Flying at night in poor weather,Eastern Air Lines Flight 980, aBoeing 727, crashes intoBolivia's MountIllimani at an altitude of 19,600 feet (6,000 meters), killing all 29 people on board. The wreckage was not discovered until 2016.
Trans World Airlines becomes the first airline to operate anETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards) flight. The flight also makes it the first airline to operate a twin-engine jet on scheduledtransatlantic services. The aircraft is aBoeing 767.[3][4]
February 11 – Record-settinghot-air balloonistBen Abruzzo dies along with his wife and his other four passengers when theCessna 421C he is piloting collides with the tops of trees and crashes atAlbuquerque, New Mexico, after Abbruzzo becomes distracted by a baggage door that opens in flight.[6]
February 19
Iberia Flight 610, aBoeing 727-256 namedAlhambra de Granada, strikes a television antenna on the summit ofMount Oiz inBiscay, Spain, and crashes, killing all 148 people on board.
China Airlines Flight 006, aBoeing 747SP with 274 people on board, miraculously survives a 30,000-foot (9,100 m) plunge over the Pacific Ocean near San Francisco after an engine failure. Twenty-four people are injured, two of them seriously.
March 1 – TheBoy Scouts of America officially ends powered aircraft flight in its Aviation Exploring program, citing difficulties with maintaining insurance coverage in the event of an aircraft accident. The decision affects 450 Explorer Posts and over 10,000 Explorer Scouts.
March 4 – The Iraqi Air Force conducts its first raid against the Iraniannuclear reactor under construction atBushehr.[8]
Iraq claims to have hit about 30 ships in air attacks in the Persian Gulf since January 1, while Iran has hit seven over the same time period. Some estimates place the number of Iraqi attacks since March 1984 at 65 and Iranian attacks over the same period at 25.[12]
30 May – TheIraqi Air Force makes its first successful strike against the Iranian oil terminal atKharg Island since June 1984. It will not attack Kharg Island again until mid-August.[18]
June 14 – TwoAmal guerrilla gunmen hijackTrans World Airlines Flight 847, aBoeing 727-231 with 151 other people on board, during a flight fromAthens, Greece toRome, Italy. They divert the plane toBeirut International Airport, where 19 passengers are released in exchange for fuel. They then force the pilots to fly toAlgiers, where 20 more passengers are released. They then return to Beirut, where they beat and murderUnited States NavydiverRobert Stethem, remove seven American passengers with what they believe are "Jewish-sounding" names to be held hostage in Beirut, and are joined by nearly a dozen more gunmen. They then force the plane to return to Algiers on June 15, release 65 more passengers and order the plane to fly back to Beirut on June 16. In Beirut they release Greek pop singerDemis Roussos in exchange for hijacking accompliceAli Atwa on June 17, but remove 40 more people from the plane to be held hostage. The remaining 39 passengers and crew remain on the plane until June 30, when Israel agrees to free 700Shiite prisoners.Flight attendantUli Derickson plays a key role in maintaining calm aboard the airliner and negotiating with the gunmen.[20]
Delta Air Lines Flight 191, aLockheed L-1011, encounters amicroburst just short of the approach end of runway 17L atDallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The aircraft strikes the ground, collides with a water storage tank, and explodes. The crash kills 137 people, including eight of the 12 crew and 128 of the 152 passengers, plus one person on the ground. Among the dead areDon Estridge, the inventor of theIBM PC, and his wife.
August 12 –Japan Air Lines Flight 123, aBoeing 747 flying fromHaneda Airport toOsaka, suffers a bulkhead explosion 12 minutes into its flight that was the result of improper repairs from a tailstrike accident seven years earlier. The resulting decompression blows off the vertical stabilizer and severs all of the aircraft's hydraulic lines. The pilots struggle to control the aircraft for 32 minutes until it crashes intoMount Takamagahara, killing 520 of 524 people on board. Among the dead are singerKyu Sakamoto and Japanese banker Akihisa Yukawa, father of violinistDiana Yukawa. Farewell notes written from victims to their family and friends are found next to the bodies. It remains the worst single-aircraft air disaster and second-worst air disaster in history.
August 14 – The Iraqi Air Force begins a series of air raids on the Iranian oil terminal atKharg Island, seriously damaging a main offshore loading point there.[18]
August 22 – The flight crew ofBritish Airtours Flight 28M, aBoeing 737-236, aborts their takeoff atManchester International Airport in Manchester, England, and find an engine on fire after taxiing to a stop. The fire spreads to the cabin, killing 55 people, 48 of them killed by toxic smoke; the other 82 people on board escape.
August 25
A major Iraqi Air Force raid on Kharg Island apparently temporarily cuts the oil terminal's oil export capacity by about 30 percent.[18]
TheIraqi Air Force makes its fourth large raid against the Iranian oil terminal atKharg Island since mid-August. TheIslamic Republic of Iran Air Force responds by increasing raids against commercial shipping in thePersian Gulf and threatening to attack ships visiting ports in the southern Persian Gulf; by early September, Iran and Iraq have carried out a combined 130 attacks on shipping since March 1985.[24]
American race car driverRichie Panch dies along with the other three people aboard aPiper PA-28 Cherokee that flies into a squall line and heavy rain nearRion, South Carolina, and comes apart in mid-air.[6]
September 12 – The Iraqi Air Force launches its ninth major raid on the Iranian oil terminal atKharg Island since mid-August.[24]
September 13 – Flying anF-15A Eagle about 200 miles (320 km) west ofVandenberg Air Force Base, California,United States Air Force Major William D. Pearson Jr. becomes the first pilot to destroy a space object. Flying at 38,000 feet (12,000 meters), he launches anASM-135antisatellitemissile which ascends into space and destroys theP78-1 Solwind satellite at an altitude of 345 miles (555 km) over the Pacific Ocean.[25] It is the third of five test launches of the ASM-135, and the first fully successful test of the entire missile system.[26]
September 16 – American aerobatic pilot, aerial cameraman, flight instructor, and educatorArt Scholl dies during filming of the movieTop Gun when he puts hisPitts S-2 camera plane into a flatspin to film the spin but fails to pull out of it and crashes into the Pacific Ocean offCarlsbad, California.[6]
November 23 –Omar Rezaq and two other members of theAbu Nidal Organization calling themselves the "Egypt Revolution"hijackEgyptAir Flight 648, aBoeing 737-200 – the same aircraft U.S. Navy fighters had intercepted in October – with 95 other people on board, during a flight fromAthens,Greece, toCairo, Egypt. An Egyptian security agent on board soon kills one of the hijackers before himself being wounded along with twoflight attendants. The surviving hijackers force the plane to fly toMalta International Airport onMalta, where they kill two passengers and wound three others before Egyptian commandos storm the plane on November 24. The Egyptian raid kills 56 of the remaining 88 passengers as well as two crew members and one hijacker; Rezaq is arrested. In the end, only 38 passengers and crew survive the hijacking.
December 19 –Yakutsk United Air Group Flight 101/435, anAntonov An-24 with 51 people on board making a domestic flight in theSoviet Union fromYakutsk toChita, is hijacked by its co-pilot, Shamil Alimuradov, who is armed with ahatchet. He orders it to land in the People's Republic of China, and Soviet authorities give the airliner the radio frequency forQiqihar Airport inQiqihar, China. Alimuraov insisted that the An-24 land atHailar, China, instead; the airliner runs out of fuel before it can reach Hailar and makes anemergency landing in a rice field, where Chinese authorities arrest Alimuradov. The passengers and other crew members will fly back to the Soviet Union on December 21 in aTupolev Tu-134 they meet atHarbin, China, and the An-24 flies back to the Soviet Union inJanuary 1986.[30]
TheIraqi Air Force claims to have flown 20,011 sorties against Iran, to have made 77 destructive hits on the Iranian oil terminal atKharg Island, and to have hit 124 "hostile maritime targets" in thePersian Gulf; Iraq will declare 1985 "The Year of the Pilot." Some reports indicate that Iran has carried out a total of 60 air raids against Kharg Island, and the Iraqi Air Force has attacked more than 200 ships in the Persian Gulf since beginning such attacks in May 1981, with over 150 of those attacks occurring since March 1985.[32] Iraq claims to have bombed Tehran 30 times during 1985.[33]
During 1985, Iraq has made 33 air attacks against shipping in the Persian Gulf, one using bombs and the remainder usingair-to-surface missiles, while Iran has conducted 10 air attacks against Persian Gulf shipping. The total of Iraqi air attacks against Persian Gulf shipping since 1984 has reached 68, one using bombs and the rest air-to-surface missiles, while Iran's total since 1984 has reached 28.[34]
1985 remains one of the deadliest years in aviation history. The deadliest of this year wasJapan Air Lines Flight 123, aBoeing 747 which crashed in mountainous terrain inGunma prefecture,Japan, on 12 August, killing 520 of the 524 people on board; the accident was the deadliest of the1980s decade, and remains the deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history. The second deadliest of the 1980s took place only weeks before, whenAir India Flight 182, also a Boeing 747, was destroyed by a terrorist bomb over theAtlantic Ocean west ofIreland on 23 June, killing all 329 people on board. August 1985 remains the worst single month for commercial aviation fatalities in history. Largely accounting for Flights 123, 182 and the 12 December crash ofArrow Air Flight 1285R (256 fatalities), a total of 2,010 people were killed in commercial aviation accidents in 1985; the second highest in commercial aviation history since 1942; only 1972 had more fatalities (2,373).[42]
^Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, p. 217.
^abCordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, p. 206.
^abcCordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, p. 209.
^Tjomsland, Audun & Wilsberg, Kjell (1996).Braathens SAFE 50 år: Mot alle odds. Oslo. p. 279.ISBN82-990400-1-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^United States. President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism (1990).Report to the President. The Commission. p. 168.
^Roach, Kent (2011). "The Air India Report and the Regulation of Charities and Terrorism Financing".The University of Toronto Law Journal.61 (1): 46.doi:10.3138/utlj.61.1.045.JSTOR23018688.
^abcdCordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, p. 211.
^Dr. Raymond L. Puffer,The Death of a Satellite,[1], Retrieved on November 3, 2007.
^abCordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, pp. 211–212.
^Gardiner, Robert,Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1982, Part One: The Western Powers, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983,ISBN0-87021-918-9, p. 66.
^Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, p. 212.
^Anonymous, "Today in History,"The Washington Post Express, December 27, 2012, p. 22.
^Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, pp. 211, 212.
^Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, p. 279.
^Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner,The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990,ISBN0-8133-1330-9, pp. 339.
