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2008 Italian general election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2008 Italian general election

← 200613–14 April 20082013 →

All 630 seats in theChamber of Deputies
316 seats needed for a majority
All 315 elective seats in theSenate
162 seats needed for a majority[a]
Opinion polls
Registered47,041,814 (C) · 42,358,775 (S)
Turnout37,874,569 (C) · 80.5% (Decrease3.1pp)
34,058,406 (S) · 80.4% (Decrease3.1pp)
 First partySecond partyThird party
 
LeaderSilvio BerlusconiWalter VeltroniPier Ferdinando Casini
PartyPeople of FreedomDemocratic PartyUDC
AllianceCentre-rightCentre-left
Leader since26 January 199414 October 200718 January 1994
Leader's seatMolise (C)Lazio 1 (C)Liguria (C)
Seats won344 (C) /174 (S)246 (C) / 134 (S)36 (C) / 3 (S)
Seat changeIncrease102 (C) /Increase29 (S)Increase3 (C) /Increase21 (S)Decrease3 (C) /Decrease18 (S)
Popular vote17,403,145 (C)
15,508,899 (
S)
14,099,747 (C)
12,457,182 (
S)
2,050,309 (C)
1,866,356 (
S)
Percentage46.8% (C)
47.3% (
S)
37.5% (C)
38.0% (
S)
5.6% (C)
5.7% (
S)
SwingDecrease2.9pp (C)
Decrease2.9
pp (S)
Decrease12.3pp (C)
Decrease11.0
pp (S)
Decrease1.1pp (C)
Decrease1.0
pp (S)

Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region.Blue denotes the Centre-right coalition,Red the Centre-left coalition, andGray regional parties.

Prime Minister before election

Romano Prodi
Democratic Party

Prime Minister after the election

Silvio Berlusconi
People of Freedom

Asnap election was held inItaly on 13–14 April 2008.[1] The election came afterPresidentGiorgio Napolitano dissolved theItalian Parliament on 6 February 2008, following thedefeat of the government ofPrime MinisterRomano Prodi in a January 2008Senatevote of confidence[2] and the unsuccessful tentative appointment ofFranco Marini with the aim to change the current electoral law. Under Italian law, elections must be held within 70 days of the dissolution. The voting determined the leader of Italy's 62nd government since the end ofWorld War II.[3] The coalition led by ex-Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi fromThe People of Freedom party defeated that of formerMayor of Rome,Walter Veltroni of theDemocratic Party.[4]

Background

[edit]
Main article:2008 Italian political crisis

On 24 January 2008Prime Minister ofItalyRomano Prodi lost avote of confidence in theSenate by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, causing the downfall of hisgovernment.[5] Prodi's resignation led PresidentGiorgio Napolitano to request the president of the Senate,Franco Marini, to assess the possibility to form acaretaker government. The other possibility would have been to call for early elections immediately.

The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of theConstitutional Court which confirmed thereferendum to modify the electoral system.[6] As stated many times by Minister Mastella, if the referendum would have been confirmed this would have led directly to the fall of the government[7][8]and it happened.
The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastella's to gain seats in parliament.[9]

Silvio Berlusconi during aPeople of Freedom rally in 2008.

UDEUR's defection forced the question of whether Prodi still had the parliamentarian support to govern. Presenting amotion of confidence to parliament, he won relatively easily in thelower house of theItalian Parliament, theChamber of Deputies, where the coalition's majority was substantial.[10] Yet a win in theupper house – or Senate – seemed unlikely, andPresidentGiorgio Napolitano was said to have warned against going through with the vote.[10]

The vote, held between 3pm and 9pm (CET), was heated and dramatic.[11] During its course the UDEUR party SenatorStefano Cusumano decided to confirm the confidence and to support the prime minister, even against the orders of his party's leader. He was subsequently subjected to the abuse of his colleagues, being called an "hysteric faggot", "traitor", and reportedly spat on by a member of the conservative UDEUR party. At this point Cusumano apparently fainted, and was carried out on a stretcher.[12] Cusumano's defection had no effect, however: Prodi lost the vote with 161 to 156 votes (one member abstained from voting, while three were absent), and promptly handed in his resignation.[11]

On 30 January, Napolitano appointedFranco Marini to try to form a caretaker government with the goal of changing the current electoral system, rather than call a quick election.[13] The state of theelectoral system had been under criticism not only within the outgoing government, but also among the opposition and in the general population, because of the impossibility to choose candidates directly and of the risks that a close-call election may not grant a stable majority in the Senate.

On 4 February 2008 Marini acknowledged that he had failed to find the necessary majority for an interim government,[14] and resigned his mandate,[15] after having met with all major political forces and having found opposition to forming an interim government mainly from center-right partiesForza Italia andNational Alliance, favoured in a possible next election and strongly in favour of an early vote.,[16]

President Napolitano summoned Bertinotti and Marini, the two speakers of the houses of the Italian parliament, acknowledging the end of the legislature, on 5 February 2008.[17] He dissolved parliament on 6 February 2008.

Campaign

[edit]

Major competitors in the election wereSilvio Berlusconi, as leader of the centre-right opposition coalition, andWalter Veltroni, leader of theDemocratic Party. Berlusconi's right coalition was leading by a significant margin in opinion polls.[18] The 71-year-old Berlusconi, who was twice prime minister—from May 1994 to January 1995 and again from May 2001 to May 2006—was not considered too old for the job though he had had heart surgery since leaving office.[19]

Veltroni's campaign has been compared toBarack Obama's presidential run in theUnited States. The most apparent of the similarities is his slogan, "Si può fare" (literally, "it can be done").[19]

Walter Veltroni inTrento during the electoral campaign.

Following the calling of the election, Veltroni stated his party will not make any alliance in either Chamber, choosing instead to run alone with its own platform, and challenged Berlusconi to do likewise with hisForza Italia party. The main four left-wing parties not part of the PD decided to contest the election together under the banner ofThe Left – The Rainbow. On 8 February, Berlusconi announcedForza Italia andGianfranco Fini'sNational Alliance will run together under the common symbol ofThe People of Freedom, being regionally allied with theNorthern League.[20]

On 13 February, Veltroni announced to have reached an agreement with theItaly of Values, led byAntonio Di Pietro, which agreed for an electoral alliance with the Democratic Party, accepting also to join the Democratic Party parliamentary groups after the election.[21] On 21 February theItalian Radicals announced an agreement with the Democratic Party, accepting to present themselves in list with the latter, under the agreement they will have nine MPs elected in the Parliament, and appointment ofEmma Bonino as Minister in case of victory.[22]

Though Berlusconi and Veltroni were in opposite parties, they allegedly represent such similar policies that they were dubbed "Veltrusconi". Both candidates supported bigtax cuts and generous spending programs.[19]

TheUnion of Christian and Centre Democrats was invited to support Berlusconi, but refused and decided to run on its own instead.The Rose for Italy originally planned to run alone withBruno Tabacci as their PM candidate, but shortly before the filing deadline, they decided to form joint lists with the UDC.[citation needed]

Electoral system

[edit]

The electoral system had been last reformed by Law no. 270, 21 December 2005.[23]

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]

For the election of the lower house,[24] all seats in the Chamber of Deputies (excluding one deputy for the region ofAosta Valley and twelve deputies forItalians residing abroad) are allocated based on the national vote in a form ofparty-list proportional representation with a series ofthresholds to encourage parties to form coalitions. Voters cast one vote for aclosed list, meaning they cannot express a preference for individual candidates.

Parties can choose to run in coalitions. Seats are first allocated based on coalition votes, then divided among parties belonging to the same coalition by thelargest remainder method. To guarantee a working majority, the coalition or party that obtains aplurality of the vote, but fewer than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, which is roughly 54% of all seats.

The autonomous region ofAosta Valley elects one deputy through afirst-past-the-post system. Italians abroad are divided into four constituencies, which elect a total of twelve seats based onproportional representation.

Senate

[edit]

For the election of the upper house,[24] a similar system is used. However, the results are based on regional, rather than national, vote. This means the coalition or party that wins a plurality of votes in each region is guaranteed a majority of the seats assigned to that region. As this mechanism is region-based, opposing parties or coalitions may benefit from themajority bonus in different regions. It therefore does not guarantee any party or coalition a majority in the Senate.

Three regions have exceptions to the system detailed above. In the region ofMolise, that is granted two seats in the Senate, seats are allocated proportionally, with no majority bonus. The region ofAosta Valley, which elects one senator, uses afirst-past-the-post system. Finally, the region ofTrentino-South Tyrol elects seven senators with a limitedcompensatory system: six senators are elected in sixsingle-member constituencies, while the seventh is allocated to the most underrepresented list based on the regional votes.

Six seats in the Senate are assigned to Italians living abroad and are allocated using the same system used for the Chamber of Deputies.

Main coalitions and parties

[edit]
CoalitionPartyMain ideologySeatsParty leaderCoalition leader
CS
Centre-right coalitionThe People of Freedom (PdL)Liberal conservatism
204
123
Silvio BerlusconiSilvio Berlusconi
Northern League (LN)Regionalism
22
12
Umberto Bossi
Movement for Autonomy (MpA)Regionalism
6
0
Raffaele Lombardo
Centre-left coalitionDemocratic Party (PD)Social democracy
194
84
Walter VeltroniWalter Veltroni
Italy of Values (IdV)Anti-corruption politics
17
3
Antonio Di Pietro
The Left – The Rainbow (SA)Communism,democratic socialism
92
46
Fausto Bertinotti
Union of the Centre (UdC)Christian democracy
36
18
Pier Ferdinando Casini
Socialist Party (PS)Social democracy
9
3
Enrico Boselli
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT)Neo-fascism
4
3
Daniela Santanchè

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article:Opinion polling for the 2008 Italian general election
4-point average trend line of poll results from April 2006 to the present day, with each line corresponding to a political party.
  FI/PdL
  PD
  LN
  UDC
  IdV
  PRC/SA
  AN
  FdV
  PdCI
  LD

Results

[edit]
This sectionis in a table format thatmay be better if supplemented withprose. You can help by adding a prose summary of the table(s).Editing help is available.(January 2022)

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]

Overall results

[edit]
Summary of the 13–14 April 2008Chamber of Deputies election results
CoalitionPartyItaly (19 regions)Aosta ValleyOverseasTotal
seats
+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalitionThe People of Freedom13,629,46437.3827213,88018.520322,43730.904276+60
Northern League3,024,5438.30602,3223.10060

+34

Movement for Autonomy410,4991.1388
Centre-left coalitionDemocratic Party12,095,30633.18211338,95432.486217−9
Italy of Values1,594,0244.372842,1494.04129+12
Union of the Centre2,050,2295.623688,0178.43036−3
South Tyrolean People's Party147,7180.4122−2
Autonomy Liberty Democracy29,31439.1211±0
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad86,9708.3311New
Others3,505,4989.61029,42339.260164,99115.8200
Total36,457,25410061774,93910011,043,51810012630±0
Popular vote (Party)
PdL
37.38%
PD
33.18%
LN
8.30%
UdC
5.62%
IdV
4.37%
SA
3.08%
LD–FT
2.43%
MpA
1.13%
Others
4.51%
Popular vote (Coalition)
CDX
46.81%
CSX
37.55%
UdC
5.62%
SA
3.08%
LD–FT
2.43%
Others
4.51%
Seat distribution (Coalition)
CDX
55.11%
CSX
38.74%
UdC
5.83%
Others
0.32%

Italy (except Aosta Valley)

[edit]
CoalitionPartyVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalitionThe People of Freedom (PdL)13,629,46437.38272
Northern League (LN)3,024,5438.3060
Movement for Autonomy (MpA)410,4991.138
Total17,064,50646.81340
Centre-left coalitionDemocratic Party (PD)12,095,30633.18211
Italy of Values (IdV)1,594,0244.3728
Total13,689,30337.55239
Union of the Centre (UdC)2,050,2295.6236
The Left – The Rainbow (SA)1,124,2983.080
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT)884,9612.430
Socialist Party (PS)355,4950.980
Workers' Communist Party (PCL)208,2960.570
Critical Left (SC)168,9160.460
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)147,7180.412
Association for Defense of Life135,5350.370
For the Common Good (PBC)119,5690.330
New Force (FN)109,6990.300
Italian Liberal Party (PLI)104,0530.290
Democratic Union for Consumers (UDpC)91,1060.250
List of Talking Crickets (No EuroLega Padana–others)66,8350.180
Venetian Republic League (LVR)31,3530.090
Die Freiheitlichen (DF)28,3400.080
European Movement Disabled Persons (MEDA)16,4830.050
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az)14,8600.040
League for Autonomy – Lombard Alliance (LAL)13,9920.040
Union for South Tyrol (UfS)12,9810.040
Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia (SNI)7,1760.020
Southern League Ausonia (LSA)4,3990.010
Venetian Agreement (IV)2,3880.010
Communist Alternative Party (PdAC)1,9930.010
The Lotus1,7970.000
Thought and Action Party (PPA)9460.000
Total36,457,254100.00617

Results by region (except Aosta Valley)

[edit]
RegionCentre-right CoalitionCentre-left CoalitionUnion of the CentreThe Left – The RainbowThe Right – Tricolour FlameOthers
Abruzzo43.240.55.93.23.24.0
Apulia47.435.68.03.02.13.9
Basilicata37.644.56.93.52.35.2
Calabria43.836.28.23.22.26.4
Campania51.533.96.52.71.63.8
Emilia-Romagna36.450.04.33.02.53.8
Friuli-Venezia Giulia47.835.76.03.13.04.4
Lazio43.740.94.83.33.43.9
Liguria43.642.53.83.72.73.7
Lombardy55.132.14.32.92.13.5
Marche37.245.96.03.03.44.5
Molise41.845.65.81.91.73.2
Piedmont47.037.45.23.43.23.8
Sardinia43.040.06.63.61.55.3
Sicily54.328.89.42.62.02.9
Trentino-Alto Adige30.427.84.23.12.032.5
Tuscany33.650.34.24.52.94.5
Umbria36.147.44.53.53.64.9
Veneto54.430.85.62.22.05.0

Aosta Valley

[edit]

The autonomous region ofAosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a directfirst-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

PartyVotes%Seats
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)29,31439.121
Aosta Valley (UV-SA-FA)28,35737.840
The People of Freedom (PdL)13,88018.520
Northern League (LN)2,3223.100
Social Action (AS)1,0661.420
Total74,939100.001

Overseas constituencies

[edit]

Twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of theCaribbean), three members for South America (includingTrinidad and Tobago), six members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, andAntarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation.

The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy.

PartyVotes%Seats
Democratic Party (PD)338,95432.486
The People of Freedom (PdL)322,43730.904
Union of the Centre (UdC)88,0178.430
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE)86,9708.331
Italian Associations in South America (AISA)64,3256.160
Italy of Values (IdV)42,1494.041
Socialist Party (PS)32,5133.120
The Left – The Rainbow (SA)28,4952.730
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT)14,9741.430
The Other Sicily (LAS)9,2510.890
Critical Left (SC)6,0620.580
Italian Civic Consumers (CCI)4,8780.470
Values and Future (VF)4,4930.430
Total1,043,518100.0012

Map

[edit]
Seat totals by constituency. As this is a MB election, seat totals are determined by the national popular vote, benefiting the largest coalition nationwide.

Senate of the Republic

[edit]

Overall results

[edit]
Summary of the 13–14 April 2008Senate of the Republic election results
CoalitionPartyItaly (18 regions)Aosta ValleyTrentino-Alto AdigeOverseasTotal
seats
+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalitionThe People of Freedom12,511,25838.1714112,16717.250156,12628.183322,69833.863147+26
Northern League2,642,2808.06252,0812.95025+11
Movement for Autonomy355,3611.0822
Centre-left coalitionDemocratic Party11,042,45233.6911619,2533.480274,73230.702118+10
Italy of Values1,414,7304.321438,3574.02014+10
South Tyrolean People's Party252,66945.6144+1
Union of the Centre1,866,3565.69332,5115.87057,8176.0703−18
Aosta Valley29,19141.3911+1
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad72,5117.6111New
Others2,941,9028.98027,15138.41093,38016.860187,02917.7400
Total32,774,33910030170,5201001553,9391007953,1441006315±0
Popular vote (Party)
PdL
38.17%
PD
33.69%
LN
8.06%
UdC
5.69%
IdV
4.32%
SA
3.21%
LD–FT
2.10%
MpA
1.08%
Others
3.68%
Popular vote (Coalition)
CDX
47.32%
CSX
38.01%
UdC
5.69%
SA
3.21%
LD–FT
2.10%
Others
3.68%
Seat distribution for coalition
CDX
55.24%
CSX
41.90%
UdC
0.95%
Others
0.98%

Italy (except Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige)

[edit]
CoalitionPartyVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalitionThe People of Freedom (PdL)12,511,25838.17141
Northern League (LN)2,642,2808.0625
Movement for Autonomy (MpA)355,3611.082
Total15,508,89947.32168
Centre-left coalitionDemocratic Party (PD)11,042,45233.69116
Italy of Values (IdV)1,414,7304.3214
Total12,457,18238.01130
Union of the Centre (UdC)1,866,3565.693
The Left – The Rainbow (SA)1,053,2283.210
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT)686,9262.100
Socialist Party (PS)284,8370.870
Workers' Communist Party (PCL)180,4420.550
Critical Left (SC)136,6790.420
For the Common Good (PBC)105,8270.320
Italian Liberal Party (PLI)100,7590.310
New Force (FN)85,5640.260
Democratic Union for Consumers (UDpC)78,1390.240
List of Talking Crickets (No EuroLega Padana–others)49,5350.150
Venetian Republic League (LVR)47,6470.150
League for Autonomy – Lombard Alliance (LAL)45,6230.140
European Movement Disabled Persons (MEDA)19,8990.060
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az)15,2800.050
United Populars (PU)12,3890.040
Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party (PCIM-L)8,0940.020
Southern League Ausonia (LSA)7,1090.020
Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia (SNI)6,9720.020
Independentist Front Lombardy (FIL)5,2340.020
Venetian Agreement (IV)4,6000.010
Party of the South (PdS)3,7270.010
Free South1,7950.010
Thought and Action Party (PPA)1,5970.000
Total32,774,339100.00301

Aosta Valley

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats
Aosta Valley (UV-SA-FA)29,19141.391
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)26,37737.400
The People of Freedom (PdL)12,16717.250
Northern League (LN)2,0812.950
Social Action (AS)7121.010
Total70,520100.001

Trentino-Alto Adige/South Tyrol

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats
The People of Freedom (PdL)156,12628.183
SVP - Together for the Autonomies153,72127.752
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)98,94817.862
The Left – The Rainbow (SA)39,9577.210
Union of the Centre (UdC)32,5115.870
Die Freiheitlichen (DF)24,7724.470
Democratic Party (PD)19,2533.480
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT)16,4622.970
Union for South Tyrol (UfS)11,8202.130
Socialist Party (PS)3690.070
Total553,939100.007

Overseas constituencies

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats
The People of Freedom (PdL)322,69833.863
Democratic Party (PD)314,70333.022
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE)72,5117.611
Italian Associations in South America (AISA)60,7946.380
Union of the Centre (UdC)57,8176.070
Italy of Values (IdV)38,3574.020
Socialist Party (PS)28,1492.950
The Left - The Rainbow (SA)27,0672.840
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT)13,1391.380
The Other Sicily (LAS)8,3910.880
Critical Left (SC)5,8550.610
Italian Civic Consumers (CCI)3,6630.380
Total953,144100.006

Seats by region

[edit]
RegionCoalitionsMajority bonus
winner
Senators
Centre-right coalitionCentre-left coalitionUnion of the CentreOthers
Lombardy
Lombardy
19 (PdL)
11 (LN)
15 (PD)
2 (IdV)
CDX47
Campania
Campania
18 (PdL)10 (PD)
2 (IdV)
CDX30
Lazio
Lazio
15 (PdL)11 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CDX27
Sicily
Sicily
13 (PdL)
2 (MpA)
7 (PD)
1 (IdV)
3 (UdC)CDX26
Veneto
Veneto
8 (PdL)
7 (LN)
8 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CDX24
Piedmont
Piedmont
10 (PdL)
3 (LN)
8 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CDX22
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna
7 (PdL)
2 (LN)
11 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CSX21
Apulia
Apulia
12 (PdL)8 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CDX21
Tuscany
Tuscany
7 (PdL)10 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CSX18
Calabria
Calabria
6 (PdL)4 (PD)CDX10
Sardinia
Sardinia
5 (PdL)4 (PD)CDX9
Liguria
Liguria
4 (PdL)
1 (LN)
3 (PD)CDX8
Marche
Marche
3 (PdL)5 (PD)CSX8
Abruzzo
Abruzzo
4 (PdL)2 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CDX7
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
3 (PdL)
1 (LN)
3 (PD)CDX7
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Trentino-South Tyrol
3 (PdL)2 (SVP - IpA)
2 (SVP)
N/A7
Umbria
Umbria
3 (PdL)4 (PD)CSX7
Basilicata
Basilicata
3 (PdL)3 (PD)
1 (IdV)
CSX7
Molise
Molise
1 (PdL)1 (PD)N/A2
Aosta Valley
Aosta Valley
1 (VA)N/A1
Italians abroad3 (PdL)2 (PD)1 (MAIE)N/A6
Total17413235315

Map

[edit]
Seat totals by constituency. As this is a MB election, seat totals are determined by the national popular vote, benefiting the largest coalition in each region.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^taking into account theSenators for life, who accounted for 7 seats at the time the election took place

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Italy's President Dissolves Parliament, Forces Vote". Bloomberg.com. 6 February 2008. Retrieved8 February 2008.
  2. ^"Italy to hold snap April election".BBC News. 6 February 2008. Retrieved6 February 2008.
  3. ^"Berlusconi plans Naples clean-up".BBC News. 15 April 2008.
  4. ^"Berlusconi declares election win".BBC News. 14 April 2008.
  5. ^"Prodi loses crucial Senate vote".BBC. 24 January 2008.Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved24 January 2008.
  6. ^"Italian court okays referendum on election law" Reuters, 16 January 2008
  7. ^"Legge elettorale, Mastella minaccia la crisi"Corriere della Sera, 10 April 2007
  8. ^"Mastella: Se c'è referendum si rischia la crisi di governo"Archived 28 August 2007 at theWayback MachineLa Stampa, 10 April 2007
  9. ^"Prodi Likely to Quit, Prompt Vote or Election Reform" Bloomberg.com
  10. ^abIan Fisher (24 January 2008)."Italy Backs Its Coalition but Only Just for Now".The New York Times. Retrieved24 January 2008.
  11. ^ab"Prodi sconfitto in Senato: cade il governo, Il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni".Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 24 January 2008.Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved24 January 2008.
  12. ^"Cusumano si dissocia: voto sì. È bagarre".Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 24 January 2008.Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved24 January 2008.
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  14. ^SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World - Italy Senate speaker fails to form govt, vote loomsArchived 12 February 2009 at theWayback Machine
  15. ^Italy's Marini says no majority for electoral reform govt, resigns mandate | Latest News | News | Hemscott
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  17. ^"DOMANI LO SCIOGLIMENTO DELLE CAMERE".ansa.it (in Italian).Ansa. 5 February 2008. Archived fromthe original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved5 February 2008.
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