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1975

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This article is about the year 1975. For other uses, see1975 (disambiguation).

From top to bottom, left to right: theFall of Saigon ends theVietnam War as North Vietnam captures the capital; theLebanese Civil War erupts, plunging the country into sectarian conflict; TheCambodian genocide begins underPol Pot;Viking 1 heads for Mars; theHelsinki Accords are signed by 35 nations; the filmJaws is released; Thousands of Moroccans advance into Spanish Sahara on theGreen March, triggering theWestern Sahara War; the1975 Tan Son Nhut C-5 accident kills over 150 during evacuation efforts; and theSpanish transition to democracy begins afterFrancisco Franco'sdeath.

Calendar year

Years
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2nd millennium
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19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Years
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
v t e

1975 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Heavy metal Jazz Latin Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American Australian Belgian Brazilian British Scottish Canadian Danish Irish Italian Video games
By country
Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark France Germany India Ireland Iran Israel Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1975 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1975 MCMLXXV
Ab urbe condita	2728
Armenian calendar	1424 ԹՎ ՌՆԻԴ
Assyrian calendar	6725
Baháʼí calendar	131–132
Balinese saka calendar	1896–1897
Bengali calendar	1381–1382
Berber calendar	2925
British Regnal year	23 Eliz. 2 – 24 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2519
Burmese calendar	1337
Byzantine calendar	7483–7484
Chinese calendar	甲寅年 (Wood Tiger) 4672 or 4465 — to — 乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit) 4673 or 4466
Coptic calendar	1691–1692
Discordian calendar	3141
Ethiopian calendar	1967–1968
Hebrew calendar	5735–5736
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2031–2032
-Shaka Samvat	1896–1897
-Kali Yuga	5075–5076
Holocene calendar	11975
Igbo calendar	975–976
Iranian calendar	1353–1354
Islamic calendar	1394–1395
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 50 (昭和５０年)
Javanese calendar	1906–1907
Juche calendar	64
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4308
Minguo calendar	ROC 64 民國64年
Nanakshahi calendar	507
Thai solar calendar	2518
Tibetan calendar	ཤིང་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Wood-Tiger) 2101 or 1720 or 948 — to — ཤིང་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Wood-Hare) 2102 or 1721 or 949
Unix time	157766400 – 189302399

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1975.

1975 (MCMLXXV) was acommon year starting on Wednesday of theGregorian calendar, the 1975th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 975th year of the2nd millennium, the 75th year of the20th century, and the 6th year of the1970s decade.

Calendar year

It was also declared theInternational Women's Year by theUnited Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by theCouncil of Europe.

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1975

January 1 –Watergate scandal (United States):John N. Mitchell,H. R. Haldeman^[1] andJohn Ehrlichman^[2] are found guilty of theWatergate cover-up.
January 2
- TheFederal Rules of Evidence are approved by theUnited States Congress.^[3]
- A bomb blast atSamastipur, Bihar, India, fatally woundsLalit Narayan Mishra, Minister of Railways.^[4]
January 5 –Tasman Bridge disaster: TheTasman Bridge inHobart,Tasmania, Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrierMV Lake Illawarra, causing a partial collapse resulting in 12 deaths.^[5]
January 15 –Alvor Agreement: Portugal announces that it will grant independence toAngola onNovember 11.
January 20
- InHanoi,North Vietnam, thePolitburo approves the final military offensive againstSouth Vietnam.
- Work is abandoned on the 1974 Anglo-FrenchChannel Tunnel scheme.
January 24 –Jazz pianist Keith Jarrett plays the soloimprovisationThe Köln Concert at theCologne Opera. The live recording becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.^[6]

February

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Main article:February 1975

February 4 – TheHaicheng earthquake inHaicheng, Liaoning, China, kills 2,041 and injures 27,538, but much of the city has been evacuated in a claimed example ofearthquake prediction.^[7]
February 5 – The Argentinian presidentIsabel Perón decreesOperativo Independencia, aiming to neutralize or annihilate the "subversive elements" in the province of Tucuman. She assumes extraordinary powers.
February 11
- Margaret Thatcher defeatsEdward Heath for theleadership of the oppositionUK Conservative Party. Thatcher, 49, is Britain's first female leader of any political party.^[8]
- ColonelRichard Ratsimandrava, President ofMadagascar, is assassinated.
February 27 – The2 June Movement kidnaps West German politicianPeter Lorenz. He is released onMarch 4 after most of the kidnappers' demands are met.
February 28
- Amajor tube train crash atMoorgate station, London kills 43 people.^[9]
- InLomé,Togo, theEuropean Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the firstLomé Convention.
- TheNational Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) approaches the South African Embassy in London and requests 40 to 50 artillery pieces to assist their cause in theAngolan Civil War.

March

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Main article:March 1975

March 1
- Aston Villa win the EnglishFootball League Cup atWembley, beatingNorwich City 1–0 inthe final.
- Australian television switches to full-time colour.^[10]
March 6
- Algiers Agreement:Iran andIraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.
- A bomb explodes in the Paris offices ofSpringer publishers. The March 6 Group (connected to theRed Army Faction) demands amnesty for theBaader-Meinhof Group.
March 9 – Construction of theTrans-Alaska Pipeline System begins.
March 10
- Vietnam War:North Vietnamese troops attackBan Mê Thuột inSouth Vietnam on their way to capturingSaigon.
- An extended portion ofSanyō Shinkansen betweenOkayama Station andHakata Station opens, giving the Japanese Shinkansen high speed rail network access to the country's second island,Kyushu.
March 11 – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist coup attempt involving former presidentAntónio de Spínola, who flees to Brazil.
March 13 –Vietnam War:South Vietnam PresidentNguyễn Văn Thiệu orders theCentral Highlands evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and civilians (the "Convoy of Tears").
March 15 – In Brazil,Guanabara State merges into thestate of Rio de Janeiro. The state's capital moves from the city ofNiterói to the city ofRio de Janeiro.
March 22 – "Ding-a-dong" byTeach-In (music by Dick Bakker, lyrics by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens) wins the 20thEurovision Song Contest 1975 (staged in Stockholm) for the Netherlands.
March 25 – KingFaisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed byhis nephew.^[11]
March 27 – The South African government announces that it will consolidate the 113 separatehomeland areas into 36.
March 28 – A fire in the maternity wing at Kučić Hospital inRijeka,Yugoslavia (Croatia), kills 25 people.^[12]
March 31 –Süleyman Demirel ofAP forms the new government ofTurkey (39th government), a four-party coalition, the so-called First National Front (Turkish:Milliyetçi cephe).

April

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Main article:April 1975

April 4
- Vietnam War: The first militaryOperation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.
- Bill Gates andPaul Allen foundMicrosoft (at this time known as Micro-Soft) inAlbuquerque, New Mexico and release theirAltair BASIC interpreter.^[13] (Microsoft becomes aregistered trademark on November 26, 1976.)
  April 4: Allen and Gates four years prior to the founding ofMicrosoft
April 5 – The Soviet crewed space mission (Soyuz 18a) ends in failure during its ascent intoorbit when a critical malfunction occurs in the second and third stages of thebooster rocket during staging at an altitude of 192 km, resulting in the cosmonauts and theirSoyuz spacecraft having to be ripped free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts (Vasily Lazarev andOleg Makarov) survive.
April 9 – Eight people in South Korea, who are involved in thePeople's Revolutionary Party Incident, are hanged.^[14]
April 9–21:Battle of Xuân Lộc
April 13
- Bus massacre: TheKataeb militia kills 27Palestinians during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh,Lebanon, triggering theLebanese Civil War which lasts until1990.
- Acoup d'état in Chad led by the military overthrows and kills PresidentFrançois Tombalbaye.
April 17 – TheKhmer Republic surrenders, when theCommunist Khmer Rouge guerilla forces capturePhnom Penh ending theCambodian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians.
April 18 – TheKhmer Rouge begins a forciblemass evacuation of the city and starts theCambodian genocide.
April 19 –Nico Diederichs becomes the 3rdState President of South Africa.^[15]
April 20 –Taman Mini Indonesia Indah opens to the public inJakarta,Indonesia.
April 24 –West German Embassy siege in Stockholm: SixRed Army Faction terrorists take over the West German embassy inStockholm, take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group's jailed members; shortly after, they are captured by Swedish police.
April 25 –Vietnam War: AsNorth Vietnamese Army forces close in on theSouth Vietnamese capitalSaigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.
April 29 –Vietnam War: North Vietnam concludes itsEast Sea Campaign by capturing all of theSpratly Islands that were being held by South Vietnam.
April 30 –Vietnam War –Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War concludes asCommunist forces fromNorth Vietnam take overSaigon, resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken,South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with a temporaryProvisional Government.

May

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Main article:May 1975

May 3 –West Ham United win theFA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2–0 inthe final.^[16]
May 6 – The South African government announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory education.
May 15 –Mayaguez incident: The American merchant shipMayaguez, seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.
May 16
- Sikkim accedes to India after areferendum and abolishes theChogyal, its monarchy.
- Junko Tabei fromJapan becomes the first woman to reach the summit ofMount Everest.
May 25 –Bobby Unser wins theIndianapolis 500 for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 700 km (430 mi) race.
May 27 – TheDibbles Bridge coach crash nearGrassington,North Yorkshire, England, results in 32 deaths (the highest toll in a United Kingdom road accident).
May 28 – Fifteen West African countries sign theTreaty of Lagos, creating theEconomic Community of West African States.

June

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Main article:June 1975

June 5 – TheSuez Canal opens for the first time since theSix-Day War.
June 6 – TheGeorgetown Agreement, formally creating theACP Group, is signed.
June 9 – TheOrder of Australia is awarded for the first time.
June 11 – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern-dayGreece is established as theHellenic Republic.
June 25
- Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi declaresa state of emergency in India, suspending civil liberties and elections.
- Mozambique gainsindependence from Portugal.

July

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Main article:July 1975

July 1 – ThePostmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading asTelecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading asAustralia Post).
July 4 –Zion Square refrigerator bombing. A terrorist attack in downtownJerusalem kills 15 civilians and wounds 77.
July 5 –Cape Verde gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule.
July 6 – TheComoros declares and is granted its independence from France.
July 9 – The National Assembly ofSenegal passes a law that will pave way for amulti-party system (albeit highly restricted).
July 12 –São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal.
July 17 –Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: A crewed AmericanApollo spacecraft and the crewed SovietSoyuz spacecraft for theSoyuz 19 mission dock inorbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.
July 21 – TheParliament of India votes to approve Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi's declaration of astate of emergency, with a 301–76 vote in the lower house and a 147–32 vote in the upper house.^[17]
July 30 –Typhoon Nina forms over the Philippine Sea.

August

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Main article:August 1975

The first Cuban forces arrive in Angola to join Soviet personnel who are there to assist theMPLA that controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory. TheUnited States,Zaire andZambia request South Africa to provide training and support for theFNLA andUNITA forces.^[18]
August 1 – TheHelsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.
August 8 – TheBanqiao Dam, in China'sHenan Province, fails afterTyphoon Nina; over 200,000 people perish.
August 11 – GovernorMário Lemos Pires ofPortuguese East Timor abandons the capitalDili, following aUDT coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT andFretilin.
August 15
- Founder PresidentSheikh Mujibur Rahman ofBangladesh is killed during acoup led by MajorSyed Faruque Rahman.
- Some members ofJehovah's Witnesses believe thatArmageddon will occur this year based on the group's chronology^[19] and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believe will be created whenJesus establishes God's Kingdom on Earth.
August 20 –Viking program:NASA launches theViking 1 planetary probe towardMars.
August 24 – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death inAthens. The sentences are later commuted tolife imprisonment.
August 25 – TheVictoria Falls Conference between Rhodesian Prime MinisterIan Smith and theUnited African National Council is held in aSouth African Railways coach on theVictoria Falls Bridge, officiated byZambian PresidentKenneth Kaunda and South African Prime MinisterJohn Vorster.

September

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Main article:September 1975

September–October – In New Zealand,Māori leaderWhina Cooper leads a march of 5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land.
September 5
- InSacramento, California,Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by aSecret Service agent.
- TheLondon Hilton Hotel is bombed by theProvisional Irish Republican Army; two people are killed and 63 injured.^[20]
September 6 – An earthquake of magnitude M_s 6.7 kills at least 2,085 inDiyarbakır andLice, Turkey.
September 14 –Rembrandt's paintingThe Night Watch is slashed a dozen times at theRijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
September 15 – The French department ofCorse, comprising the entire island ofCorsica, is divided into two departments:Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) andCorse-du-Sud (Southern Corsica).

September 16
- Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia.
- Cape Verde,Mozambique andSão Tomé and Príncipe join theUnited Nations.
September 19 – GeneralVasco Gonçalves is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal.
September 20 – The term ofTuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, as the 5thYang di-Pertuan Agong ofMalaysia, ends.
September 21 –Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra ofKelantan, becomes the 6thYang di-Pertuan Agong ofMalaysia.
September 22 – InSan Francisco,Sara Jane Moore tries to assassinate U.S. President Ford, but is foiled by the Secret Service.
September 27 –Francoist Spain executes fiveETA andFRAP members, thelast executions in Spain to date.
September 30
- TheHughes Helicopters (laterMcDonnell-Douglas andBoeing IDS)AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.
- (US time)Home Box Office becomes the first pay television network to deliver a continuous signal viasatellite by broadcasting the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing match live.^[21]

October

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Main article:October 1975

October 1 – "Thrilla in Manila": Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines. The fight is viewed live by well over 100 million people worldwide.
October 14
- The South African Defence Force invades Angola duringOperation Savannah in support of theFNLA andUNITA prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for November 11.^[22]
- A BritishRoyal Air Force Avro Vulcan bomberexplodes and crashes overŻabbar,Malta after an aborted landing, killing five crew members and one person on the ground.^[23]
October 16
- The "Balibo Five", Australian television journalists are killed atBalibo byIndonesian Army special forces in the buildup to theIndonesian invasion of East Timor.
- The last naturally occurring case ofsmallpox is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-oldRahima Banu inBangladesh.^[24]
October 30 –Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes actinghead of state after GeneralFrancisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern. His death onNovember 20 effectively marks the end of the dictatorship established following theSpanish Civil War and the beginning of theSpanish transition to democracy.^[25]
October 31
- TheRacial Discrimination Act 1975 takes effect inAustralia.
- Tun Mustapha resigns asChief Minister of Sabah, a state inMalaysia, bringing to an end speculation that he would attempt to lead secession for Sabah to become an independent nation.

November

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Main article:November 1975

Protestors inSydney immediately after thedismissal of Gough Whitlam, 11 November 1975

November 6 – TheGreen March begins: 300,000 unarmedMoroccans converge on the southern city ofTarfaya and wait for a signal from KingHassan II of Morocco to cross intoWestern Sahara.
November 7 – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility inGeleen, Netherlands, leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting for five days.^[26]
November 10
- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), theUnited Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equatingZionism withracism. The resolution provokes an outcry among Zionists. It is repealed in1991.
- TheTreaty of Osimo is signed betweenItaly andYugoslavia, resolving their dispute overTrieste. Under the agreement, a majority of the land area and residents go to Italy.^[27]
- The 729-foot (222 m)-long freighterSS Edmund Fitzgerald sinks during a storm 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the entrance toWhitefish Bay onLake Superior, killing all 29 crew members on board (an event immortalized in song byGordon Lightfoot).
- Lev Leshchenko revives "Den Pobedy", one of the most popular World War II songs in theSoviet Union.
November 11
- Angola becomes independent from Portugal andcivil war erupts.
  Flag ofAngola
- Australian constitutional crisis of 1975:Governor-General of Australia SirJohn Kerr controversially dismisses theWhitlam Labor government and commissionsMalcolm Fraser of theLiberal/National Country Coalition as caretakerPrime Minister.
- The first annualVogalonga rowing "race" is held inVenice, Italy.
November 12 – TheComoros joins the United Nations.
November 14 –Madrid Accords: Spain agrees to hand over power of theSpanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania by the end of February 1976.^[28]
November 15 – The "Group of 6" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and holds its1st summit at theChâteau de Rambouillet inFrance.
November 16 – Beginning of theThird Cod War between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.
November 19 – TheUnited States Congress approves theClark Amendment, ending aid to theFNLA andUNITA.
November 22 –Juan Carlos is declaredKing of Spain followingthe death of GeneralFrancisco Franco; he will reign until his abdication in2014.

November 25
- Suriname gains independence from theKingdom of the Netherlands.^[29]
- Afailed military coup d'état byfar-left activists occurs inPortugal.
November 28
- Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal asEast Timor.
- South African Navy frigates evacuate 26 SADF members from behind enemy lines atAmbrizete, 160 kilometres (99 mi) north ofLuanda in Angola.
November 29
- While disabled, the submarine tenderUSS Proteus discharges radioactive coolant water intoApra Harbor, Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour, 50 times the allowable dose.
- 1975 New Zealand general election: TheNew Zealand National Party led byRobert Muldoon defeats the incumbentNew Zealand Labour Party led by Prime MinisterBill Rowling.

December

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Main article:December 1975

December 2 – InLaos, theSecond Indochina War ends, when thecommunist party of thePathet Lao takes overVientiane and defeats theKingdom of Laos, forcing KingSisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends theLaotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins theInsurgency in Laos with the Pathet Lao fighting theHmong people, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.
December 3 – Wreck ofHMHS Britannic (sunk by mine 1916) is found in theKea Channel byJacques Cousteau.
December 7 –Indonesian invasion of East Timor:Indonesia invadesEast Timor; the occupation continues until 1999 whenU.N. peacekeepers take control, which they did until 2002.^[30]
December 13
- 1975 Australian federal election: TheLiberal/National Country Coalition led byMalcolm Fraser defeats therecently dismissed Labor government led byGough Whitlam. TheFraser government achieves what is so far the largest parliamentary majority in federal Australian political history. Whitlam would subsequently survive aleadership challenge against him.
- The United NationsConvention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961) comes into effect.^[31]
December 18 – TheAlgerian president Houari Boumediene orders theexpulsion of all Moroccans from Algeria.^[32]
December 21 – Six people, includingCarlos the Jackal,kidnap delegates of anOPEC conference inVienna.
December 29 – Abomb explosion atLaGuardia Airport in New York City kills 11 people.^[33]

Date unknown

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The Spanish Army quitsSpanish Sahara (modern-day Western Sahara), last remnant of theSpanish Empire. TheSahrawi Republic (RASD) is created.Morocco invades the former territory.
Benoit Mandelbrot coins the mathematical termfractal.^[34]
Victoria (Australia) abolishescapital punishment.
South Australia becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.

World population

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World population
	1975	1970		1980
World	4,068,109,000	3,692,492,000	375,617,000	4,434,682,000	366,573,000
Africa	408,160,000	357,283,000	50,877,000	469,618,001	61,458,000
Asia	2,397,512,000	2,143,118,000	254,394,000	2,632,335,000	234,823,000
Europe	675,542,000	655,855,000	19,687,000	692,431,000	16,889,000
South America	321,906,000	284,856,000	37,050,000	361,401,000	39,495,000
North America	243,425,000	231,937,000	11,488,000	256,068,000	12,643,000
Oceania	21,564,000	19,443,000	2,121,000	22,828,000	1,264,000