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529 of the 543 seats in theLok Sabha 265 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 498,906,129 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 61.95% ( 2.06pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by constituency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held inIndia on 22 and 26 November 1989 to elect the members of theninthLok Sabha.[1] The incumbentIndian National Congress (Indira) government under the premiership ofRajiv Gandhi lost its mandate, even though it was still the largest single party in the Lok Sabha.[2][3]V. P. Singh, the leader of the second largest partyJanata Dal (which also headed theNational Front) was invited by the President of India to form the government.[4] The government was formed with outside support from theBharatiya Janata Party and Communist parties led byCPI(M).[5]V. P. Singh was sworn in as the seventhPrime Minister of India on 2 December 1989.
The 1989 elections were held after the Lok Sabhaelected in 1984 completed its five-year term. AlthoughRajiv Gandhi had won the 1984 elections by an unprecedented landslide (mainly due to an overwhelming outpour ofpopular grief for tohis mother's assassination), by 1989 he was trying to fight off scandals that had marred his administration.
TheBofors scandal, Gandhi's supposed attempt at shieldingAdil Shahryar, who had been involved in the1984 Bhopal tragedy, allegations of Muslim appeasement in the wake of theShah Bano case, risinginsurgency in Assam,insurrection in Punjab, Indian involvement in theSri Lankan civil war were just some of the problems that stared at his government. Rajiv's biggest critic wasVishwanath Pratap Singh, who held the portfolios of the finance ministry and the defence ministry in the government.
But Singh was soon sacked from the Cabinet and he then resigned from his memberships in the Congress and the Lok Sabha. He formed theJana Morcha withArun Nehru andArif Mohammad Khan and re-entered the Lok Sabha as an Independent MP fromAllahabad. Witnessing V. P. Singh's meteoric rise on national stage, Rajiv tried to counter[6] him with another prominent Rajput stalwartSatyendra Narain Singh but failed eventually.
On 11 October 1988, the birth anniversary ofJayprakasha Narayan, V. P Singh made Jana Morcha merge with theJanata Party & some of its breakaway factions like theJanata Party (Secular),Lok Dal &Congress (Jagjivan) to form theJanata Dal. Singh then formed the National Front consisting of the Janata Dal,Congress (Socialist) ofSarat Chandra Sinha,TDP ofN. T. Rama Rao,DMK ofM. Karunanidhi &AGP ofPrafulla Mahanta. The National Front also received outside support ofLal Krishna Advani from theBharatiya Janata Party (which had also been formed out of the Janata Party) &Jyoti Basu from theCommunist Party of India (Marxist).
To remove the allegations of Muslim appeasement against the Congress (I) party, Rajiv Gandhi took the step of unlocking the gates of thedisputedBabri Masjid inAyodhya in 1986,[7] which inadvertently caused increased public consciousness about the dispute over the site. The BJP was able to galvanize significant support from the country's Hindu majority towards itself by its electoral promise of constructing aHindu temple at the site aftertearing down the mosque.
Voting was not held inAssam due to rising unrest and a rebellion ofBodos, culminating into a massacre of 535 people atGohpur. TheUnion territory ofGoa, Daman and Diu was split intoGoa andDaman & Diu with Goa retaining its two seats and the latter gaining a seat, resulting in the total number of Lok Sabha seats increasing by one to a total of 543. As elections were not held in Assam, only 529 seats were contested.
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
| Indian National Congress (Indira) | 118,894,702 | 39.53 | 197 | |
| Janata Dal | 53,518,521 | 17.79 | 143 | |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 34,171,477 | 11.36 | 85 | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 19,691,309 | 6.55 | 33 | |
| Telugu Desam Party | 9,909,728 | 3.29 | 2 | |
| Communist Party of India | 7,734,697 | 2.57 | 12 | |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 7,196,099 | 2.39 | 0 | |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | 6,213,390 | 2.07 | 3 | |
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 4,518,649 | 1.50 | 11 | |
| Janata Party | 3,029,743 | 1.01 | 0 | |
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann) | 2,318,872 | 0.77 | 6 | |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | 1,854,276 | 0.62 | 4 | |
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | 1,561,371 | 0.52 | 0 | |
| Doordarshi Party | 1,338,566 | 0.45 | 0 | |
| All India Forward Bloc | 1,261,310 | 0.42 | 3 | |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 1,032,276 | 0.34 | 3 | |
| Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha | 978,377 | 0.33 | 1 | |
| Indian Union Muslim League | 974,234 | 0.32 | 2 | |
| Indian People's Front | 737,551 | 0.25 | 1 | |
| Peasants and Workers Party of India | 636,589 | 0.21 | 0 | |
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | 617,376 | 0.21 | 1 | |
| Lok Dal (Bahuguna) | 602,110 | 0.20 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Republican Paksha | 572,434 | 0.19 | 0 | |
| Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha | 495,565 | 0.16 | 0 | |
| Republican Party of India (Khobragade) | 468,615 | 0.16 | 0 | |
| Gorkha National Liberation Front | 435,070 | 0.14 | 1 | |
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal) | 427,609 | 0.14 | 0 | |
| Jharkhand Dal | 367,838 | 0.12 | 0 | |
| Kerala Congress (M) | 352,191 | 0.12 | 1 | |
| Shiv Sena | 339,426 | 0.11 | 1 | |
| Marxist Co-ordination Committee | 247,013 | 0.08 | 1 | |
| Nagaland People's Council | 239,124 | 0.08 | 0 | |
| Hindu Mahasabha | 217,514 | 0.07 | 1 | |
| Manipur Peoples Party | 147,128 | 0.05 | 0 | |
| Republican Party of India | 129,300 | 0.04 | 0 | |
| Humanist Party of India | 122,947 | 0.04 | 0 | |
| All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh | 120,159 | 0.04 | 0 | |
| Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party | 116,392 | 0.04 | 1 | |
| Kuki National Assembly | 108,085 | 0.04 | 0 | |
| Shiromani Akali Dal | 100,570 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava) | 100,300 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| People's Party of Arunachal | 96,181 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Uttar Pradesh Republican Party | 91,740 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Sikkim Sangram Parishad | 91,608 | 0.03 | 1 | |
| Amra Bangali | 80,834 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | 71,194 | 0.02 | 3 | |
| Mizo National Front | 70,749 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Kerala Congress | 68,811 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Tharasu Makkal Mandaram | 64,885 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Democratic Party | 43,667 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Shoshit Samaj Dal | 42,282 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Uttarakhand Kranti Dal | 39,465 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) | 38,937 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh | 25,839 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Proutist Bloc Of India | 23,331 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Jammu & Kashmir Panthers Party | 22,625 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Jana Sangh | 22,446 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Karnataka Gana Parishad | 19,593 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Socialist Party (Lohiya) | 17,639 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Tamiliar Kazhagam | 12,859 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Rising Sun Party | 12,858 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Indian Congress (J) Trikha Group | 12,539 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist Party | 12,430 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist Unity Centre of India | 8,747 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| All India Garib Congress | 7,635 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Hul Jharkhand Party | 6,663 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bhatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh | 5,895 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Lok Party | 4,731 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Gorkha League (Budhiman Gurung) | 4,426 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Shoshit Samaj Party | 3,756 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Scientific Vedic Revolutionary Party | 3,470 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Deseeya Karshaka Party | 3,059 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad | 2,998 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Barat Desam Labour Party | 2,944 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Progressive Hul Jharkhand | 2,890 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Republicon Presidium Party | 2,791 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| West Orissa Peoples Front | 2,682 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| West Bengal Socialist Party (Biman Mitra) | 2,411 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| All India Shiromani Baba Jiwan Singh Mazhbi Dal | 2,368 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party | 2,263 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Green Party of India | 2,142 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Baratiya Pichhra Varg Party | 2,055 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Tamil Nadu Peoples Welfare Association | 1,964 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Sadharam Rajya Parishad | 1,928 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Indian National Congress (O) Anti-Merger Group | 1,735 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Gujarat Janata Parishad | 1,577 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| All India Justice Party | 1,428 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Peoples Democracy of India | 1,392 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Punjab Peoples Party | 1,374 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Hindustan Janata Party | 1,361 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bharatha Makkal Congress | 1,357 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Deccan Congress | 1,332 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Lok Tantrik Party | 1,272 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Vijaya Shakti | 1,093 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bhartiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal | 1,035 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Pandav Dal | 918 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| National Republican Party | 839 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bhartiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Sangh | 703 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Mahabharat Peoples Party | 694 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Indian Union Muslim League (IML) | 687 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Manipur Peoples Council | 677 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Vishal Bharat Party | 621 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Republican Party of India (Gavai Group) | 539 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Punjab Kairon Dal | 493 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Peoples Party of India | 478 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Indian Labour Party | 406 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist Labour League | 391 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Krantikari Kisan Sang | 367 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Kamaraj Desiya Congress | 322 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Punjab Naya Front | 314 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Hindu Shiv Sena | 160 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bhartiya Lok Kalyan Dal | 145 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Labour Party of India | 99 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Independents | 15,793,781 | 5.25 | 12 | |
| NominatedAnglo-Indians | 2 | |||
| Total | 300,776,423 | 100.00 | 531 | |
| Valid votes | 300,776,423 | 97.32 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 8,274,072 | 2.68 | ||
| Total votes | 309,050,495 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 498,906,129 | 61.95 | ||
| Source:ECI | ||||
| State/Union Territory | Seats | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INC | JD | BJP | LFT | OTH | ||
| Andhra Pradesh | 42 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bihar | 54 | 4 | 32 | 8 | 5 | 5 |
| Goa | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Gujarat | 26 | 3 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| Haryana | 10 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Karnataka | 28 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kerala | 20 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 40 | 8 | 4 | 27 | 0 | 1 |
| Maharashtra | 48 | 28 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 4 |
| Manipur | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Meghalaya | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mizoram | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nagaland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Orissa | 21 | 3 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Punjab | 13 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Rajasthan | 25 | 0 | 11 | 13 | 1 | 0 |
| Sikkim | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
| Tripura | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 85 | 15 | 54 | 8 | 3 | 5 |
| West Bengal | 42 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 1 |
| A & N Islands | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Daman & Diu | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| NCT of Delhi | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pondicherry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 529 | 197 | 143 | 85 | 52 | 52 |
V. P. Singh, who was the head of the Janata Dal, was chosen leader of the National Front government with outside support of the BJP & CPI(M).[8] The alliance broke down after Singh supported Bihar's Chief MinisterLalu Prasad Yadav's step to arrest Advani inSamastipur to stop hisRam Rath Yatra, which was going to theBabri Masjid site in Ayodhya on 23 October 1990. Following this incident, BJP withdrew their support to Singh government, causing them to lose parliamentaryvote of confidence on 7 November 1990.[9]
Chandra Shekhar broke away from the Janata Dal with 64 MPs and formed theSamajwadi Janata Party in 1990. He got outside support from the Congress(I) and became the 8th Prime Minister of India. He finally resigned on 21 June 1991, after the Congress(I) withdrew its support alleging that the Chandra Shekhar government was spying on Rajiv Gandhi.
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