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Presidential elections were held inArmenia on 19 February and 5 March 2003. No candidate received a majority in the first round of the election with theincumbentPresidentRobert Kocharyan winning slightly under 50% of the vote. Therefore, a second round was held and Kocharyan defeatedStepan Demirchyan with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote. However, both the opposition and international observers said that the election had seen significant amounts ofelectoral fraud and the opposition did not recognise the results of the election.
Robert Kocharyan had been elected president in the1998 presidential election defeatingKaren Demirchyan. The election had been held whenLevon Ter-Petrossian was forced to resign as President after agreeing to a plan to resolve theNagorno-Karabakh conflict, which his ministers, including Kocharyan, had refused to accept.[1]
On the 7 August 2002 theCentral Electoral Commission of Armenia announced that the presidential election would be held on the 19 February 2003,[2] with nominations required by 6 December 2002.[3] Candidates had to supply 40,000 signatures of support in order to be able to stand in the election.[4]
President Kocharyan had already announced that he would be running for re-election and the opposition parties attempted to agree on a united candidate to oppose him but were unsuccessful.[3] Former President Levon Ter-Petrossian also contemplated running in the election but ultimately decided not to stand.[1]
15 people announced that they would stand in election, but in the end 9candidates stood in the first round of the presidential election.[5] Reporting in the media was seen as being one-sided, with amedia monitoring organisation saying that President Kocharyan received about five times as much coverage during thecampaign as all the other eight candidates combined.[6] Kocharyan campaigned on the record of economic growth during his presidency and got support from several political parties, while his campaign was run by the defence ministerSerzh Sargsyan.[7] Kocharyan's leading opponent wasStepan Demirchyan, the leader of thePeople's Party of Armenia and the son of Karen Demirchyan, a formerSoviet leader of Armenia andspeaker of theArmenian parliament who had been assassinated in 1999.[6][7] Demirchyan ran in the election as an anti-corruption candidate.[8] The other leading candidate wasArtashes Geghamyan a former mayor ofYerevan, from theNational Unity party.[7]
Opinion polls in the run up to the election showed President Kocharyan as likely to win the 50% required in order to avoid a second round.[9] Early results showed Kocharyan winning over half of the vote,[8] but the final results of the first round showed that he had just failed to meet that target and so was forced into a second round against Stepan Demirchyan.[10][11] This was first time any incumbent president in theCommonwealth of Independent States had failed to win in the first round of an election.[12]
See-throughballot boxes were used to try to minimise any fraud in the election.[9] However, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which had sent 200election monitors to observe the election, described the lead up to the election as having "fell short of international standards in several key respects".[6][8][11] Opposition observers atpolling stations reported thatballot stuffing in favour of President Kocharyan had taken place and one member of the OSCE observers was reported as having described the election as "a disaster".[6]
Some opposition supporters called on Demirchyan to boycott the second round but, despite taking part inprotests over the conduct of the first round, he did participate in the election.[12] Most of the opposition parties rallied behind Demirchyan in the election and a television debate took place between the two candidates.[13] Kocharyan called on voters in the second round to give him "a convincing victory that no-one can question".[14] The official results saw President Kocharyan winning just over two thirds of vote in the second round and thus he was re-elected.[15]
As in the first round the OSCE reported significant amounts ofelectoral fraud and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place.[15] Demirchyan described the election as having been rigged and called on his supporters to rally against the results.[16] Tens of thousands of Armenians protested in the days after the election against the results and called on President Kocharyan to step down.[15] However, Kocharyn was sworn in for a second term in early April and theConstitutional Court upheld the election, while recommending that areferendum be held within a year to confirm the election result.[17][18]
| Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| Robert Kocharyan | Independent | 710,674 | 49.83 | 1,044,591 | 67.45 | |
| Stepan Demirchyan | People's Party | 399,757 | 28.03 | 504,011 | 32.55 | |
| Artashes Geghamyan | National Unity | 250,145 | 17.54 | |||
| Aram Karapetyan | Independent | 41,795 | 2.93 | |||
| Vazgen Manukyan | National Democratic Union | 12,904 | 0.90 | |||
| Ruben Avagyan | Unified Armenians Party | 5,788 | 0.41 | |||
| Aram Sargsyan | Democratic Party | 3,034 | 0.21 | |||
| Garnik Margaryan | Motherland and Dignity | 1,272 | 0.09 | |||
| Aram Harutyunyan | National Accord Party | 854 | 0.06 | |||
| Total | 1,426,223 | 100.00 | 1,548,602 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 1,426,223 | 97.45 | 1,548,602 | 99.07 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 37,276 | 2.55 | 14,469 | 0.93 | ||
| Total votes | 1,463,499 | 100.00 | 1,563,071 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,315,410 | 63.21 | 2,331,507 | 67.04 | ||
| Source:IFES | ||||||
Hrant Mikayelian, researcher at theCaucasus Institute, noted that while falsifications during the election were significant and widespread, Kocharyan would have still won it in the second round, but at a far smaller margin.[19]
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