| Part of1996 Summer Olympics | |
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| Date | July 19, 1996 |
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| Time | 20:30–00:30EDT (UTC−4) (4 hours) |
| Venue | Centennial Olympic Stadium |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia,United States |
| Coordinates | 33°44′08″N84°23′22″W / 33.73556°N 84.38944°W /33.73556; -84.38944 |
| Also known as | The Centennial Games |
| Filmed by | Atlanta Olympic Broadcasting (AOB)[1] |
| Footage | Atlanta 1996 Opening Ceremony onYouTube |
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| Part of a series on |
| 1996 Summer Olympics |
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The opening ceremony of the1996 Summer Olympics took place in the evening on Friday, July 19 at theCentennial Olympic Stadium,Atlanta, United States. As mandated by theOlympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal and ceremonial opening of this international sporting event, including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history.The Games were officially opened byPresident of the United States of AmericaBill Clinton.
The Olympic cauldron was lit by former gold medalist and boxing championMuhammad Ali.[2] The ceremony featured film composerJohn Williams,French Canadian singerCeline Dion and American singerGladys Knight. The ceremony attendance was 85,600.[3]
The ceremony was produced and directed byDon Mischer.[4] It was watched by an estimated 3.6 billion viewers worldwide,[5][2] being the most watched TV event until 2022, when it was dethroned bythe state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.[6]
The ceremony was attended by many world leaders.
United Nations –Secretary-GeneralBoutros Boutros-Ghali
European Union –Vice PresidentFrans Andriessen
Organization of American States –Secretary GeneralCesar Gaviria
International Olympic Committee –
United States –
Canada –Prime MinisterJean Chretien
Mexico –PresidentErnesto Zedillo
Brazil –PresidentFernando Henrique Cardoso
Argentina –PresidentCarlos Menem
Bolivia –PresidentGonzalo Sanchez de Lozada
France –PresidentJacques Chirac
Belgium – Crown PrincePhilippe (representing theKing of Belgium)
Portugal –PresidentJorge Sampaio
Namibia –Prime MinisterHage Geingob
Russia –Prime MinisterViktor Chernomyrdin
United Kingdom –
Italy –Prime MinisterMassimo D’Alema
Lithuania –PresidentAlgirdas Brazauskas
Netherlands –Prime MinisterWim Kok
Greece –PresidentKonstantinos Stephanopoulos
Germany –
Turkey –Prime MinisterNecmettin Erbakan
South Africa –Deputy PresidentThabo Mbeki andZanele Dlamini Mbeki
Rwanda –Vice PresidentPaul Kagame
Lebanon –Prime MinisterRafic Hariri
Australia –Prime MinisterPaul Keating
Japan -Prime MinisterRyutaro Hashimoto
Philippines –First LadyAmelita Ramos
Bosnia and Herzegovina –Prime MinisterHasan Muratović
Poland –PresidentAleksander Kwaśniewski
Finland –PresidentMartti Ahtisaari
Belarus –PresidentAleksander Lukashenko
Monaco –PrinceRainier III
Luxembourg –Grand DukeJean
Norway – Crown PrinceHaakon (representing theKing of Norway)
Denmark –Prime MinisterPoul Nyrup Rasmussen
San Marino –Captains RegentPietro Bugli andPier Paolo Gasperoni
Sweden –KingCarl XVI Gustaf
Spain – Crown PrinceFelipe andQueen Sofia (representing theKing of Spain)
Dominica –Prime MinisterEdison James
US Virgin Islands –GovernorRoy Schneider
Yugoslavia –PresidentZoran Lilić
Saint Kitts and Nevis –Prime MinisterDenzil Douglas
Israel –Prime MinisterBenjamin NetanyahuThe ceremony began with a countdown at the screen coming from 22 to 1. Starting at 22, footage from previous games appeared with Atlanta at the end complete with an image of fireworks, with a few seconds fireworks display along with numbers between 22 and 1 being from previous games until 0 from the current games.
The segment began by airing a flashback from the Barcelona1992 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in August 1992 which showedInternational Olympic Committee PresidentJuan Antonio Samaranch inviting the athletes to compete in Atlanta before the announcers welcomed the world to the ceremony in French and English.
Allegoric spirits then rose from the northwest corner of the stadium in response to the President's invitation. Representing the Olympic colors of Red (Americas), Green (Oceania), Black (Africa), Yellow (Asia), and Blue (Europe), they each rose to the beat of their own percussion. They summoned tribes out to the stadium floor with their own color and the percussion began to mix. Meanwhile, US Army Paratroopers rappelled down from the stadium roof trailing long colorful papers representing the colors while the tribes formed the Rings of the Olympic flag and the Children of Atlanta, dressed in white, formed the number 100 representing the Centennial of the Olympic Games.
Then theAtlanta Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of famed film composerJohn Williams, played "Summon the Heroes", which was the official anthem of the 1996 Olympics. (This was actually his second piece of music for the Olympics with the first beingOlympic Fanfare and Theme from the1984 games.) As the music started, the children formed a flying dove, which is a symbol of the Olympic movement as doves symbolize peace. As the music continued, the five tribes intermingled until there was a huge mixture of humanity at the center of the stadium with the tribes all mingled together as one to symbolize the gathering of nations at the Olympics.
Following the Call to the Nations, the first official protocol of the ceremony took place. This called for the head of state to make his or her entrance. In this case the head of state wasBill Clinton, the 42ndPresident of the United States. He was joined by Atlanta Committee for the Olympic GamesPresidentBilly Payne andIOC PresidentJuan Antonio Samaranch. After the presentation of colors, the American flag was raised while the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (now conducted byRobert Shaw) and the Centennial Olympic Choir performed the U.S.national anthem,The Star-Spangled Banner. A fly-by from the USAFThunderbirds concluded the segment.
The Artistic portion of the ceremony began and first up was a rousing number called "Welcome to the World," composed by songwriting teamJimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.[7] This was an over the top number featuringcheerleaders,marching bands, andsteppers, as all activities originated in the United States. They performed a montage of southern culture in the deep south including the college sporting culture as well as performing an all-American party. The audience also participated as they performedthe wave. Assisting the cast were chromedChevrolet pick-up trucks a nod the U.S. auto industry with spotlights in the beds. The segment ended with a fireworks display.
Gladys Knight sang "Georgia on My Mind", Georgia's officialstate song, at the opening ceremony.
This was the longest artistic segment of the ceremony. Entitled "Summertime: The Beauty of the South," the focus was on Atlanta and the Old South with an emphasis on its beauty, spirit, music, history, culture and rebirth after theAmerican Civil War. During the segmentJames Earl Jones quoted famous American writersZora Neale Hurston,William Faulkner, andMark Twain.
The segment began with two people, each dressed in large butterfly-like wingspans. One butterfly represented the Moon and the other the Sun, positioned on opposite ends of the stadium. They met in the center and created the "American Southern Spirit". The American Southern Spirit was portrayed by a female operatic singer dressed all in white with large butterfly wingspans. The southern spirit butterfly, along with other performers dressed as butterflies and fireflies, danced to southern music. They welcomed the spring withJazz andGospel music. Songs included "Ol' Man River", "Skip to My Lou", and "When the Saints Go Marching In". This was meant to represent the American South during theantebellum period of American history.
During the celebration, a large mechanical thunderbird appeared from the north end of the stadium and engulfed all the butterflies and fireflies on the stadium floor with a large gray cover. The large creature represented theAmerican Civil War and the damage caused bySherman's March to the Sea to the city, the American South, and the nation as a whole. The performers and the southern spirit butterfly were left ravaged, in shock, and saddened. The southern spirit butterfly was devastated, but she slowly brought the other butterflies and creatures back to life with her operatic voice. She reawakened the creatures. Fifty southern spirit-dressed butterflies reappeared, all dressed with multi-colored wingspans. They represented a new and reborn South. The entire stadium was relit with colored flashlights provided to the audience, and the music began to play "Alleluyah,Glory, Glory (Lay My Burden Down)" in gospel music, followed by a reprise of "When the Saints Go Marching In". TheAtlanta Symphony Orchestra and theAtlanta Centennial Choir (Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus, Morehouse College Glee Club & Spelman College Glee Club) performed all the music.[8] The segment ended with a large fireworks display.
The stadium was then darkened, and a temple was produced at the centre of the stadium, representing the ancient Greek Olympics. This was a large temple dedicated to Zeus, featuring eight pillars, each weighing 2,500 pounds, arranged in an octagonal shape at the center of the stadium. A procession of Greek athletes and Greek priestesses walked towards the pillars, simulating preparation for athletic competition. Each manually adjustable cable of the eight pillars simultaneously hoisted up an upper perimeter of the large screen until the screen formed its upright 360° octagonal shape. Once hoisted, eight to sixteen actors and dancers located between the interior of the screen and a central 20,000-watt arc light cast body-shadows or silhouettes portraying athletes or goddesses, at times reaching nearly 50 feet in height. They struck the poses of the classic events of the ancient Olympics: archery, the discus, wrestling, and running. The goddess of victory then appeared to honor the champions.[9][10] The music used during this segment was called "The Tradition of the Games," composed byBasil Poledouris. The segment ended with everything going dark, signifying the end of the ancient Olympics. Behind the scenes, workers removed the tarp from the track.
A tribute toBaron Pierre de Coubertin began, with his voice echoing through the stadium, proclaiming the rebirth of the modern Olympics. This was followed by a reprise of the Call of the Nations, where the five Olympic spirits rose once more, symbolizing the revival of the modern games.
The stadium then lit up, revealing the track and a stage where the temple had stood. Runners representing previous Olympic Games, starting withAthens and ending withBarcelona, appeared one by one, circling the track. The Atlanta flag-bearer followed and overtook the others, running up a ramp in the northwest part of the stadium. She waved in celebration before disappearing into the night. Shortly after, the Greek delegation emerged, signaling the start of the Parade of Nations. Then 195 nations marched in alphabetical order with theUnited States entering last as the host nation. Though not all athletes attended the opening ceremony, over 10,000 were scheduled to compete.
Following the parade, ACOG PresidentBilly Payne and IOC PresidentJuan Antonio Samaranch delivered opening remarks welcoming everybody to the Games. Then U.S. PresidentBill Clinton opened the games by saying.
"I declare open the Games of Atlanta, celebrating the XXVI Olympiad of the modern era."
— Bill Clinton, President of the United States of America
Then the Olympic flag made its entrance. It was carried by 8 American Olympians from the past while theAtlanta Symphony Orchestra performed the tune "Simple Gifts." Then the Olympic flag was raised while theOlympic Hymn was played by theAtlanta Symphony Orchestra and sung by the Centennial Olympic Choir.
Following the flag raising, 100 kids ranpapier-mâché doves around the stadium symbolising the peaceful gathering of athletes from across the world. This was followed by a playing of portions of Atlanta native son, Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.'sI Have a Dream speech which he delivered in 1963 with a gospel choir by the Centennial Olympic Choir and played by Atlanta Symphony Orchestra.
Finally, Olympic heroes from the past were honored includingLeon Štukelj who was then the oldest living gold medalist, having earned his first gold in the1924 Paris Olympics.
Al Oerter carried the torch to the stadium and was the last to hold the torch outside of the stadium. He passed the torch toEvander Holyfield who ran with it through a network of tunnels and then made his appearance inside the stadium to a thunderous ovation on the stage in the middle of the field.Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (Ode to Joy) was played in the background. Holyfield ran with the torch down to the track and was joined by Greek athleteVoula Patoulidou. They both held the torch and made a lap around the track. This symbolized the relationship between the first and current Olympic Games. The pair then passed the torch to American swimmerJanet Evans, the penultimate torchbearer, who carried it around a lap of the track and up a long ramp leading towards the northern end of the stadium. After more than 10,000 torch bearers,Muhammad Ali, who suffered from Parkinson's disease, dramatically lit the Olympic cauldron.
Then theoaths were given. US Basketball athleteTeresa Edwards gave the Athletes' Oath on behalf of all athletes. Then diving officialHobie Billingsley delivered the officials' oath.
Music completed the ceremony. First up was the song "The Power of the Dream", composed byDavid Foster and performed byCeline Dion, accompanied byDavid Foster on piano, theAtlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Centennial Choir (Morehouse College Glee Club,Spelman College Glee Club and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus).[11][12] The song became the unofficial anthem of the Atlanta games. At the Closing Ceremony, the children of Atlanta performed the song as their farewell to the world. To close the opening ceremony,Jessye Norman performed the song "Faster, Higher, Stronger," composed byMark Watters with lyrics byLorraine Feather.[7][13]
Both anthems were performed by theAtlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Centennial Olympic Choir.
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| Opening ceremonies |
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| Closing ceremonies |
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