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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Psychedelic drug
Pharmaceutical compound
MEM
Clinical data
Other names2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine; 4-Ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; MEM
Routes of
administration
Oral[1]
Drug classSerotonin receptor agonist;Serotonin5-HT2 receptoragonist;Serotonergic psychedelic;Hallucinogen
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Eliminationhalf-life10–14 hours[1]
Identifiers
  • 1-[(4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxy)phenyl]propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChemCID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H21NO3
Molar mass239.315 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O(c1cc(OC)c(cc1OC)CC(N)C)CC
  • InChI=1S/C13H21NO3/c1-5-17-13-8-11(15-3)10(6-9(2)14)7-12(13)16-4/h7-9H,5-6,14H2,1-4H3 checkY
  • Key:ITZLAXJQDMGDEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine (MEM) is apsychedelicdrug of thephenethylamine,amphetamine, andDOx families.[1] It was first described byAlexander Shulgin by 1968.[2]

Use and effects

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In his bookPiHKAL,Alexander Shulgin lists the active dose range of MEM as 20 to 50 mgorally and theduration as 10 to 14 hours.[1][3] According to Shulgin, MEM produces color enhancement, visual phenomena, and pattern movement, among other effects.[1]

Interactions

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See also:Psychedelic drug § Interactions, andTrip killer § Serotonergic psychedelic antidotes

Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
MEM activities
TargetAffinity (Ki, nM)
5-HT1A>10,000
5-HT1B>10,000
5-HT1D>10,000
5-HT1E>10,000
5-HT1FND
5-HT2A73.0–3,948 (Ki)
47.5–295 (EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration)
88–105% (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy)
5-HT2B64.5–763 (Ki)
437–557 (EC50)
70–96% (
Emax)
5-HT2C124–>10,000 (Ki)
29.9–248 (EC50)
98–129% (
Emax)
5-HT3>10,000
5-HT4ND
5-HT5A>10,000
5-HT6>10,000
5-HT77,156
α1A,α1B>10,000
α1DND
α2Aα2C>10,000
β1,β2>10,000
β3ND
D1D5>10,000
H1H4>10,000
M1M5>10,000
I1>10,000
σ15,077
σ2>10,000
TAAR1Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 1ND
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter>10,000 (Ki)
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter>10,000 (Ki)
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter>10,000 (Ki)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified.Refs:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

MEM is aserotonergic psychedelic and acts as aselectiveserotonin5-HT2 receptoragonist.[6][7][8][9][10] It is specifically afull agonist of the serotonin5-HT2A and5-HT2C receptors and to a lesser extent is apartial to full agonist of the serotonin5-HT2B receptor.[6][7][9] The psychedelic effects of MEM are thought to be mediated by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation.[7]

Chemistry

[edit]

MEM, also known as 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine, is aphenethylamine,amphetamine, andDOxderivative. It is theanalogue and derivative of2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2) in which a 4-ethoxy group is present instead of a 4-methoxy group.

Derivatives

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A variety ofderivatives of MEM have been developed and studied, for instance byDaniel Trachsel and colleagues.[11][12] These includeMPM,MIPM,MALM,MMALM,MFEM,MDFEM, andMTFEM, among others.[11][12]

History

[edit]

MEM was firstsynthesized byAlexander Shulgin.[1][2] It was first described by him in thescientific literature by 1968.[2] Subsequently, Shulgin described MEM in greater detail in his 1991 bookPiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved).[1]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgShulgin A, Shulgin A (1991).Pihkal: A Chemical Love Story. Transform Press.ISBN 0-9630096-0-5.
  2. ^abcShulgin AT (January 1968). "The ethyl homologs of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine".J Med Chem.11 (1):186–187.doi:10.1021/jm00307a056.PMID 5637180.
  3. ^Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, Wallach J, Brandt SD (May 2020)."Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species"(PDF).Neuropharmacology.167 107933.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933.PMC 9191653.PMID 31917152.Table 4 Human potency data for selected hallucinogens. [...]
  4. ^"Kᵢ Database".PDSP. 28 March 2025. Retrieved28 March 2025.
  5. ^Liu, Tiqing."BindingDB BDBM50005255 (+/-)2-(4-Ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine::2-(4-Ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine::CHEMBL8225".BindingDB. Retrieved28 March 2025.
  6. ^abcRay TS (February 2010)."Psychedelics and the human receptorome".PLOS ONE.5 (2) e9019.Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9019R.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009019.PMC 2814854.PMID 20126400.
  7. ^abcdWallach J, Cao AB, Calkins MM, Heim AJ, Lanham JK, Bonniwell EM, Hennessey JJ, Bock HA, Anderson EI, Sherwood AM, Morris H, de Klein R, Klein AK, Cuccurazzu B, Gamrat J, Fannana T, Zauhar R, Halberstadt AL, McCorvy JD (December 2023)."Identification of 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways associated with psychedelic potential".Nat Commun.14 (1) 8221.Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8221W.doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44016-1.PMC 10724237.PMID 38102107.
  8. ^abNelson DL, Lucaites VL, Wainscott DB, Glennon RA (January 1999). "Comparisons of hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamine binding affinities at cloned human 5-HT2A, -HT(2B) and 5-HT2C receptors".Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.359 (1):1–6.doi:10.1007/pl00005315.PMID 9933142.
  9. ^abcHemanth P, Nistala P, Nguyen VT, Eltit JM, Glennon RA, Dukat M (2023)."Binding and functional structure-activity similarities of 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl isopropylamine analogues at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B serotonin receptors".Front Pharmacol.14 1101290.doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1101290.PMC 9902381.PMID 36762110.
  10. ^abGlennon RA, Dukat M, Grella B, Hong S, Costantino L, Teitler M, Smith C, Egan C, Davis K, Mattson MV (August 2000). "Binding of beta-carbolines and related agents at serotonin (5-HT(2) and 5-HT(1A)), dopamine (D(2)) and benzodiazepine receptors".Drug Alcohol Depend.60 (2):121–132.doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00148-9.hdl:11380/17721.PMID 10940539.
  11. ^abKolaczynska KE, Luethi D, Trachsel D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2019)."Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-Substituted 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamines and Related Amphetamines"(PDF).Front Pharmacol.10 1423.doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01423.PMC 6893898.PMID 31849671.
  12. ^abTrachsel D (2012)."Fluorine in psychedelic phenethylamines".Drug Test Anal.4 (7–8):577–590.doi:10.1002/dta.413.PMID 22374819.

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