The1980s professional wrestling boom, more commonly referred to as theGolden Era[1] or theRock 'n' Wrestling Era, was a surge in the popularity ofprofessional wrestling in the United States and elsewhere throughout the 1980s. The expansion ofcable television andpay-per-view, coupled with the efforts ofpromoters such asVince McMahon, saw wrestling shift from a system controlled by numerous regional companies to one dominated by two nationwide companies: McMahon'sWorld Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) andTed Turner'sWorld Championship Wrestling (WCW). The decade also saw a considerable decline in the power of theNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA), acartel which had until then dominated the wrestling landscape, and in the efforts to sustain belief in thekayfabe of wrestling.
In the early 1980s,professional wrestling in the United States consisted mainly of three competing organizations orpromotions: theWorld Wrestling Federation in theNortheast, theAmerican Wrestling Association (AWA) in theMidwest, and theNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA), which consisted of various wrestling promotions which operated within aterritorial system around the country.
Multiple NWA territories were very successful in the 1970s and continued that success in the early 1980s.WTBS inAtlanta,Georgia, became acable televisionsuperstation based on broadcastingGeorgia Championship Wrestling (GCW), with bothMr. Wrestling II andTommy Rich being the top headliners in the territory.Ric Flair rose to prominence in Mid Atlantic Wrestling, whileDusty Rhodes was the fan favorite inChampionship Wrestling from Florida (CWF).Mid-South Wrestling had the first significantAfrican-American championbabyface,Junkyard Dog.
Meanwhile, the NWA's affiliate inMemphis, Tennessee, theContinental Wrestling Association (CWA), hadJerry Lawler, who rose to national prominence thanks to his "feud" withAndy Kaufman. After Lawlerpiledrove the comedian during a 1982 match in Memphis, the two got into an altercation onNBC'sLate Night with David Letterman, in which Lawler slapped Kaufman on-air and Kaufman responded by shouting profanities and throwing coffee at Lawler before storming out of the studio. The act, later revealed to be staged, is largely credited with giving rise to modern-day professional wrestling.[2]
At the beginning of the 1980s, the AWA had the largest television presence, with distribution of their weekly broadcast inChicago,Denver,Green Bay,Las Vegas,Milwaukee,Minneapolis,Omaha,Phoenix,Salt Lake City,San Francisco andWinnipeg. The AWA expanded into the top-ten media market of theSan Francisco Bay Area afterRoy Shire ran his finalbattle royal at theCow Palace on January 24, 1981, demonstrating that the AWA was positioned to prosper as other promotions failed.
The AWA had the talent that would ultimately leadVince McMahon's WWF to pre-eminence in professional wrestling.Gene Okerlund andBobby Heenan were AWA's major on-air talent.Hulk Hogan became the top babyface afterVerne Gagne retired from full-time wrestling in 1981 andNick Bockwinkel became theAWA World Heavyweight Champion. Hogan faced Bockwinkel on April 18, 1982, and on April 24, 1983, with both matches being decided with "dusty finishes" where Hoganpinned Bockwinkel for a three count but was then stripped of the title. Hogan said Gagne offered him the championship on the latter occasion in exchange for his merchandising rights and money from touring with other promotions, which would show that Gagne understood wrestling was becoming a bigger business in the 1980s; however, Hogan refused. Gagne's failure to keep his fortunate position is a significant factor in the history of professional wrestling.
In 1982, Continental Productions, a subsidiary ofDallas independent stationKXTX, begansyndicating a one-hour show internationally from theSportatorium of former NWA affiliateWorld Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) run byFritz Von Erich. Dallas stationKTVT had broadcast Von Erich's program asSaturday Night Wrestling for over a decade before KXTX began the second broadcast.
The KXTX broadcast was innovative because it more closely resembled a professional sportscast, with formerfootball broadcasterBill Mercer as host, mobile cameras at ringside with multiple shotgun microphones to capture and enhance the sound of impacts and crowd noise for boxingpay-per-views, and vignettes and interviews inspired by theRocky movies to accentuate theheel or babyface of a wrestler outside the ring.
The show featured the babyfaceVon Erich brothers–David,Kerry andKevin–against heels from the stable ofGary Hart, who culminated nearly two decades of his career in Texas by booking thefeud between the Von Erichs and the Freebirds in 1982, and thenSkandor Akbar's Devastation, Inc. stable in 1983. The KXTX program earned extremely high ratings–higher thanSaturday Night Live and many wrestling promotions in the U.S., including the AWA and the WWF.[3]
The Von Erichs were the most recognizable babyfaces in wrestling in 1982 and 1983. However, the family would become marred by death of nearly every wrestler associated with WCCW in the ensuing years, attributed to abuse ofsteroids,opiates andcocaine.
In 1982, Vince McMahon purchased the WWF from his ailing father,Vincent J. McMahon. On December 23, 1983, the younger McMahon signed AWA superstar Hulk Hogan, who previously wrestled with the WWF from 1979 to 1981, to return to the company in 1984. To play Hogan's nemesis, he signed talents includingJim Crockett Promotions (JCP) babyface"Rowdy" Roddy Piper, turning him heel, and AWA managerBobby "The Brain" Heenan. McMahon later stated in the documentaryThe UnReal Story of Professional Wrestling that he did not think his father would have ever sold him the WWF if he knew what he was planning to do. "He probably would have said, 'Vinny, what are you doing? You're gonna wind up at the bottom of a river,'" he explained.
At the end of 1983, two major developments increased competition to be the premier professional wrestling promotion. On November 24, 1983, Flair defeatedHarley Race for theNWA World Heavyweight Championship at the pay-per-view wrestling eventStarrcade, which inaugurated Flair's golden era and was credited with showing that a major event could earn significant income across many locations. On December 23, 1983, the WWF signed Hogan to return after appearing inRocky III (1982) and developing a babyface gimmick in the AWA.
Fortune for the WWF came at the expense of the AWA and WCCW. On January 23, 1984, Hogan defeatedThe Iron Sheik for theWWF World Heavyweight Championship atMadison Square Garden. Shortly after the match, the WWF began promoting matches with Hogan in the main event in parts of the U.S. outside the Northeast, which changed a long-standing non-aggression pact between the WWF and other wrestling promotions.
On February 10, David Von Erich died of reportedacute enteritis in Japan. Although there was a short-term boost culminating in Kerry Von Erich's victory over Flair for the NWA World title in front of a packedTexas Stadium crowd on May 6, both the death ofGino Hernandez and the suicide ofMike Von Erich placed a cloud over WCCW that became its legacy. The AWA signed a television contract withESPN, but the revenue was insignificant compared to the WWF's pay-per-view business, which was based on annual March/April events featuring Hogan in a landmark championship match each year from 1986 to 1991.
With competition fromcable superstations broadcasting WCCW, AWA and NWA, McMahon syndicated WWF television shows outside the promotion's traditional Northeastern territory and began ahome video distribution label calledColiseum Video. McMahon would use the additional income generated by advertising, television deals and video sales and rentals to further his ambition to tour nationally. However, such a venture required hugecapital investment–one that placed the WWF on the verge of financial collapse.
McMahon did not meet immediate success. In May 1984, in a failed attempt to garner a greater appeal in theSoutheast, McMahon bought acontrolling interest in GCW, an NWA member which held the lucrative Saturday timeslot on Atlanta-basedindependent stationWTBS—known outside Atlanta as Superstation TBS.[4] On July 14, 1984–later dubbed "Black Saturday"–WWF programming began airing in the WTBS timeslot formerly occupied by GCW programming.[4] The WWF programming was not successful and viewed as comical compared to the NWA.[4] Due to low ratings and viewer protests, WTBS began airing wrestling byOle Anderson's new promotion, Championship Wrestling from Georgia, as well asBill Watts's Mid-South Wrestling, both of which garnered higher ratings than McMahon's WWF show.[4] Later, McMahon sold the WTBS timeslot to rival promoterJim Crockett, Jr. for $1 million.[4] In the WWE documentaryThe Rise and Fall of WCW, Crockett explained that his purchase of the timeslot basically paid for McMahon'sfirst WrestleMania.[5]
By the end of 1984, the regional territory[6] system of the NWA was clearly in jeopardy. In June 1984,Jack Tunney transferred his control in Maple Leaf Wrestling to the WWF. The AWA, WCCW and Memphis-basedContinental Wrestling Association formedPro Wrestling USA in 1985, but the endeavor failed by the end of the year.
Many fans, especially those in theDeep South, were angered by the collapse of their local wrestling promotions. Some of the more well-known promotions, including JCP andChampionship Wrestling from Florida, were affected. These fans turned to WTBS, where station founderTed Turner had launchedWorld Championship Wrestling (WCW). In most of these areas, WWF shows were not financially successful until 1997–98.
The WWF would go on to a period of unprecedented success in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[7] The success was in part precipitated by the "Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection", a period of cooperation and cross-promotion between the WWF and elements of the music industry.[7] The idea was formed by WWF managerLou Albano, who met singerCyndi Lauper on a trip toPuerto Rico.[7] Lauper asked Albano to appear as her father in her video for the single "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" (1983).[7] McMahon later booked Lauper and Albano on a segment ofPiper's Pit.[7] During the segment, the Rock 'n' Wrestling storyline began when Albano called Lauper a "broad", while Lauper retaliated by hitting him with her purse.[8] She then challenged Albano to a match between two female wrestlers of their choice.[8]
MTV broadcast the first live wrestling match on cable television as well as the first live women's professional wrestling match. Lauper choseWendi Richter, while Albano choseThe Fabulous Moolah.[8] The match was scheduled for July 23, 1984, atThe Brawl to End it All, broadcast live on MTV.[8][9] Richter defeated Moolah for theWWF Women's Championship, which the WWF had promoted as having been held by Moolah for the previous twenty-eight years.[10] The connection between Lauper and the WWF continued with the video for the song "The Goonies 'R' Good Enough", "Time After Time", and "She Bop", all of which featured WWF wrestlers.[10]
On September 14, 1985,Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling, ananimated television series starring the character of Hulk Hogan, premiered onCBS. The series ran until June 6, 1987, in the process expanding Hogan's young fanbase.[11]
Despite Hulk Hogan being regarded as a major player in the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection, it has been acknowledged that Lauper and her then boyfriend and manager Dave Wolff, who was himself a wrestling fan, were among the most instrumental in helping the WWF connect with the MTV audience.[12][13] Wolff has even been regarded as the person who engineered the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection era for the WWF.[12]
In 1985, to counter the AWA'sSuper Sunday, the NWA's Starrcade and WCCW's Star Wars, the WWF created its own flagship show, WrestleMania, held at Madison Square Garden and broadcast on 135closed-circuit networks. The future of not just the WWF's national experiment but the whole professional wrestling industry came down to the success or failure of this pay-per-view. WrestleMania was an extravaganza marketed as "theSuper Bowl of professional wrestling". The concept of a wrestlingsupercard was nothing new in North America; the NWA had been running Starrcade a few years prior to WrestleMania, and even the elder McMahon had marketed largeShea Stadium cards viewable in closed-circuit locations. However, Wrestlemania drew the interest of the mainstream media by including celebrities such as Lauper andMr. T to participate in the event. MTV's popularity and coverage of the women's wrestling feud generated a great deal of interest in WWF programming at this time.
The show was a huge success. Hogan, who won in the main event, appeared on the cover ofSports Illustrated which, after the swimsuit issue, was the magazine's best seller of 1985. Wrestling began to become mainstream, thanks, in large part, to the appeal of Hulkamania among children. Large television networks took wrestling into their weekly programming, includingSaturday Night's Main Event, premiering onNBC in May 1985, as well as the syndicated weekly showWWF Championship Wrestling (which was also broadcast internationally). WhileChampionship Wrestling was generally taped inPoughkeepsie,New York,Saturday Night's Main Event was taped in front of packed arenas around the country.
WrestleMania's popularity and ratings appeal made professional wrestling a television mainstay. Wrestling, now synonymous with the WWF, began to throw more grandiose matches. In November 1985, a second pay-per-view "The Wrestling Classic" took place. The concept, a one-night tournament, was a huge success and would become a regular event, titledKing of the Ring.
Jim Crockett, also envisioning a nationwide promotion, absorbed several other NWA members into a single entity, JCP. In 1986, he renamed JCP "NWA World Championship Wrestling". He would acquire several more promotions, including some non-NWA members, in the following year. By late 1987, Crockett's ownership of so many NWA affiliates, coupled with his continued presidency of the NWA, gave him considerable power. However, Crockett's spending had left JCP indebted, with the promotion facing a $5 million deficit.[5] Crockett's attempt to generate revenue with the broadcast of the highly promotedStarrcade pay-per-view in late 1987 was thwarted by McMahon, who held hisSurvivor Series pay-per-view on the same day. The WWF threatened to cancel their contracts with cable companies that dared to carry Starrcade.[14] As a result, only five cable companies opted to remain loyal to Crockett, which gave them only an $80,000 profit after expenses. A similar situation arose in January 1988, when Crockett'sBunkhouse Stampede pay-per-view was counter-programmed by the inauguralRoyal Rumble, which aired for free on theUSA Network. On November 21, 1988, Crockett was obliged to sell his promotion to Ted Turner. Under the ownership of Turner, the promotion was rechristenedWorld Championship Wrestling (WCW). After years of financial turmoil and the constant changing of bookers, WCW would resume competition with McMahon's WWF when former AWA commentatorEric Bischoff was appointed as the promotion's Executive Vice President.
WWF held its most successful event,WrestleMania III, in March 1987. It achieved the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America with a claimed figure of 93,173 attendees.[15] The main event, during which Hogan scoop-slammed (later dubbed "the body slam heard around the world") and defeatedAndré the Giant, helped the show go down in wrestling history as one of the greatest ever produced and made the WWF's popularity soar. In February 1988, Hogan and André faced each other in a special WrestleMania III rematch on the Friday night prime time spin-off ofSaturday Night's Main Event, titledThe Main Event I which saw Hogan lose to André by manipulation of the"Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase. The live broadcast drew a 15.2Nielsen rating and 33 million viewers, both records for American televised wrestling.[16] After the match, André handed the title to DiBiase as promised, resulting in the title being vacated and setting the stage for a WWF World Heavyweight Championship tournament atWrestleMania IV. On a previous edition of the same show,"Macho Man" Randy Savage made his official transition from heel to babyface in his match againstThe Honky Tonk Man, withMiss Elizabeth bringing in Hogan to aid Savage against The Honky Tonk Man andThe Hart Foundation. This eventually struck a friendship between Savage and Hogan.
AtWrestleMania IV, Savage won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship tournament, withMiss Elizabeth and Hogan at his side. Months later, Hogan and Savage teamed up asThe Mega Powers; and at the first everSummerSlam, they faced off against DiBiase and André's tag team known asThe Mega Bucks. Though friends and tag partners, over the period of a year tensions began to build for various reasons, finally resulting in Savage striking Hogan in early 1989, turning Savage heel once again, and setting up a WWF World Heavyweight Championship match atWrestleMania V, which saw Hogan after over a year once again hold the title. Savage and Hogan continued to feud until the February 1990 edition ofThe Main Event III, where Hogan successfully defended the title in a special WrestleMania V rematch.
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WrestleMania VI, on April 1, 1990, saw one of the last WWF appearances of André the Giant (as a member of theColossal Connection), who had become barely mobile in the ring due to real life health issues, and his parting with long-time managerBobby "The Brain" Heenan. In addition,Nikolai Volkoff (then part ofThe Bolsheviks) played his standard part as the evilSoviet Russian for one last time before turning babyface and embracing America, reflecting the end of theCold War. The main event was a title-for-title match between WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan andIntercontinental Heavyweight ChampionThe Ultimate Warrior. It not only pitted the WWF's two biggest faces against each other, but was intended as the "passing of the torch" from Hogan, the star of the 1980s, to Warrior, who was immensely popular and considered to be Hogan's successor. Hogan's clean pin fall loss signaled the end of an era. However, Hogan remained with the WWF for the next three years, winning the title another three times. After WrestleMania VI, Hogan started appearing with less frequency in WWF events, with Warrior taking most of the main-event spots for the rest of 1990 and up until the 1991 Royal Rumble. Though it had been fading for a couple of years, the "Golden Era" finally ended with the conclusion of SummerSlam '92.
Fans who were kids in the mid-late 1980s were teens by the 1990s, and many grew bored with the comic book style of wrestling of the 1980s, turning their attention away from their childhood favorites such as Hogan, Junkyard Dog, and"Superfly" Jimmy Snuka, in favor of newer and grittier wrestlers likeThe Undertaker,Shawn Michaels,Razor Ramon,Diesel, andBret "Hitman" Hart in the New Generation Era; then in theAttitude Era in favor ofStone Cold Steve Austin,The Rock,Triple H,Mick Foley (whether competing as Cactus Jack, Dude Love, or Mankind), andThe New Age Outlaws.Miss Elizabeth left the WWF in April 1992, and divorcedRandy Savage that August. Hogan's return to the WWF in February 1993, episode ofMonday Night Raw (which replaced another WWF program during the 1980s,Prime Time Wrestling) received a lackluster reaction from the crowds.Hulk Hogan left the WWF during the summer of 1993, and joined WCW the following summer of 1994, whileRandy Savage left the WWF for WCW in November 1994.[17]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) "The Golden Era of what we now call the WWE is defined as 1982-1993."