roller sports, andrugby union all applied to be included on the programme. Formal presentations were made to the IOC executive board in June 2009.[49]
In August, the executive board initially gave its approval torugby sevens—a seven-player version of rugby union—by a majority vote; baseball/softball, roller sports, and squash were removed from contention, leaving golf, karate, and rugby sevens in the running. A final vote was held on 9 October 2009, the closing day of the 121st IOC Session. At this session, a new voting system was in place: a sport now needed only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously required.[50][51]
The 121st IOC Session decided to add rugby sevens and golf to the Rio 2016 Olympic programme.[52] The tally for rugby was 81 in favor, with eight against,[53] and golf was approved by 63 votes to 26.[54] Neither of these two sports was new to the Summer Olympics; rugby last featured in1924, and golf in1904.
All 205National Olympic Committees qualified at least one athlete.[citation needed] The first three nations to qualify athletes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, who each qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.[57]
As host nation, Brazil received automatic entry for some sports including in all cycling disciplines and six places for weightlifting events.[58][59]
The 2016 Summer Olympics were the first Games in whichKosovo andSouth Sudan were eligible to participate. Bulgarian and Russian weightlifters were banned from Rio Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations.[60][61]
Kuwait was banned in October 2015 for the second time in five years over government interference in the country's Olympic committee. Kuwaiti athletes instead participated as "Independent Olympic Athletes".[62]
Country by team sizeParticipating countries color code Blue = Participated for the first time in 2016. Green = Had previously participated. Yellow circle is host city (Rio de Janeiro)
Due to the suspension of the National Olympic Committee of Kuwait, participants from Kuwait were allowed to participate under the Olympic Flag as Independent Olympic Athletes.
In November 2015,Russia was provisionally suspended from all international track and field athletic competitions by theInternational Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) following aWorld Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) report into adoping program in the country.[65] The IAAF announced that it would allow individual Russian athletes to apply for "exceptional eligibility" to participate in the Games as "neutral" athletes if it was independently verified that they had not engaged in doping nor in the Russian doping program.[66]
On 24 July 2016, the IOC rejected the IAAF and WADA's recommendations to allow athletes to compete neutrally, stating that theOlympic Charter "does not foresee such 'neutral athletes'" and that it was each country's National Olympic Committee decision on which athletes would be competing.[67] As a result, Russian athletes competed under the Russian flag, although they would compete under a neutral flag in the2018 Winter Olympics following several developments concerning the doping investigation.
During the Games, some countries and continents had a national house. These temporary meeting places for supporters, athletes and other followers were located throughout Rio de Janeiro.[68]
Twenty-seven world records and ninety-one Olympic records were set during the 2016 Summer Olympics. The records were set in archery, athletics, canoeing, cycling track, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, swimming, and weightlifting.
A number of events, most notably in aquatics, beach volleyball and track and field, were scheduled with sessions and matches occurring as late as 10:00 p.m. to midnight BRT. These scheduling practices were influenced primarily by United States broadcast rightsholderNBC, whose substantial rights fees are one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC, who therefore allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible (on 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a US$7.75 billion contract extension to air the Olympics through 2032, including US$1.23 billion for Rio 2016),[70][71] as well as the main Brazilian rightsholderRede Globo. As Brasília time is only one hour ahead of the U.S.Eastern Time Zone, certain marquee events were scheduled to occur during U.S.primetime hours (traditionally 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. ET, 9:00 p.m. to midnight BRT), allowing them to be broadcast live on the east coast as opposed to beingdelayed. This practice was also beneficial to Globo; a Brazilian critic noted that the network very rarely preempts its primetimetelenovelas, as they are among the highest-rated programs in the country.[72][73][74][75]
The creative director for the ceremony wasRosa Magalhães.[78] Amid heavy rainfall, the ceremony began with interpretive dancers representing various landmarks in the host city.Martinho da Vila then performed a rendition of "Carinhoso [pt]" byPixinguinha. In another segment, introducing the athletes, singerRoberta Sá channeledCarmen Miranda, the fruit-headdress-wearing, mid-century Hollywood diva who endures as a belovedcamp figure. The Parade of Flags followed shortly after a choir of 27 children, representing thestates of Brazil, sang theBrazilian national anthem.
The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimated the out-turn cost of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics at US$4.6 billion in 2015-dollars. This figure included sports-related costs, that is, (i)operational costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, of which the largest components were technology, transportation, workforce, and administration costs, while other operational costs included security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii)direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which were required to host the Games.[79]
Indirect capital costs were not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, for hotel upgrades, or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The Rio Olympics' cost of US$4.6 billion compares with costs of US$40–44 billion forBeijing 2008 and US$51 billion forSochi 2014, the two most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost of the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.[79]
The top ten listedNOCs by the number of gold medals are listed below. Host nation Brazil finished in 13th place with a total of 19 medals (7 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze).
Olympic Broadcasting Services served as the host broadcaster for the 2016 Games. Produced from a total of seven mobile units, OBS distributed 40,000 hours of television footage and 60,000 hours of digital footage of the Games to its international rightsholders. For the first time in Olympic history, digital-oriented footage exceeded the amount of television-oriented footage. The International Broadcast Centre was constructed in the Barra da Tijuca cluster.[85]NHK and OBS once again filmed portions of the Games, including the opening ceremony and selected events, in8K resolution video. Additionally, expanding upon a 180-degree trial at the2016 Winter Youth Olympics, 85 hours of video content were originated in360-degreevirtual reality formats.[86] In the United States,NBC offered4K content downconverted from the 8K footage and withHDR andDolby Atmos support, to participating television providers.[87] Owing to their expertise in domestic broadcasts of the new sports introduced in Rio,Golf Channel andSky New Zealand staff handled the production of the golf and rugby sevens events on behalf of OBS.[85]
In August 2009, the IOC reached a deal to sell domestic broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics toGrupo Globo. ReplacingRecord, the deal covers free-to-air coverage onRede Globo,pay TV, and digital rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sublicensed partial free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along withRede Bandeirantes. IOC board memberRichard Carrión described the agreement as "unprecedented", touting that "by working with Brazil's leading media organizations, we are confident that this represents a great deal for Olympic fans in the region. There will be a huge increase in the amount of Olympic action broadcast, both during and outside Games time, and Brazilians will have more choice of how, when and where they follow their Olympic Games."[88]
In November 2017, theInternational Olympic Committee announced the winners of the Golden rings in six categories for the best broadcast coverage of the Games. The Best Olympic Sports Production was awarded to Beach Volleyball, produced by Geoff Johnson and directed by Greg Breakell and Gary Milkis. The production for the cycling road race and Sailing came second and third. The next category was the best Olympic feature, for whichTV Globo's showEsporte Espetacular finished third, andCCTV from China featureA Sequel of Love came second. The winner wasNBC Olympics for their featureThe Most Beautiful Thing. The third category was The Best Athlete Profile, for whichRTBF fromBelgium collected the third place prize for their profile ofNafi Thiam.TV Globo went one better than the previous category coming second with their profile ofIsaquias Queiroz. The winner of the category again was NBC, this time for their piece onWayde van Niekerk. The Best On-Air Promotion was announced next, with theBBC Sport winning with NBC coming second this time andBNT from Bulgaria finishing third. The Best Olympic Digital Service went to NBC, withZDF andSporTV/Globosat picking up the second and third places. The Best Olympic Programme was awarded to SporTV/Globosat, whileTV Globo andBBC Sport completed the podium.[89]
On 24 November 2014, theofficial mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled, created bySão Paulo-based animation company Birdo.[90] The Olympic mascotVinicius, named after musicianVinicius de Moraes, represents Brazilian wildlife and carries design traits of cats, monkeys, and birds.[90] According to their fictional backgrounds, the mascots "were both born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games".[91]
Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots were intended to reflect the diversity of Brazil's culture and people.[92] The names of the mascots were determined by a public vote whose results were announced on 14 December 2014. The names, which reference the co-writers of the song "The Girl from Ipanema", won over two other sets of names, tallying 44 percent of 323,327 votes.[93] At theOlympic wrestling events, coaches were given plush dolls of Vinicius to throw into the ring when they wished to challenge a referee's call.[94]
The official emblem for the 2016 Summer Olympics was designed by Brazilian agency Tatíl Design and was unveiled on 31 December 2010, winning in a competition against 139 agencies.[95] The emblem represents three figures joined at their arms and feet, with the overall shape reflecting that ofSugarloaf Mountain. It was also designed to have a three-dimensional form, which designer Fred Gelli claimed made it the first 3D logo in the history of the Olympics.[96]
The logo has been noted as evokingHenri Matisse's paintingDance. There were also allegations by the Colorado-based Telluride Foundation that the logo had been plagiarized from its own; while also consisting of several figures linked in motion, the Telluride Foundation logo contains four figures. This was not the first time that the foundation had alleged plagiarism of its logo by a Brazilian event; in 2004, the linked figures element had been copied for the logo ofCarnival celebrations inSalvador. Gelli defended the allegations, stating that the concept of figures linked in embrace was not inherently original, as it was "an ancient reference" and "in thecollective unconscious". Gelli citedDance as an influence of the logo's concept and stated that the designers had intentionally aimed to make the interpretation of the concept as dissimilar to others as possible.[97]
The lead-up to the Rio Games was marked by several controversies, including: Brazil'spolitical andeconomic crisis; theZika virus epidemic; the significantpollution in the Guanabara Bay; and an ongoingdoping scandal involvingRussia, which affected the participation of Russian athletes in the Games. However, the Zika virus was not contracted by anyone competing in or attending the Olympics,[98] and the Games went ahead normally with no major incident.[99][100][101]
There is no legally legitimate evidence of impropriety in the choice of Rio to host the Olympic games, at least as far as the Brazilian Olympic Committee or the politicians involved in the process are concerned.[102] However, the specialized media raised suspicions about it. In 2014,Operation Car Wash, an investigation by theFederal Police of Brazil, uncovered unprecedentedmoney laundering and corruption at the state-controlled oil companyPetrobras. In early 2015, a series of protests against alleged corruption by the government of PresidentDilma Rousseff began in Brazil, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians were involved in the Petrobras affair. By early 2016, the scandal had escalated into a full-blown political crisis affecting not only President Rousseff, but also former PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva, resulting inwidespread demonstrations involving millions of protesters,[103] both anti- and pro-Rousseff.[104][105] At the same time, Brazil faced its worst economic recession since the 1990s, raising questions about whether the country was adequately prepared to host the Olympic Games against a volatile political and economic backdrop. On 12 May 2016, President Rousseff was stripped of her powers and duties for 180 days after animpeachment vote in theFederal Senate, with Vice PresidentMichel Temer standing in asacting president during the Games.[106]
On 5 October 2017, Brazilian Olympic Committee headCarlos Nuzman was arrested amid a money-laundering investigation into a $2 million payment that was allegedly made to secure votes for the bid to bring the Olympics to Rio. The money was believed to have been paid to formerIAAF presidentLamine Diack and his son Papa Massata Diack, who was a member of the IOC at the time of the alleged payment, which was three days before the vote in 2009. All three were charged with money laundering, along with the former Rio state governorSergio Cabral (who was already in prison for money laundering offenses at the time), Brazilian businessman Arthur Soares, and ex-Brazilian Olympic Committee chief Leonardo Gryner. All six were charged with running a criminal organization, money laundering, and violating currency laws in their own native countries.[107] On 4 July 2019, it was reported that Cabral told a judge that the money paid to Diack was used to buy as many as nine votes.[108] Rio mayorEduardo Paes was also accused of corruption and fraud in relation to the construction of a number of venues for the Games.[109][110] In2024, Nuzman's and Cabral's conviction in this legal case was overturned by the Court.[111][112]
Agent for endemic diseases of the city ofVotuporanga, São Paulo
Anoutbreak of the mosquito-borneZika virus in Brazil raised fears regarding its potential impact on athletes and visitors. To prevent puddles of stagnant water that allow mosquitoes to breed, organizers announced plans to perform daily inspections of Olympic venues.[113] Zika virus transmission was also attributed toinefficient sewage treatment in the area, an issue that was also in the process of being addressed for the Games.[114]
In May 2016, a group of 150 physicians and scientists sent an open letter to theWorld Health Organization (WHO), calling upon them to, according to co-authorArthur Caplan, have "an open, transparent discussion of the risks of holding the Olympics as planned in Brazil". The WHO dismissed the request, stating that "cancelling or changing the location of the 2016 Olympics [would] not significantly alter the international spread of Zika virus", and that there was "no public health justification" for postponing them.[115][116][117]
Some athletes did not attend the Games because of the epidemic.[118][119] On 2 September 2016, however, the World Health Organization reported that there were no confirmed cases of Zika among athletes or visitors during the 2016 Olympics.[120]
TheGuanabara Bay, whose waters were used for sailing and windsurfing competitions, is heavily polluted. Among the chief causes of the pollution are uncollected trash fed into the bay via polluted rivers andslums along the coast. Pollution of the Guanabara has been a long-term issue. At theEarth Summit in 1992, officials promised they would begin to address the pollution, but previous attempts to do so have been insufficient. As an aspect of their bid for the Games, Rio once again committed to making efforts towards cleaning the bay.[121][122] However, some of these proposed initiatives have faced budgetary issues.[33] Prior to these efforts, only 17% of Rio's sewage was treated;[123] thisraw sewage also leaked into the bay. Although Rio mayorEduardo Paes stated that the city might not be able to reach its goal of having 80% of sewage treated,[124] at least 60% of sewage was treated by March 2016, with a projected goal of 65% of sewage being treated by the start of the Olympics.[125]
Rio's crime problems also received renewed attention after it was awarded the 2016 Games; mayor Paes stated that the city was facing "big issues" in heightening security, but that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.[126]
The governor of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with aterrorist attack occurring just a day after it was awarded the2012 Summer Olympics. The estimate was that 5,000 men of theNational Public Security Force and 22,000 military officers (14,800Army; 5,900Navy and 1,300 of theBrazilian Air Force), in addition to the fixed quota of Rio January, would act during the Olympic Games.[127]
In December 2014, media attention began growing when German broadcasterARD reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it todoping in East Germany. In November 2015, theWorld Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report, and theInternational Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported they were unable to fully carry out their work, and noted intimidation by armedFederal Security Service (FSB) agents.[129] After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the2014 Winter Olympics inSochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led byRichard McLaren, which found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that theMinistry of Sport and the FSB had operated a "state-directed failsafe system" using a "disappearing positive [test] methodology" (DPM) from "at least late 2011 to August 2015".[130]
In response to these findings, WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that Russia be banned from competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[131] The IOC rejected the recommendation, stating that the IOC and each sport'sinternational federation would make decisions on each athlete's individual basis.[132][133] A day before the opening ceremony, 278 athletes were cleared to compete under the Russian flag, while 111 were removed because of doping.[134] In contrast, the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag for a non-doping related matter.[135][136] Unlike the IOC, theInternational Paralympic Committee voted unanimously to ban the entireRussian team from the2016 Summer Paralympics, and suspended theRussian Paralympic Committee after it found evidence that the DPM was also in operation at the2014 Winter Paralympics.[137]
^The official logo of the 2016 Summer Olympics was made in 3D design, made by Brazilian design company Tàtil Design; it was inspired by Brazil's rich history of festivals and its colorful people; it also symbolizes energy, passion and unity. The selected colours derived from the city's environment, symbolises the sun and Brazil's happy warm and nature.
^As Acting President, discharging the powers and duties of the office of thePresident of Brazil in place of incumbent presidentDilma Rousseff, who was suspended from her duties duringher impeachment trial. Ten days after the end of the games, Rousseff was removed from her office and Temer assumed office as the president of Brazil.[2]
^"Olympic Athletes".Rio2016.com. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived fromthe original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved21 August 2017.
^"Olympic Games ticket prices September 2014"(PDF).Rio2016.com. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 16 September 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 September 2014. Retrieved6 October 2014.
^"National Houses".Rio2016.com. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived fromthe original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved10 August 2016.
^"Rio 2016 Olympic Games Ticketing Guide"(PDF).Rio 2016. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. March 2015. pp. 28–133. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 April 2015. Retrieved11 August 2021.
^abFlyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016).The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 18–20.arXiv:1607.04484.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804554.SSRN2804554.
^Watts, Jonathan (21 August 2016)."Have the Olympics been worth it for Rio?".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved11 April 2019.For politicians and administrators who have staked their careers on these Games, there were no shortage of reasons to declare them a success: tourist numbers were reasonably high (in excess of the 500,000 target, according to the government), sales goals were reached, the infrastructure remained standing, Zika fears proved unfounded and Brazil won more medals than at any previous Games.
^Davies, Wyre (20 August 2016)."Has the Olympics been a success for Brazil?".BBC News.Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved11 April 2019.Indeed, for the second time in two years, Brazil has shown it can successfully stage a major international sporting jamboree.
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