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1996 in science

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Overview of the events of 1996 in science

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1996 in science
1995 1997
Fields
Archaeology
Technology
Sustainable energy research Transportation technology
Social sciences
Psychology Governance and policy studies
Paleontology
Dinosaurs' extinction
Extraterrestrial environment
Spaceflight
Terrestrial environment
Environment and environmental sciences Tornado research
Other/related
Birding/ornithology Literature Philosophy Timeline of cosmological theories List of open letters by academics History of technology by type List of science timelines
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The year1996 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

Thecloning process that producedDolly.

January 30 –Comet Hyakutake is discovered.^[1]
February 17 –NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft launched. The craft landed onasteroid 433 Eros in2001.^[2]
May – First naked-eye observation ofComet Hale-Bopp.^[3]
June 4 – TheEuropean Space Agency'sCluster is lost when the maiden flight of theAriane 5 rocket fails, self-destructing 37 seconds after launch from theGuiana Space Centre because of asoftware bug in the computer control system.^[4]
October 3 –Reinhard Genzel andAndrea Ghez demonstrate the existence of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy, later identified as ablack hole.^[5]
November 7 –NASA launches theMars Global Surveyor.^[6]
The second 9.8 mreflecting telescope opens atKeck Observatory,Mauna Kea, Hawaii.^[7]

Biology

July 5 –Dolly thesheep, the firstmammal to be successfullycloned from an adult cell, is born atThe Roslin Institute inScotland.^[8]
August 6 –NASA announces that theAllan Hills 84001 meteorite thought to originate fromMars, may contain evidence of primitive life-forms;^[9] further tests are inconclusive.
TheyeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae'sgenome is sequenced, the first eukaryotic genome to be fully sequenced.^[10]

Chemistry

February 9 –Copernicium first created at theGesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung inDarmstadt, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann,Victor Ninov and others.^[11]

Computer science

January
- TheGoogle web search engine originates as "BackRub", a research project usingPageRank byLarry Page andSergey Brin, PhD students atStanford University,California.^[12]
- FirstUSB specification issued.
January 23 – The first version of theJava programming language is released.^[13]
February 10 –Deep Blue defeatschess grand-masterGarry Kasparov for the first time.^[14]
April 3 –Jennifer Ringley becomes an early practitioner oflifecasting (video stream), from her dorm room atDickinson College inCarlisle, Pennsylvania.^[15]
October –The Shetland Times andThe Shetland News become involved in a landmark legal case over alleged copyright infringement anddeep linking in theirwebsites.^[16]
The page ranking web search engine RankDex is originated byRobin Li.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]
Brewster Kahle, withBruce Gilliat, develops theWayback Machine software tocrawl and archiveWorld Wide Web pages.^[21]
Lov Grover, atBell Labs, publishes thequantum database search algorithm.^[22]
IRCnet is founded.^[23]

Exploration

May 23 – SwedeGöran Kropp reachesMount Everest summit alone withoutoxygen after having bicycled there from Sweden.^[24]

Medicine

March
- TheCochrane Library launched.^[25]
- The role ofCCR5 inHIV/AIDS infection begins to be published.^[26]
July 7–12 –XI International AIDS Conference, 1996,Vancouver, reports major advances in themanagement of HIV/AIDS includingcombination therapy (the "triple cocktail") usingprotease inhibitors.^[27] Within a week after the conference, over 75,000 patients who have been using antibiotics and chemotherapy as treatment againstopportunistic infections begin an effective antiviral regimen which greatly increases their immune system strength and therefore their health.^[28]
New variantCreutzfeldt–Jakob disease first identified in humans, in the United Kingdom.^[29]
Montreal Cognitive Assessment is created byZiad Nasreddine inMontreal,Quebec.^[30]
Donepezil (Aricept), a palliative treatment for moderateAlzheimer's disease, isapproved in the United States.^[31]^[32]^[33]
Sildenafil (Viagra), a treatment forerectile dysfunction, ispatented byPfizer.^[34]

Meteorology

January 7 – Alarge blizzard hits the Eastern United States, killing 60.^[35]
May 15 – Severe thunderstorms and atornado in Bangladesh kills at least 443 people.^[36]
July 18–21 – Storms provoke severe flooding on theSaguenay River in Quebec,^[37] in one of Canada's most costlynatural disasters.^[38]

Philosophy

Australian philosopherDavid Chalmers publishesThe Conscious Mind: in search of a fundamental theory.^[39]

Technology

Zenith introduces the firstHDTV-compatible front projection television in the United States. Broadcasters, TV & PC manufacturers set industry standards for digital HDTV.^[40]
APS film format is introduced.^[41]

Publications

May –Sokal affair: American mathematical physicistAlan Sokal hoaxes the editors into publishing a deliberately nonsensical paper, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity", in a "science wars" issue of the journalSocial Text (Duke University Press)^[42] as a critique of the intellectual rigor ofpostmodernism in academiccultural studies.^[43]
Belgian physical chemistIlya Prigogine publishesLa Fin des certitudes (translated asThe End of Certainty: time, chaos, and the new laws of nature).^[44]
French-born archaeologistDenise Schmandt-Besserat publishesHow Writing Came About.^[45]

Awards

Nobel Prize^[46]
Kyoto Prize
- Willard Van Orman Quine is awarded theKyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for his "outstanding contributions to the progress of philosophy in the 20th century by proposing numerous theories based on keen insights in logic, epistemology, philosophy of science and philosophy of language."^[47]
Turing Award for Computing:Amir Pnueli^[48]
Wollaston Medal for Geology:Nicholas John Shackleton^[49]

Births

July 5 –Dolly (d.2003), Scottish sheep, the world's firstcloned mammal.^[50]

Deaths

January 12 –Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (b.1903), Dutchmathematician.^[51]
February 20 –Solomon Asch (b.1907),Polish American social psychologist.^[52]
March 19 –Chen Jingrun (b.1933),Chinese mathematician.^[53]
March 26 –David Packard (b.1912),American electrical engineer.^[54]
June 6 –George Davis Snell (b. 1903), American mousegeneticist and basic transplantimmunologist.^[55]
June 17 –Thomas Kuhn (b.1922), American philosopher of science.^[56]
August 1 –Tadeusz Reichstein (b.1897), Polish-Swiss winner of theNobel Prize in Chemistry.^[57]
August 9 – SirFrank Whittle (b. 1907),English aeronautical engineer.^[58]
August 12 –Victor Ambartsumian (b.1908), Soviet Armenian theoretical astrophysicist.^[59]
September 1 –Karl Kehrle (Brother Adam) (b.1898), British Benedictine monk andbeekeeper.^[60]
September 10 –Hans List (b.1896), Austrian inventor.^[61]
September 20 –Paul Erdős (b.1913), Hungarian-born mathematician.^[62]
October 5 –Seymour Cray (b.1925), American supercomputer architect.^[63]
November 13 –Bobbie Vaile (b.1959), Australian astrophysicist.^[64]
November 19 –Grace Bates (b.1914), American mathematician.^[65]
November 21 –Abdus Salam (b.1926), Punjabi-born winner of theNobel Prize in Physics.^[66]
December 20 –Carl Sagan (b.1934), Americanastronomer.^[67]

References

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^Eckart, A.; Genzel, R. (1996)."Observations of stellar proper motions near the Galactic Centre".Nature.383 (6599): 415.Bibcode:1996Natur.383..415E.doi:10.1038/383415a0.S2CID 4285760.
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^Smartt, Ursula (2014).Media & entertainment law (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. p. 425.ISBN 9781317808169.
^Greenberg, Andy (2009-10-05)."The Man Who's Beating Google".Forbes. Archived fromthe original on September 22, 2009.
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^Samson, M.; et al. (March 1996). "Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene".Biochemistry.35 (11):3362–7.doi:10.1021/bi952950g.PMID 8639485.
^Hammer, S. M.; et al. (September 1997)."A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection".The New England Journal of Medicine.337 (11):725–33.doi:10.1056/NEJM199709113371101.PMID 9287227.S2CID 24043435.
^Engel, Jonathan (2006).The Epidemic. New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins. p. 246.ISBN 978-0-06-114488-2.
^Will, R. G.; Ironside, J. W.; Zeidler, M.; Estibeiro, K.; Cousens, S. N.; Smith, P. G.; Alperovitch, A.; Poser, S.; Pocchiari, M.; Hofman, A. (1996). "A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK".The Lancet.347 (9006):921–925.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91412-9.PMID 8598754.S2CID 14230097.
^Nasreddine, Z. S.; et al. (2005). "The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment".Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.53 (4):695–9.doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.PMID 15817019.S2CID 9014589.
^Hofmann, M.; Hock, C. (2001). "Alzheimer's Disease: Antidementive Drugs".International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. pp. 418–423.doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03738-4.ISBN 9780080430768.
^Tsopelas, Nicholas D.; Marin, Deborah B. (2001). "Cholinergic Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease".Functional Neurobiology of Aging. pp. 475–486.doi:10.1016/B978-012351830-9/50034-2.ISBN 9780123518309.
^Bozyczko-Coyne, D.; Williams, M. (2007). "Neurodegeneration".Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II. pp. 193–228.doi:10.1016/B0-08-045044-X/00168-1.ISBN 9780080450445.
^Boolell, M.; Allen, M. J.; Ballard, S. A.; Gepi-Attee, S.; Muirhead, G. J.; Naylor, A. M.; Osterloh, I. H.; Gingell, C. (1996). "Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction".International Journal of Impotence Research.8 (2):47–52.PMID 8858389.
^Lipman, Don (7 January 2013)."One wild storm: A look back at the 'Blizzard of '96'".Washington Post. Retrieved20 February 2018.
^"Death Toll in Bangladesh Tornado Rises to at Least 443".The New York Times. 15 May 1996. Retrieved20 February 2018.
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^Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (2003).A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed Our Lives. Joseph Henry Press. p. 71.ISBN 9780309089081.
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^HANS LIST 1896-1996
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^"Seymour R. Cray - American engineer".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved21 February 2018.
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^Beery, Janet L.; Greenwald, Sarah J.; Jensen-Vallin, Jacqueline A.;Mast, Maura B. (2017).Women in Mathematics: Celebrating the Centennial of the Mathematical Association of America. Springer. p. 97.ISBN 9783319666945.
^Kibble, T. W. B. (1998)."Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E.. 29 January 1926–21 November 1996".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.44:387–401.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0025.
^"CNN - Carl Sagan dies at 62 - Dec. 20, 1996".edition.cnn.com. Retrieved21 February 2018.

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