13 May 1978: PresidentAli Soilih wasoverthrown by Ahmed Abdallah and Bob Denard,[3] resulting in his killing thirteen days later;[4] Denard became the commander of Abdallah's 500-strong Presidential Guard for the next eleven years (1978–1989).[5]
26 November 1989: President Ahmed Abdallah was overthrown bySaid Mohamed Djohar and Bob Denard, resulting in his assassination;[6] under French pressure,[7] Denard and other mercenaries left the country the next month.[8]
28 September 1995 (Operation Kaskari): President Said Mohamed Djohar was overthrown by Bob Denard,[9] who returned to the country with a force of 33 hand-picked mercenaries; it was the last coup staged with Denard's involvement.[10][11] The coup resulted in the French military intervention (Operation Azalee) days later,[12] and the removal of Denard from the country.[13]
