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1990 Ciskei coup d'état

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Bloodless military coup d'état in Ciskei

1990 Ciskei coup d'état
Map of Ciskei (red) within South Africa.
Date	4 March 1990; 35 years ago (1990-03-04)
Location	Bisho
Type	Military coup
Motive	Regime change
Target	CNIP–led government ofLennox Sebe
Organised by	Oupa Gqozo
Participants	Ciskei Defence Force (faction)
Outcome	Coup succeeds The overthrow of authoritarian government of President for Life Sebe. The establishment ofmilitary rule under the Military Committee headed by Brigadier Gqozo.

The1990 Ciskei coup d'état was a bloodless militarycoup inCiskei, anunrecognised state and anominally independent South African homeland for theXhosa people, which took place on 4 March 1990. The coup was led by the then 37-year-old BrigadierOupa Gqozo, the Chief of Staff Intelligence of theCiskei Defence Force, against the government ofPresident for Life Lennox Sebe (CNIP), who was on a state visit toHong Kong at the time.^[1]^[2]^[3] The coup was followed by widespread rioting and looting, prompting Gqozo to request that the South African government sendSADF troops to help restore order.

Subsequently, Gqozo'smilitary government survived several coup attempts, most notably theFebruary 1991 attempt, led by the Chief of the Ciskei Defence Force, BrigadierAndrew Jamangile.^[4]^[5]^[6] Gqozo stayed in power until his resignation in March 1994,^[7] several weeks before the reunification of Ciskei with South Africa after the first post-apartheid general election.^[8]

References

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^"'HOMELAND' LEADER DEPOSED IN CISKEI".The New York Times. 5 March 1990. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^"South Africa Sends Troops to Restore Order in Ciskei : Black homelands: A coup leads to rioting and looting. The new leader asks for help, says Pretoria 'has left them behind.'".The Los Angeles Times. 6 March 1990. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^"South Africa Sends Troops Into Homeland After Rioting Follows Coup".AP NEWS. 5 March 1990. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^"Coup Attempt Fails in Ciskei".The New York Times. Associated Press. 10 February 1991. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^"Four Arrested in Ciskei Coup Try".AP NEWS. 10 February 1991. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^"Oupa Gqozo, military leader of the Ciskei, quells a second coup attempt".South African History Online. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^"A 2d Homeland Is Taken Over By South Africa".The New York Times. 23 March 1994. Retrieved25 September 2022.
^All Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994, in terms ofsection 1(2) andSchedule 1 of theConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993, the so-called "Interim Constitution" which abolished apartheid in South Africa. The text of this Interim Constitution, which came into force on 27 April 1994, coinciding with the beginning of the first democratic elections, is available online atConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994.

Political history ofSouth Africa

Defunctpolities

Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220)
Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806)
Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817)
Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819)
Cape Colony (1795–1910)
Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897)
Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
Natal Colony (1843–1910)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
South African Republic (1856–1902)
Griqualand East (1861–1879)
Griqualand West (1870–1873)
Goshen (1882–1883)
Stellaland (1882–1885)
Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888)
Upingtonia (1885–1887)
Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891)
Orange River Colony (1902–1910)
Transvaal Colony (1902–1910)
Union of South Africa (1910–1961)
Transkei (1976–1994)
Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
Venda (1979–1994)
Ciskei (1981–1994)

Events

Pre-colonial	Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River
1652–1815	Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1815–1910	Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre Battle of Blood River Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention)
1910–1948	South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans
Apartheid	1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel–South Africa Agreement Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Sauer Commission
Post- apartheid	1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident

Political culture

Defunct
organisations

Civic and political organisations	Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party National Party of Venda Volksparty Workers Party WOSA
Trade unions and social movements	APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba
Paramilitary and terrorist organisations	APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF