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2008 United States presidential election in Georgia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main article:2008 United States presidential election
2008 United States presidential election in Georgia

← 2004
November 4, 2008
2012 →
Turnout51.8%[1]Decrease 5pp
 
NomineeJohn McCainBarack Obama
PartyRepublicanDemocratic
Home stateArizonaIllinois
Running mateSarah PalinJoe Biden
Electoral vote150
Popular vote2,048,7591,844,123
Percentage52.20%46.99%

County results
Congressional district results
Precinct results

McCain

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%
  80–90%
  90–100%

Obama

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%
  80–90%
  90–100%

Tie/No Data

  
  


President before election

George W. Bush
Republican

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

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The2008 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 4, 2008. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to theElectoral College, who voted forpresident andvice president.

Georgia was won by Republican nomineeJohn McCain with a 5.2% margin of victory. Prior to the election, 15 of 17 news organizations considered this a state McCain would win, or otherwise ared state. It is situated in theDeep South, entrenched in theBible Belt (the city ofAtlanta being an exception). By 2008 it was considered a Republican stronghold, not having been won by a Democratic presidential candidate since1992, and having given double-digit victories toGeorge W. Bush in2000 and2004. Georgia voted againstGeorge H. W. Bush in1992 andDonald Trump in2020 by less than 1%. McCain was able to keep Georgia in the GOP column in 2008 despite the large African American turnout that helped keep his margin of victory within single digits.

In this election, Georgia voted 12.48% to the right of the nation at-large.[2]

Georgia was one of only two states that voted against Obama in both 2008 and 2012 that his vice president Joe Biden would go on to win in2020, the other beingArizona.

With its 15 electoral votes, Georgia was the second-largest prize for McCain in 2008, behind onlyTexas. As of the2024 presidential election[update], this is the last election in whichChattahoochee County voted Democratic.

Primaries

[edit]

Campaign

[edit]

An ambitious Barack Obama targeted Georgia as a potential state he could flip from red to blue, albeit as a relatively long-shot target. Democrats hoped libertarian candidateBob Barr – whose home state was Georgia – might take away votes for John McCain and play the role of a spoiler. In the early months, Obama bought ads and even appeared in person to campaign in the state.[3]

However, polling consistently showed McCain with a double-digit lead.[4] Over the summer, Obama's campaign stumbled, and the Illinois senator even fell behind McCain for a short while in September. In light of these difficulties, the Democratic campaign started shifting resources to North Carolina, which they regarded as more competitive.[5] Obama stopped advertising in the state and moved away staff, although he retained a large volunteer force. As the campaign neared the end, Obama jumped to a national lead, helped by theSeptember financial crisis, but remained behind in Georgia polling.

Predictions

[edit]

There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

SourceRanking
D.C. Political Report[6]Likely R
Cook Political Report[7]Toss-up
The Takeaway[8]Lean R
Electoral-vote.com[9]Lean R
Washington Post[10]Lean R
Politico[11]Solid R
RealClearPolitics[12]Toss-up
FiveThirtyEight[10]Lean R
CQ Politics[13]Lean R
The New York Times[14]Lean R
CNN[15]Lean R
NPR[10]Lean R
MSNBC[10]Lean R
Fox News[16]Likely R
Associated Press[17]Likely R
Rasmussen Reports[18]Safe R

Polling

[edit]
Main article:Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008: Georgia

McCain won almost every pre-election poll. The final 3 poll average gave the Republican the lead with 50% to 47%.[19]

Fundraising

[edit]

McCain raised $4,835,902. Obama raised $8,568,716.[20]

Advertising and visits

[edit]

Obama spent over $4,105,888. McCain and his interest groups spent just $49,507.[21] Both McCain and Obama visitedAtlanta once.[22]

Analysis

[edit]

McCain won 52.2% of the popular vote to DemocratBarack Obama's 46.99% popular vote, a margin of 5.21%. This was significantly lower than that in2004, whenGeorge W. Bush carried this state by a 17% margin, winning 58% of the popular vote toJohn Kerry's 41%. Obama won huge victories in the two most populous counties,DeKalb County andFulton County which contains the state capital and largest city ofAtlanta, which contributed to his popular vote percentage. He also made significant inroads in Atlanta's normally heavily Republican suburbs. For instance, Obama lostCobb County by nine points compared to Kerry's 25-point loss. Obama lostGwinnett County by 11 points compared to a 33-point loss for Kerry. Aside from native sonJimmy Carter sweeping every county in the state in 1976, a Democrat hadn't won either county since 1960, and would not do so untilHillary Clinton in 2016. However, McCain piled up the votes in the morerural northern and southeastern parts of the state (well over 70% in some cases) which gave him the edge and ultimate win. These two areas were among the first regions of Georgia to turn Republican; the old-line Southern Democrats in these areas began splitting their tickets as early as the 1950s, and some areas of north Georgia are among the few ancestrally Republican areas of the South.Webster County in the southwest of the state flipped to McCain, making Obama the first Democrat to win the White House without carrying the county.

The large African American turnout was widely attributed to the narrower margin by which McCain carried the state. However, Obama was unable to improve his percentage amongst white voters.[23] According to exit polls, 77% of white voters supported the Republican candidate - the same as in 2004. This effectively eliminated Obama's chances of winning the state.

Of the several independent and third-party candidates who ran for president in 2008, two were from Georgia: former RepublicanRepresentativeBob Barr running on theLibertarian Party (who placed third overall in the popular vote in Georgia), and former Democratic RepresentativeCynthia McKinney running on theGreen Party.

During the same election, incumbent RepublicanU.S. SenatorSaxby Chambliss was held below 50% of the popular vote in a contentiousU.S. Senate race against Democrat Jim Martin and Libertarian Allen Buckley. Abiding by Georgia law, this led to a runoff election in December between Chambliss and Martin. Chambliss brought in 2008 vice presidential nomineeGovernorSarah Palin ofAlaska to campaign for him and rally the base of the GOP. Former PresidentBill Clinton campaigned on behalf of Martin. Turnout was lower than in the general election and African Americans didn't turn out as large as they did in November for Obama, all factors that led up to Chambliss's victory. The incumbent was reelected with 57.44% of the vote while Martin received 42.56%.

During the 2008 U.S. House elections, incumbent Democratic RepresentativesJim Marshall (GA-8) andJohn Barrow (GA-12), each of whom was narrowly re-elected by 1% or lessin 2006 despite the pro-Democratic political environment that year, were both re-elected by unexpectedly wide margins despite efforts by Republicans to win both of the districts. At the state level, during the same election, Republicans picked up four seats in theGeorgia House of Representatives.

Results

[edit]
United States presidential election in Georgia, 2008[24]
PartyCandidateRunning mateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
RepublicanJohn McCainSarah Palin2,048,75952.10%15
DemocraticBarack ObamaJoe Biden1,844,12346.90%0
LibertarianBob BarrWayne Allyn Root28,7310.73%0
ConstitutionChuck Baldwin (write-in)Darrell Castle1,4040.04%0
IndependentRalph Nader (write-in)Matt Gonzalez1,1650.03%0
GreenCynthia McKinney (write-in)Rosa Clemente2500.01%0
ConstitutionMichael Peroutka* (write-in)n/a230.00%0
Socialist WorkersJames Harris (write-in)Alyson Kennedy200.00%0
HeartQuake '08Jonathan Allen (write-in)Jeffrey Stath90.00%0
IndependentFrank Moore (write-in)Susan Block60.00%0
Write-inDavid C. Byrnen/a40.00%0
Write-inBrian R. Brownn/a20.00%0
Totals3,932,193100.00%15
Voter turnout75.7%

(*Peroutka was not the Constitution Party's nominee in 2008.)

By county

[edit]
CountyJohn McCain
Republican
Barack Obama
Democratic
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal
#%#%#%#%
Appling5,08572.62%1,84626.36%711.02%3,23946.26%7,002
Atkinson1,94166.77%93832.27%280.96%1,00334.50%2,907
Bacon3,08978.36%81720.73%360.92%2,27257.63%3,942
Baker82849.02%84650.09%711.02%-18-1.07%1,689
Baldwin7,82347.23%8,58751.84%1540.93%-764-4.61%16,564
Banks5,12081.93%1,02716.43%1021.63%4,09365.50%6,249
Barrow17,62571.55%6,65727.02%3511.43%10,96844.53%24,633
Bartow25,97671.81%9,66226.71%5371.48%16,31445.10%36,175
Ben Hill3,41756.46%2,59042.80%450.74%82713.66%6,052
Berrien4,90175.95%1,47122.80%811.26%3,43053.15%6,453
Bibb27,03740.69%38,98758.67%4240.64%-11,950-17.98%66,448
Bleckley3,65771.93%1,38027.14%470.93%2,27744.79%5,084
Brantley5,08080.79%1,11917.80%891.41%3,96162.99%6,288
Brooks3,50756.52%2,66943.01%290.47%83813.51%6,205
Bryan9,11270.82%3,63628.26%1190.92%5,47642.56%12,867
Bulloch14,17459.12%9,58639.98%2160.90%4,58819.14%23,976
Burke4,34445.08%5,23354.30%600.63%-889-9.22%9,637
Butts5,94765.32%3,06533.67%921.01%2,88231.65%9,104
Calhoun86238.97%1,34260.67%80.37%-480-21.70%2,212
Camden10,50261.39%6,48237.89%1240.73%4,02023.50%17,108
Candler2,28664.91%1,20934.33%270.77%1,07730.58%3,522
Carroll28,66165.76%14,33432.89%5881.34%14,32732.87%43,583
Catoosa18,21874.04%6,02524.49%3621.46%12,19349.55%24,605
Charlton2,46666.70%1,19732.38%340.92%1,26934.32%3,697
Chatham46,82942.40%62,75556.82%8580.77%-15,926-14.42%110,442
Chattahoochee81148.97%83050.12%150.90%-19-1.15%1,656
Chattooga5,57266.83%2,59631.14%1692.03%2,97635.69%8,337
Cherokee70,27974.79%22,35023.78%1,3441.43%47,92951.01%93,973
Clarke15,33333.58%29,59164.80%7421.62%-14,258-31.22%45,666
Clay55838.75%87961.04%30.21%-321-22.29%1,440
Clayton16,50616.59%82,52782.93%4810.48%-66,021-66.34%99,514
Clinch1,67862.10%98936.60%351.29%68925.50%2,702
Cobb170,95754.08%141,21644.67%3,9511.25%29,7419.41%316,124
Coffee8,87264.49%4,81134.97%750.54%4,06129.52%13,758
Colquitt9,18568.27%4,13930.76%1300.97%5,04637.51%13,454
Columbia39,32270.89%15,70328.31%4410.80%23,61942.58%55,466
Cook3,78264.00%2,07535.12%520.88%1,70728.88%5,909
Coweta37,57170.05%15,52128.94%5431.01%22,05041.11%53,635
Crawford3,35863.99%1,83234.91%581.11%1,52629.08%5,248
Crisp4,42458.56%3,08540.84%450.60%1,33917.72%7,554
Dade4,70373.01%1,61225.02%1271.97%3,09147.99%6,442
Dawson8,24282.54%1,63216.34%1121.12%6,61066.20%9,986
Decatur5,89056.72%4,42442.60%710.68%1,46614.12%10,385
DeKalb65,58120.31%254,59478.86%2,6710.83%-189,013-58.55%322,846
Dodge5,54367.40%2,59531.55%861.04%2,94835.85%8,224
Dooly1,99147.85%2,13851.38%320.77%-147-3.53%4,161
Dougherty12,54732.27%26,13567.21%2040.53%-13,588-34.94%38,886
Douglas26,81248.58%27,82550.41%5601.02%-1,013-1.83%55,197
Early2,71150.74%2,60348.72%290.54%1082.02%5,343
Echols98182.58%20116.92%60.50%78065.66%1,188
Effingham15,23074.87%4,93624.27%1750.86%10,29450.60%20,341
Elbert4,86858.43%3,36640.40%981.18%1,50218.03%8,332
Emanuel5,11061.92%3,06837.18%740.90%2,04224.74%8,252
Evans2,46263.85%1,37435.63%200.52%1,08828.22%3,856
Fannin7,80773.35%2,61124.53%2252.11%5,19648.82%10,643
Fayette38,50164.77%20,31334.17%6271.05%18,18830.60%59,441
Floyd23,13267.40%10,69131.15%4991.46%12,44136.25%34,322
Forsyth59,16678.36%15,40620.40%9311.23%43,76057.96%75,503
Franklin6,06974.90%1,91423.62%1201.48%4,15551.28%8,103
Fulton130,13632.08%272,00067.06%3,4890.86%-141,864-34.98%405,625
Gilmer8,40875.17%2,61423.37%1641.47%5,79451.80%11,186
Glascock1,20284.17%21014.71%161.12%99269.46%1,428
Glynn20,47961.31%12,67637.95%2480.74%7,80323.36%33,403
Gordon13,11374.27%4,26824.17%2741.55%8,84550.10%17,655
Grady5,77561.63%3,53937.77%570.61%2,23623.86%9,371
Greene4,53257.21%3,33942.15%500.63%1,19315.06%7,921
Gwinnett158,74654.56%129,02544.35%3,1671.09%29,72110.21%290,938
Habersham11,76679.18%2,90019.52%1931.29%8,86659.66%14,859
Hall44,96274.77%14,45724.04%7111.19%30,50550.73%60,130
Hancock79518.28%3,53581.30%180.41%-2,740-63.02%4,348
Haralson8,65877.79%2,24820.20%2242.01%6,41057.59%11,130
Harris10,64871.25%4,18428.00%1130.76%6,46443.25%14,945
Hart6,53765.21%3,36533.57%1221.22%3,17231.64%10,024
Heard3,13374.05%1,04224.63%561.32%2,09149.42%4,231
Henry47,15753.29%40,56745.85%7620.87%6,5907.44%88,486
Houston33,39259.59%22,09439.43%5480.98%11,29820.16%56,034
Irwin2,60567.84%1,19731.17%380.99%1,40836.67%3,840
Jackson17,77677.23%4,95021.51%2901.26%12,82655.72%23,016
Jasper3,91666.25%1,93532.74%601.02%1,98133.51%5,911
Jeff Davis3,86773.16%1,35625.65%631.20%2,51147.51%5,286
Jefferson3,06142.31%4,14957.35%250.34%-1,088-15.04%7,235
Jenkins1,93656.25%1,48243.06%240.70%45413.19%3,442
Johnson2,42666.47%1,19832.82%260.71%1,22833.65%3,650
Jones7,78262.46%4,57236.69%1060.85%3,21025.77%12,460
Lamar4,87363.24%2,75235.72%801.04%2,12127.52%7,705
Lanier1,78762.05%1,06236.88%311.08%72525.17%2,880
Laurens12,05260.37%7,76938.92%1420.71%4,28321.45%19,963
Lee9,92575.69%3,10023.64%870.67%6,82552.05%13,112
Liberty5,82835.54%10,47463.87%980.60%-4,646-28.33%16,400
Lincoln2,73161.73%1,65037.30%430.97%1,08124.43%4,424
Long2,11961.24%1,28837.23%531.53%83124.01%3,460
Lowndes21,26954.19%17,59744.83%3840.98%3,6729.36%39,250
Lumpkin8,32674.95%2,58623.28%1961.77%5,74051.67%11,108
Macon1,71234.35%3,25165.23%210.42%-1,539-30.88%4,984
Madison8,22672.38%2,96526.09%1741.53%5,26146.29%11,365
Marion1,77255.58%1,38143.32%351.10%39112.26%3,188
McDuffie5,40057.11%3,98942.19%660.70%1,41114.92%9,455
McIntosh3,28252.63%2,90546.58%490.79%3776.05%6,236
Meriwether4,98252.34%4,46546.91%710.75%5175.43%9,518
Miller1,89969.31%81829.85%230.84%1,08139.46%2,740
Mitchell4,20151.66%3,87247.61%590.72%3294.05%8,132
Monroe7,93365.31%4,10633.80%1080.89%3,82731.51%12,147
Montgomery2,52170.16%1,04529.08%270.75%1,47641.08%3,593
Morgan5,98765.32%3,09133.73%870.95%2,89631.59%9,165
Murray8,18071.46%3,02626.43%2412.10%5,15445.03%11,447
Muscogee29,56839.87%44,15859.54%4360.58%-14,590-19.67%74,162
Newton20,33749.03%20,82750.21%3180.77%-490-1.18%41,482
Oconee12,12070.57%4,82528.09%2291.33%7,29542.48%17,174
Oglethorpe4,14464.12%2,23234.54%871.35%1,91229.58%6,463
Paulding39,19268.67%17,22930.19%6551.15%21,96338.48%57,076
Peach5,17346.20%5,92752.94%960.86%-754-6.74%11,196
Pickens10,00478.08%2,59520.25%2141.67%7,40957.83%12,813
Pierce5,50080.92%1,25318.43%440.65%4,24762.49%6,797
Pike6,54779.64%1,57519.16%991.21%4,97260.48%8,221
Polk9,85069.60%4,05228.63%2511.77%5,79840.97%14,153
Pulaski2,55364.44%1,37734.76%320.81%1,17629.68%3,962
Putnam5,96665.28%3,10233.94%710.78%2,86431.34%9,139
Quitman50945.61%59753.49%100.90%-88-7.88%1,116
Rabun5,48771.89%2,00126.22%1451.91%3,48645.67%7,633
Randolph1,37042.59%1,83356.98%140.43%-463-14.39%3,217
Richmond26,84233.80%52,10065.60%4800.60%-25,258-31.80%79,422
Rockdale16,92144.78%20,52654.32%3370.89%-3,605-9.54%37,784
Schley1,25272.00%47927.54%80.47%77344.46%1,739
Screven3,42352.77%3,02446.62%400.61%3996.15%6,487
Seminole2,31557.77%1,66041.43%320.79%65516.34%4,007
Spalding14,88558.85%10,14140.09%2691.06%4,74418.76%25,295
Stephens7,68972.87%2,70525.63%1581.50%4,98447.24%10,552
Stewart78337.13%1,30561.88%211.00%-522-24.75%2,109
Sumter5,71746.65%6,45452.66%840.68%-737-6.01%12,255
Talbot1,30135.15%2,36964.01%310.84%-1,068-28.86%3,701
Taliaferro33934.24%64364.95%80.81%-304-30.71%990
Tattnall4,73070.32%1,93228.72%640.95%2,79841.60%6,726
Taylor2,02156.34%1,53642.82%300.83%48513.52%3,587
Telfair2,48656.81%1,86242.55%280.64%62414.26%4,376
Terrell1,89042.75%2,50156.57%300.68%-611-13.82%4,421
Thomas10,64257.54%7,72041.74%1320.71%2,92215.80%18,494
Tift9,43166.09%4,74933.28%890.62%4,68232.81%14,269
Toombs6,65868.61%2,96430.54%820.84%3,69438.07%9,704
Towns4,29274.46%1,39124.13%811.40%2,90150.33%5,764
Treutlen1,82661.65%1,11237.54%240.81%71424.11%2,962
Troup15,39159.04%10,45540.11%2220.85%4,93618.93%26,068
Turner2,09658.94%1,42740.13%330.93%66918.81%3,556
Twiggs2,08746.15%2,40253.12%330.73%-315-6.97%4,522
Union8,01374.96%2,48623.26%1911.78%5,52751.70%10,690
Upson7,29163.77%4,06135.52%820.71%3,23028.25%11,434
Walker17,11072.33%6,09525.77%4491.89%11,01546.56%23,654
Walton27,25375.54%8,46923.47%3570.98%18,78452.07%36,079
Ware8,31166.83%4,03432.44%910.73%4,27734.39%12,436
Warren1,08740.83%1,55458.38%210.79%-467-17.55%2,662
Washington4,21647.49%4,60751.89%550.62%-391-4.40%8,878
Wayne7,60171.88%2,85827.03%1161.10%4,74344.85%10,575
Webster58852.93%51546.35%80.72%736.58%1,111
Wheeler1,40863.60%79435.86%120.54%61427.74%2,214
White8,46778.41%2,17420.13%1581.46%6,29358.28%10,799
Whitfield19,23069.20%8,16729.39%3941.41%11,06339.81%27,791
Wilcox2,15968.24%97830.91%270.85%1,18137.33%3,164
Wilkes2,70553.46%2,31545.75%400.79%3907.71%5,060
Wilkinson2,34950.21%2,29849.12%310.66%511.09%4,678
Worth5,78068.96%2,54230.33%600.71%3,23838.63%8,382
Totals2,048,75952.10%1,844,12346.90%39,2761.00%204,6365.20%3,932,158
County Flips:
Democratic
  Hold
  Gain from Republican
Republican
  Hold
  Gain from Democratic
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

By congressional district

[edit]

John McCain carried eight of 13 districts in Georgia, including one district held by a Democrat.

DistrictMcCainObamaRepresentative
1st62.81%36.39%Jack Kingston
2nd45.91%53.55%Sanford Bishop
3rd63.87%35.27%Lynn Westmoreland
4th20.65%78.61%Hank Johnson
5th20.01%79.12%John Lewis
6th62.26%36.56%Tom Price
7th59.68%39.28%John Linder
8th56.34%42.98%Jim Marshall
9th75.33%23.46%Nathan Deal
10th61.12%37.96%Paul Broun
11th65.60%33.12%Phil Gingrey
12th45.25%54.09%John Barrow
13th28.38%70.85%David Scott

Electors

[edit]
Main article:List of 2008 United States presidential electors

Technically the voters of Georgia cast their ballots for electors: representatives to theElectoral College. Georgia is allocated 15 electors because it has 13congressional districts and 2senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 15 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 15 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as afaithless elector.

The electors of each state and theDistrict of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 15 were pledged toJohn McCain andSarah Palin:[25]

  1. Esther Clark
  2. Dennis Coxwell
  3. Norma Edenfield
  4. Randy Evans
  5. Sue P. Everhart
  6. Leigh Ann Gillis
  7. Judy Goddard
  8. Linda Herren
  9. Rufus Montgomery
  10. Clint Murphy
  11. Sunny Park
  12. Alec Poitevint
  13. John Sours
  14. Allan Vigil
  15. John White

References

[edit]
  1. ^("Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2008".United States Census Bureau. July 2012. RetrievedDecember 19, 2020.)
  2. ^"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".uselectionatlas.org. RetrievedApril 11, 2023.
  3. ^Mark Preston; Alexander Marquardt; Kristi Keck (July 9, 2008)."Obama Looks to Turn Georgia Blue". CNN. RetrievedJune 21, 2009.
  4. ^Jay Cost."Georgia: McCain vs. Obama - Polling Averages". RealClearPolitics. RetrievedJune 21, 2009.
  5. ^Maya Curry; Marti Covington; Michael Scherer (September 23, 2008)."Obama Scales Back His 50-State Strategy". Time Magazine. Archived fromthe original on September 24, 2008. RetrievedJune 21, 2009.
  6. ^"D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries". January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. RetrievedAugust 23, 2021.
  7. ^"Presidential". May 5, 2015. Archived fromthe original on May 5, 2015. RetrievedAugust 23, 2021.
  8. ^"Vote 2008 - The Takeaway - Track the Electoral College vote predictions". April 22, 2009. Archived fromthe original on April 22, 2009. RetrievedAugust 23, 2021.
  9. ^"Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily".electoral-vote.com. RetrievedAugust 23, 2021.
  10. ^abcdBased on Takeaway
  11. ^"POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com".www.politico.com. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2016.
  12. ^"RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map". Archived fromthe original on June 5, 2008.
  13. ^"CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008".CQ Politics. Archived fromthe original on June 14, 2009. RetrievedDecember 20, 2009.
  14. ^Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff; Carter, Shan (November 4, 2008)."The Electoral Map: Key States".The New York Times. RetrievedMay 26, 2010.
  15. ^"October – 2008 – CNN Political Ticker - CNN.com Blogs".CNN. October 31, 2008. Archived fromthe original on June 19, 2010. RetrievedMay 26, 2010.
  16. ^"Winning The Electoral College".Fox News. April 27, 2010.
  17. ^"roadto270".hosted.ap.org. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2016.
  18. ^"Election 2008: Electoral College Update - Rasmussen Reports".www.rasmussenreports.com. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2016.
  19. ^"Election 2008 Polls - Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
  20. ^"Presidential Campaign Finance". Archived fromthe original on March 24, 2009. RetrievedAugust 5, 2009.
  21. ^"Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com".CNN. RetrievedMay 26, 2010.
  22. ^"Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com".CNN. RetrievedMay 26, 2010.
  23. ^Jay Cost;Sean Trende."Election Review, Part 2: The South Atlantic". RealClearPolitics. RetrievedJune 21, 2009.
  24. ^"Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". RetrievedJanuary 13, 2013.
  25. ^"Presidential Electors for the November 2, 2010 General Election". Archived fromthe original on November 27, 2008. RetrievedJuly 4, 2009.
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