On 21 March 2013, theSupreme Court of India, after 20 years of judicial proceedings, upheld thedeath sentence against suspected ringleaderYakub Memon while commuting the death sentences of 10 others tolife imprisonment.[12][13][14] Two main suspects in the case, Ibrahim andTiger Memon, have not been arrested or tried.[15] After India's three-judge Supreme Court bench rejected hiscurative petition, saying the grounds he raised did not fall within the principles laid down by the court in 2002,[16] Yakub was executed by theMaharashtra government on 30 July 2015.[17]
In December 1992 and January 1993, there was widespread rioting throughout the nation[18] following thedemolition of the Babri Masjid, a five-century-old mosque, inAyodhya, by aHindutva mob. Some of the most notable riotsoccurred in Mumbai. Five years after the December–January riots, theSrikrishna Commission report found that 900 individuals had died and over 2,000 had been injured.[19]
On 9 March 1993, three days before the bombings took place, a small-time criminal from the Bombay slum of Behrampada named Gul Noor Mohammad Sheikh (aka "Gullu") was detained at theNag Pada police station. Gullu was one of the 19 men handpicked for weapons training byTiger Memon, a silver smuggler whose office was burnt in the riots. Tiger became chief mastermind of the bombings and for training in the use of guns and bomb-making.[20]
Gullu had been sent toPakistan viaDubai on 19 February 1993 and upon completion of his training returned to Mumbai on 4 March. In his absence, the police detained Gullu's brothers to encourage him to surrender, which he did. He confessed to his role in the riots, his training in Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to bomb major locations around the city, including theBombay Stock Exchange,Sahar International Airport and theShiv Sena. However, his conspiracy claim was dismissed by the police as a "mere bluff". Gullu's arrest advanced the date of the bombings which had originally been planned to coincide with theShiv Jayanti celebrations in April 1993.[20][21]
At 13:30 hours on 12 March 1993, a powerfulcar bomb exploded in the basement of theBombay Stock Exchange building. The 28-storey office building was severely damaged and many nearby office buildings also suffered damage. Reports indicate that 50 were killed by this explosion.[22] About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded in front of the Mandvi branch of Corporation Bank. From 1:30 p.m to 3:40 p.m, a total of 12 bombs exploded throughout Mumbai. Most of the bombs were car bombs but some were in scooters.[23]
Three hotels – the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur – were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators.[24] Banks, the regional passport office, theAir India Building, and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded atZaveri Bazaar and opposite it, ajeep-bomb exploded at the Century Bazaar.[25]Grenades were thrown atSahar International Airport and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting certain citizens at the latter.[26] Adouble-decker bus was very badly damaged in the deadliest explosion, with as many as 90 people killed.[25]
For several years, there was confusion about whether there were 12 or 13 blasts. This was because after the bombingsSharad Pawar, then-chief minister of Maharashtra, had stated on theDD National television channel that there had been 13 blasts. He later admitted to theSrikrishna Commission that he had lied on purpose and that there had been only 12 blasts, none of them in Muslim-dominated areas. He said that he added the name ofMasjid Bunder, a Muslim-dominated locality, and said that it was a move to preventcommunal riots by portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely.[33][34]
He also confessed that he misled the public into believing that the blasts could have been the work of theLTTE, aSri Lankan militant organization, when in fact intelligence reports had already confirmed Mumbai's underworld (D-Company) was the perpetrator of the serial blasts.[6][3]
The official number of fatalities was 257 with 1,400 others injured (some sources reported that 317 people died;[35] this difference is partly due toa bomb which killed 45 in Calcutta on 16 March[1] and was not part of 12 March Bombay bombings).
The bombings caused a major rift withinD-Company, the most powerful criminal organisation in theBombay underworld, headed byDawood Ibrahim. Infuriated at the bombings, Ibrahim's right-hand man,Chhotta Rajan, split from the organisation and took most of the leadership-levelHindu aides with him, including Sadhu, Jaspal Singh and Mohan Kotiyan. Rajan's split divided the Bombay underworld along communal lines and pitted Chhota Rajan's predominantly Hindu gang against Dawood Ibrahim's predominantly Muslim D-Company. The ensuing gang war took the lives of more than a hundred gangsters and continued into 2017.[36] Seven of the accused (Salim Kurla, Majeed Khan, Shakil Ahmed, Mohammed Jindran, Hanif Kadawala, Akbar Abu Sama Khan, and Mohammed Jabir Abdul Latif) wereassassinated by Rajan'shitmen.[37][38]
On 12 September 2006, the special TADA court convicted four members of the Memon family[40] on charges of conspiring and abetting acts of terror.[41] They faced jail terms from five years tolife imprisonment, that would be determined based on the severity of their crime.[40] Three other members of the Memon family were acquitted with the judge giving them the benefit of the doubt.[40]
Yakub Memon was charged withpossession of unauthorised arms. After the bombings, family members of Tiger Memon, including Yakub, escaped toDubai and Pakistan. Correspondents said Tiger owned a restaurant in Mumbai and was allegedly closely associated withDawood Ibrahim, the main suspected mastermind.[42] Except for Tiger and Yakub, the entire family returned to India and was promptly arrested by theCentral Bureau of Investigation in 1994. Yakub was later taken into custody and was undergoing treatment for depression. The Memon family was tried in court and found guilty of conspiracy. The defence lawyers asked for leniency in the sentencing and caused delays in the process.[42] Yakub wasexecuted by hanging in Nagpur Central Jail at 6:35 a.m.IST on 30 July 2015. Two of the accused, Mohammed Umar Khatlab and Badshah Khan (a pseudonym given by the prosecution to hide his real identity), turned state informers.[38]
In February 2007, prosecutors asked for thedeath penalty for 44 of the 100 convicted. The prosecution also requested the death penalty for those convicted of conspiracy in the case.[43] Asghar Yusuf Mukadam and Shahnawaz Qureshi, who were found guilty of involvement in the bombings pleaded for leniency, claiming that they were not terrorists and were emotionally driven to participate in the act. Mukadam claimed that the main conspirators took advantage of his "frame of mind" after thedemolition of Babri Masjid and the subsequent riots, alleging police partiality during the riots. "Vested interests" instigated him to act as he did. Qureshi was trained in Pakistan to handle arms and ammunition. He and Muquddam parked the explosive-filled vehicle atPlaza cinema which resulted in 10 deaths and 37 injuries.[32] Qureshi reached Pakistan viaDubai, where he claims he was taken "under the pretext of providing ... an alternative job". He claimed his house was set on fire during the riots.[44]
Some of the conspirators who managed to flee India after the bombings were arrested and extradited to India. These conspirators were declared absconders during the trial.Abu Salem, Mustafa Dossa, Firoz Khan, Taher Merchant, Riyaz Siddiqui, Karimullah Khan, and Abdul Kayoum[45] amongst others were arrested and the trial continued against these absconders in a special TADA court in Mumbai.Ujjwal Nikam who was earlier theSpecial Prosecutor in these cases was replaced byDeepak Salvi to continue with the trial in the light of the subsequent developments.[45] On 16 June 2017 gangsters Mustafa Dossa and Firoz Khan were found guilty of conspiracy, which can carry the death penalty. On 26 June 2017, Dossa died of cardiac arrest in a Mumbai Hospital. Kayoom Sheikh was acquitted due to lack of evidence.[46]
Yakub Memon was held in prison beginning in 1994. He was convicted ofconspiracy: arranging and financing training and purchasing vehicles used for the bombings. He was sentenced to death in July 2007 and was executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 at 6:35 a.m. IST at Nagpur Jail.[47]
Isa andYusuf Memon, brothers of Yakub, were both charged with using their residence to host conspiracy meetings and store arms and explosives. Yusuf also provided his van to plant bombs. Isa was sentenced to life imprisonment in October 2006.[48] Yusuf, a chronic schizophrenia patient, was also sentenced to life imprisonment.[49] As of 2015, both were inHarsul Central Jail inAurangabad, Maharashtra.[50] Yusuf died of a heart attack on 26 June 2020.[51]
Rubina Memon, sister-in-law of Yakub and wife of Suleman. HerMaruti car was the first piece of evidence in the trial. She was convicted of allowing the use of her vehicle to deliver explosives and received a life sentence.[52]
Yakub's brotherSuleman, his wifeRaheen, and his motherHanifa were acquitted by a judge.[53]
The prosecution had sought the death sentence for all of the following except Imtiaz Ghavate. As he isHIV positive, the prosecution sought a lesser sentence for him.
Shoaib Ghansar, Asghar Mukadam's cousin, was convicted of putting anRDX explosive in a scooter and planting it inZaveri Bazaar where the explosion killed 17 and injured 57. He was sentenced to death on 19 July 2007.[54][55]
Asghar Mukadam andShahnawaz Qureshi planted an RDX-laden van inPlaza Cinema that killed 10 and injured 37 others. Mukadam loaded RDX in vehicles and disbursed money to conspirators while Qureshi undertook arms training and loaded contraband. Both were sentenced to death on 19 July 2007.[54]
Abdul Ghani Turk was found guilty of loading RDX explosives into a jeep and parking it at Century Bazaar killing 113 and injuring 227. He was sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.[28]
Parvez Shaikh was found guilty of parking a bomb in Katha Bazaar that killed 4, and planting a bomb in Hotel Sea Rock that destroyed 9 crores (₹ 90 million) of property. He was sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.[28]
Mohammed Iqbal Mohammed Yusuf Shaikh was convicted for throwing hand grenades inSahar Airport, parking an unexploded RDX-laden scooter inNaigaon, and loading RDX in vehicles. He was sentenced to death on 20 July 2007.[citation needed]
Naseem Barmare was found guilty of hurling hand grenades at Sahara airport, parking an unexploded scooter at Naigaum, weapons training, conspiracy, and preparing bombs. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and fined₹ 2,30,000.[56]
Mohammed Farooq Pawale planted an RDX-laden car at the Air-India Building killing 20 and injuring 84, parked an RDX-laden van near Sena Bhavan killing 4 and injuring 50, and participated in arms training and landing of arms and ammunition. He was sentenced to death on 25 July 2007.[57]
Mushtaq Tarani participated in a meeting athotel Taj Mahal and did a reconnaissance of the bombing sites. He planted a bomb at Hotel Juhu Centaur injuring 3 and causing loss of property worth 2.10 crore (₹ 21 million) and planted an unexploded scooter at Sheikh Memen Street in Zaveri Bazaar. He was sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.[28]
Imtiaz Ghavate planted an unexploded RDX-laden scooter at Dhanji Street in South Mumbai, landed explosives, arms and ammunition, and was present where bombs were readied. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and a fine of₹ 2,27,000.[56]
Sharif Abdul Gafoor Parkar, a.k.a.Dadabhai, was found guilty of bribing officials and police at Raigad to assist in the landing of RDX, arms and ammunition at Shekhadi, showed training camps at Sandheri andBhor Ghat, and transportation of consignment.[59][61] He was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment as he was aware of the content of the contraband, but was acquitted of conspiracy. He was also fined₹ 2,00,000, defaulting which he would have to serve three more years.[61]
Bashir Khairulla was convicted for his participation in arms, ammunition and explosives training, conspirators' meetings, and filling of RDX in the vehicles. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on 20 July 2007.[62]
Zakir Hussain was convicted for participating in the arms, ammunition and weapon training, conspirators' meetings and filling of RDX. He was sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.[63]
Abdul Akhtar Khan was convicted for taking arms, ammunition and explosives training in Pakistan. He was sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.[63]
Firoz Amani Malik was convicted for taking arms, ammunition and explosives training in Pakistan. He was sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.[63]
Moin Qureshi was convicted for participating in the arms, ammunition and explosives training, conspirators' meetings and filling RDX. He was also found guilty of possession of 17 handgrenades. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on 24 July 2007.[63]
S.N. Thapa, a former additional customs collector, was convicted for obtaining information about the landing at Shekhadi and identifying the main exit point. He is alleged to have laid a trap at Purarphata onMhasla-Goregaon road on 30 January. Additionally, his team left their watch after 2 February despite warnings. However, confessions of some co-accused suggest that the landing took place many days after Thapa's team left for Mumbai and that the smugglers postponed the landing as they heard from sources that an ambush had been laid for them by Thapa. These accusations stand to be the same even when contradicting others. Journalist S. Bhatt summarized the confessions thusly: "[they] bribed all Customs officers except for Thapa, who incidentally is an accused in the case."[64] In the 10,000-page judgement, TADA Court Judge P. D. Kode reasoned that even without evidence against Thapa, he received a life sentence because he was the senior-most customs officer and thus must be aware of the conspiracy. Thapa proclaimed his innocence and was confident that the greater conspiracy of his wrongful arrest, trial and conviction would be unveiled in the Supreme Court which, in 1994, granted him bail on lack of evidence.[65] Thapa died due tolung cancer on 11 April 2008. His family expressed hopes that the Supreme Court would hear their plea for the truth.[66]
R. K. Singh, a former assistant commissioner of customs, was convicted for facilitating the RDX landing in Shekhadi after accepting a bribe of more than 7.8 lakh (₹ 780,000). He was sentenced to 9 years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of₹ 3,00,000.[67]
Mohammed Sultan Sayyed, a former customs superintendent, was convicted for facilitating the RDX landing in Shekhadi after accepting a bribe of more than 7.8 lakh. He was sentenced to 7 years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of₹ 1,00,000.[67]
Jaywant Gurav, a former customs inspector.[68] was convicted for allowing passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai and sentenced to 8 years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of₹ 2,00,000.[67]
S. S. Talawadekar, a former customs superintendent,[68] was convicted for allowing passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai and sentenced to 8 years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of₹ 2,00,000.[67]
Vijay Patil, a former policesub-inspector, was found guilty of conspiracy and taking bribes to allow passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai.[69] He was sentenced to life imprisonment and 1 lakh (₹ 100,000) fine on 22 May 2007.[69]
Ashok Narayan Muneshwar,P. M. Mahadik,Ramesh Mali andS. Y. Palshikar, all police constables, were found guilty of allowing passage of RDX and arms from Raigad to Mumbai. They were each sentenced to six years imprisonment and a fine of₹ 25,000.[70]
Yusuf Nulwalla was sentenced to five years rigorous imprisonment with an additional two years for destroying the evidence and a fine of₹ 25,000.[71]
Kersi Adejania was sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of₹ 25,000.[71]
Rusi Mulla was freed by the court but has to pay 1 lakh (₹ 100,000) to the court.[71]
Zaibunnisa Kadri was found guilty of storing anAK-56 and hand grenades for Anees Ibrahim and Abu Salem, and she faced a minimum of five years RI.[68]
Manzoor Ahmed Sayed was convicted for carrying weapons from actorSanjay Dutt's house to a co-accused's-house and has already spent 9 years in prison.[68]
Samir Hingora was convicted for conspiracy, for supplying 3AK-56 rifles,magazines, ammunition, and hand grenades to Sanjay Dutt's residence as instructed by Anis Ibrahim. The prosecution has sought the death sentence.[72]
Ibrahim Musa Chauhan, alias Baba Chauhan, was convicted for supplying AK-56 rifles, magazines, ammunition, and hand grenades to Sanjay Dutt and Salim Kurla as instructed by Anis Ibrahim. He was also convicted for unlawful possession of one AK-56 rifle, 635 rounds of ammunition, 10 magazines, and 25 hand grenades[68]
Black Friday is a 2004 Indiancrime film, written and directed byAnurag Kashyap, based onBlack Friday – The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts, a book byHussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings.
Rohit Shetty's filmSooryavanshi is also based on this event. Although the storyline is fictional, the background is based on this incident.[citation needed]
^Hansen, Thomas (2001).Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Mumbai. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 125.ISBN978-0-691-08840-2.
