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1990 Venda coup d'état

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Bloodless military coup d'état in Venda

1990 Venda coup d'état
Map of Venda (red) within South Africa.
Date	5 April 1990; 35 years ago (1990-04-05)
Location	Thohoyandou
Type	Military coup
Motive	Regime change
Target	NPV–led government ofFrank Ravele
Organised by	Gabriel Ramushwana
Participants	Venda Defence Force (faction)
Outcome	Coup succeeds The overthrow of government of President Ravele. The establishment ofmilitary rule under the Council of National Unity headed by Colonel Ramushwana.

The1990 Venda coup d'état was a bloodless militarycoup inVenda, anunrecognised state and anominally independent South African homeland for theVenda people, which took place on 5 April 1990. The coup was led by the then 48-year-old ColonelGabriel Ramushwana, the Chief of Staff of theVenda Defence Force, against the government ofPresident Frank Ravele (NPV).^[1]

Ramushwana'smilitary government stayed in power until January 1994,^[2]^[3] several months before the reunification of Venda with South Africa after the first post-apartheid general election.^[4]

References

[edit]

^"Security forces stage coup in S. African homeland". UPI Archives. 5 April 1990.Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved26 September 2019.
^Who's who of Southern Africa. 1994.ISBN 9780958390217.Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved26 September 2022.
^"Jacaranda FM - Former army general dies".www.jacarandafm.com. Archived fromthe original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved22 May 2022.
^All Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994, in terms ofsection 1(2) andSchedule 1 of theConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993, the so-called "Interim Constitution" which abolished apartheid in South Africa. The text of this Interim Constitution, which came into force on 27 April 1994, coinciding with the beginning of the first democratic elections, is available online atConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994.

Political history ofSouth Africa

Defunctpolities

Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220)
Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806)
Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817)
Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819)
Cape Colony (1795–1910)
Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897)
Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
Natal Colony (1843–1910)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
South African Republic (1856–1902)
Griqualand East (1861–1879)
Griqualand West (1870–1873)
Goshen (1882–1883)
Stellaland (1882–1885)
Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888)
Upingtonia (1885–1887)
Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891)
Orange River Colony (1902–1910)
Transvaal Colony (1902–1910)
Union of South Africa (1910–1961)
Transkei (1976–1994)
Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
Venda (1979–1994)
Ciskei (1981–1994)

Events

Pre-colonial	Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River
1652–1815	Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1815–1910	Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention)
1910–1948	South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans
Apartheid	1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel–South Africa Agreement Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Sauer Commission
Post- apartheid	1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident

Political culture

Defunct
organisations

Civic and political organisations	Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party National Party of Venda Volksparty Workers Party WOSA
Trade unions and social movements	APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba
Paramilitary and terrorist organisations	APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF