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| 1st United States Sharpshooters Regiment | |
|---|---|
| Founded | September 2, 1860 |
| Disbanded | December 31, 1864 |
| Country |  United States (Union) |
| Type | Sharpshooter |
| Size | Regiment |
| Equipment | Sharps rifle |
| Engagements | American Civil War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | ColonelHiram Berdan |
The1st United States Sharpshooters were aninfantryregiment that served in theUnion Army during theAmerican Civil War. During battle, the mission of thesharpshooter was to kill enemy targets of importance (i.e., officers,NCOs, and artillery crews) from long range.
The firstregiment of volunteers began service in late November 1860. During their service, they fought in every Eastern battle up until autumn of 1864. During their tour, the Sharpshooters were noted for efficient service in the battles ofYorktown,Gettysburg,Spotsylvania andPetersburg.
The 1st and2nd U.S. Sharpshooters were consolidated on December 31, 1864.
Hiram C. Berdan was the founder of the Sharpshooters. Berdan was born in the town ofPhelps, New York, on September 6, 1824. Not only was Berdan a military officer in the Civil War and creator of the Sharpshooters regiment, he was also an American mechanical engineer and creative inventor. Some of Berdan's inventions included the Berdan rifle (a repeating rifle) and the Berdan center fire primer, a range finder torpedo boat for evading torpedo nets during and after the Civil War. Berdan also developed the first commercial gold amalgamation machine to separate gold from ore. Berdan was also known for being an amateur championmarksman in the United States. Berdan's interest in rifles and shooting led him to the idea of creating a regiment full of men who all had notable shooting skills: the Sharpshooters. Berdan left active service in the field in the summer of 1863. He died on March 31, 1893, and was buried in theArlington National Cemetery.
During the Civil War, regiments were usually composed of companies all from the same state. On the other hand, due to the strict qualifications and special skills in order to become a member of the Sharpshooters, each regiment was assembled of companies from various different Union states. Below is a list of each company in the first regiment, their origin and date of establishment.
The first United States Sharpshooter regiment consisted of the following commanding officers (listed by company):
Hiram C. Berdan began recruiting men for the first Sharpshooter regiment in 1861. He recruited men fromNew York City andAlbany and from the states ofNew Hampshire,Vermont,Michigan andWisconsin.
The volunteer recruits had to pass amarksmanship test in order to qualify to be a member of the Sharpshooters; each man had to be able to place ten shots in a circle of 10 inches (250 mm) in diameter from 200 yards (180 m) away. The shots were to be accurate enough so that the average distance of them all would be 5 inches (127 mm) or less from the center of the target. They used a piece of string to measure from the center point to each bullet hole. The accumulated distance for all the shots on this string could measure no more than 50 inches (127 cm) long. They were allowed to choose a rifle and position of their preference for the test. A man eligible to be a Sharpshooter had to possess a keen eye, steady hands and a great deal of training and skill with a rifle. In addition to that, for a man to be a Sharpshooter, it took cool nerves in order to be able to estimate their target carefully, determine the hightrajectory needed and to take in consideration the effect that any current wind may have.
The men of the Sharpshooters regiment were armed with various types of rifles, including theSharps rifle, theWhitworth rifle, sporting arms, and various other custom-made privately owned target weapons. Some of these rifles weighed up to 30 pounds (14 kg) because they contained the first breed of telescope sights.[citation needed] At first, many of the Sharpshooter riflemen used their own weapons, but this led to problems when it came toammunition supply. As a result, Berdan made a request to receive issuance of Sharps rifles to his men.
Christian Sharps invented the Sharps rifle in 1848 inHartford, Connecticut. It was a single shotpercussion lockbreech loader that could be fired eight to ten times per minute (three times the rate of theSpringfield rifle), weighed about 12 pounds (5.4 kg), was 47 inches (1,200 mm) in length with a 30-inch (760 mm) barrel and fired cartridges with a .52 caliber conical ball. The Sharps rifle was accurate up to 600 yards (550 m), so the typical Sharpshooter was able to put twenty bullets in a 24-inch (610 mm) pattern from 200 yards (180 m) away. The first Sharps rifle in the regiment was purchased byPrivate Truman "California Joe" Head while the regiment was at the camp of instruction outside Washington, D.C. during the winter of 1861–1862.
Berdan chose the Sharps rifle mainly because of its fast breech loading and outstanding accuracy from long-range distances. Lieutenant GeneralWinfield Scott denied Berdan's request because he feared the issuance of Sharps rifles would lead to a waste of ammunition. Lt. General Scott insisted that Berdan's men use a standard Springfield rifle. Berdan was not at all satisfied with Scott's ruling, so he took his request for Sharps rifles directly to PresidentAbraham Lincoln. After Lincoln watched Berdan perform a demonstration of the Sharps rifle's extreme speed and accuracy he was so impressed that he ordered them to be immediately issued to both Sharpshooter regiments. Nevertheless, many of the men still continued to use their own rifles, no matter how heavy and bulky they were, probably because that is what they had training and experience with. The sharpshooters were finally issued their Sharps rifles on May 8, 1862.[1]
The most notable aspect of the Berdan Sharpshooter uniform is the green color, rather than the standard Union blue. They were one of only a few regiments that went outside the typicalPotomac Army's uniform. The green uniform gave the sharpshooters the clear advantage ofcamouflage, but also sometimes was a disadvantage because they were easy to distinguish against the rest of the Union soldiers for Confederate marksmen to spot and target. Sharpshooters were high-priority kills amongst the Confederate army, because they had such high skills and good salvageable equipment. Sharpshooters used moreguerrilla warfare battle tactics than the rest of the Union infantry. Along with the green uniform, a soldier was to have nobrass on any of their buttons. Their shoes were standard Union issue, but their pants were made of green wool just like the frock coats, with a pair ofgaiters. Furthermore, Sharpshooter knapsacks were a Prussian-style fur sack fitted over a wooden frame, as opposed to the usual tarred canvas. However, as the war went on the men were not reissued this clothing and many of the men received standard federal clothing making it harder for rebel troops to notice their elite capabilities. By the Gettysburg campaign most of the men were wearing modified blue uniforms.
Ten of the regiment's officers and 143 enlisted men were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 128 enlisted men died of disease, for a total of 282deaths in the service.[2]
Lieutenant ColonelWilliam Y. W. Ripley was wounded and later received theMedal of Honor for his heroism as second in command of the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters at theBattle of Malvern Hill.[3]