Map of the world showing the achievements of each country during the2008 Summer Olympics inBeijing,People's Republic of China. Gold for countries achieving at least one gold medal. Silver for countries achieving at least one silver medal. Brown for countries achieving at least one bronze medal. Green for countries that did not win a medal. Black for countries that did not participate. Ayellow square displays the host city (Beijing). Blue asterisks display countries achieving their first medal ever in a Summer Olympics.
Overall, athletes from a record 87 countries won at least one medal,[6] and 55 of them won at least one gold medal.[7]Afghanistan,[8]Mauritius,[9]Sudan,[10]Tajikistan[11] andTogo won their first Olympic medals of any kind.[12] Athletes fromMongolia (which previously held the record for most medals without a gold)[13] andPanama won their first Olympic gold medals.[14]Serbian swimmerMilorad Čavić won the first medal for the country as an independent state.[15]Samoa won its first Olympic medal due to a reallocation of medals after theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) retested doping samples in 2016.[16]
Athletes from the host nationChina won the most gold medals, with 48, while athletes from theUnited States won the most medals overall, with 112.[7] Among individual participants, American swimmerMichael Phelps won the most gold medals and the most total medals with eight each, breakingMark Spitz's1972 record for the most gold medals won at an Olympic Games.[17]
During and after the games, many athletes who were caught doping, or tested positive for banned substances, were disqualified from competition and had their medals revoked.[18][19]
The medal table is based on information provided by the IOC and is consistent with IOC conventional sorting in its published medal tables. The table uses theOlympic medal table sorting method. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won, where a nation is an entity represented by a NOC. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals.[20][21] If teams are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by theirIOC country code.[22]
Belarusian athletesVadim Devyatovskiy andIvan Tsikhan, who won silver and bronze respectively in themen's hammer throw, both tested positive for abnormal levels oftestosterone. After attending a disciplinary hearing in September 2008, they were stripped of their medals on 11 December 2008.Krisztián Pars ofHungary was awarded the silver medal, andKoji Murofushi ofJapan was awarded the bronze.[35] However, both of the Belarusian athletes subsequently had their medals reinstated because the doping tests were not handled correctly.[36]
SwedishwrestlerAra Abrahamian was originally awarded a bronze medal in theGreco-Roman 84 kg event. However, at the medal ceremony he walked off the podium and dropped his medal on the mat in protest against the judging in his event. On 16 August 2008, the IOC decided to strip Abrahamian of his medal because they felt it amounted to a political demonstration and was disrespectful to other athletes.[38] As there was already one other bronze medalist in this event, Abrahamian's medal was not reallocated.[39]
Ukrainian athleteLyudmyla Blonska, who finished second in thewomen's heptathlon, tested positive for the steroidmethyltestosterone. On 22 August 2008, the IOC officially stripped Blonska of her medal, and as a result, the silver medal went toHyleas Fountain of the United States, and the bronze medal toTatyana Chernova of Russia.[40] Nine years later, on 24 April 2017, Chernova was disqualified and stripped of the bronze medal after a retest of her sample showed that she had usedturinabol.[41] The bronze medal was then re-allocated toGreat Britain'sKelly Sotherton (see below).[42]
Norwegian equestrian athleteTony André Hansen's horse tested positive for the pain relieving medicationcapsaicin, a banned substance. Hansen, who had won a bronze medal in theteam jumping event, was disqualified. In the team jumping system, the top three scores garnered by the four riders are counted. Hansen had the best score on his team, and it was removed from the total. Without Hansen's score, his team was below the bronze medal threshold, and bronze was awarded to the team fromSwitzerland on 22 December 2008.[43]
On 22 July 2016,Sibel Özkan ofTurkey was disqualified due to an anti-doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal in thewomen's 48 kg event.[49] The IOC requested that theInternational Weightlifting Federation (IWF) modify the results of the weightlifting events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[50]
On 16 August 2016, the Russianwomen's 4 × 100 metres relay team was disqualified for doping. The Russian team members were stripped of their gold Olympic medals, asYuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances.[51] The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[52][53]
On 19 August 2016, the Russianwomen's 4 × 400 metres relay team was disqualified for doping and stripped of their silver Olympic medals, when team memberAnastasiya Kapachinskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances.[54] Another member of the Russian 4 × 400 metres relay team,Tatyana Firova, was separately disqualified on 31 August 2016.[55] The Belarusian 4 × 400 metres relay team (4th place) was also disqualified due to a doping violation bySviatlana Usovich. The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[56]
On 1 September 2016, the IOC disqualified a further two athletes.Cuban discus throwerYarelys Barrios, who won a silver medal in thewomen's discus throw, was disqualified after testing positive forAcetazolamide and ordered to return her medal. Qatari sprinterSamuel Francis, who finished 16th in themen's 100 metres race, was also disqualified after testing positive for the banned substancestanozolol.[57] The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[58]
On 6 October 2016, the IOC disqualifiedAnna Chicherova of Russian for testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs. She had won a bronze medal in thewomen's high jump.Yelena Slesarenko of Russia (fourth place) andVita Palamar of Ukraine (fifth place) were also disqualified.[63] The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[64]
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualifiedAksana Miankova andNatallia Mikhnevich, both from Belarus, andIlya Ilyin from Kazakhstan.[71] The IOC requested that theIWF modify the results of the weightlifting events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[50] The IOC also requested that the IAAF modify the results, and medals in the women's hammer throw event were redistributed accordingly.[72]
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualifiedChen Xiexia,Liu Chunhong andCao Lei, all from China, andNadzeya Astapchuk from Belarus.[73] The IOC requested that the IWF modify the results of the weightlifting events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[50] The IOC also requested that the IAAF modify the results, and medals in the women's shot put event were redistributed accordingly.[74]
On 25 January 2017, the Jamaican team were stripped of the gold medal place in themen's 4 × 100 m relay due toNesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substancemethylhexaneamine.[75][76][77] The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and, afterCourt of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) dismisses the appeal of Jamaican sprinter,[78] the medals were redistributed accordingly. Trinidad and Tobago team was advanced to gold,Japan to silver, andBrazil to bronze.[79]
Tatyana Lebedeva of Russia lost two silver medals in thewomen's long jump andtriple jump events due to the use of the banned substanceturinabol.[75][80] The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and, after the CAS dismissed the appeal of Tatyana Lebedeva,[81] the medals were redistributed accordingly.[82][83] In the women's long jump event,Blessing Okagbare ofNigeria was advanced to silver, andChelsea Hammond of Jamaica was advanced to bronze.[84] In the women's triple jump event,Olga Rypakova of Kazakhstan was advanced to silver, andYargelis Savigne of Cuba was advanced to bronze.[85]
On 29 March 2017,Elvan Abeylegesse was stripped of her two silver medals in thewomen's 5000 metres and10,000 metres, due to doping offences.[88][89] The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results of the events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[90][91]
On 5 April 2017, the IOC disqualified the Uzbek wrestlerArtur Taymazov, who won gold in themen's freestyle 120 kg event, due to use of the banned substancesturinabol andstanozolol. Ukrainian wrestlerVasyl Fedoryshyn was disqualified and stripped of his silver medal in themen's freestyle 60 kg event due to use of turinabol.[92] The IOC requested that UWW modify the results of the wrestling events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[66][67]