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1973 Philippine martial law referendum

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Referendum on continuation of President Marcos's policies

For broader coverage of this topic, seeMartial law under Ferdinand Marcos.

July 1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite

July 27–28, 1973

Do you want President Marcos to continue beyond 1973 and finish the reforms he has initiated under the martial law?

Outcome

Proposal carried

Results

Choice	Votes	%
Yes	18,052,016	90.67%
No	1,856,744	9.33%
Total votes	19,908,760	100.00%

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v t e

The1973 Philippine martial law referendum was a nationalreferendum in which thecitizens' assemblies voted for:

The ratification of the 1973 Constitution
The suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly provided in the transitory provisions of the 1973 Constitution
The continuation ofmartial law

The referendum was set from July 27 to July 28, 1973.

Controversy

[edit]

This referendum was marred with controversy. It is contested that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to January 15, 1973. Observers noted that many of the claimed 35,000 citizens' assemblies never met and voting was byshow of hands.^[1]^[2]

Results

[edit]

Do you want President Marcos to continue beyond 1973 and finish the reforms he has initiated under the martial law?
Choice	Votes	%
Yes	18,052,016	90.67
No	1,856,744	9.33
Total votes	19,908,760	100.00
Source: Bureau of the Census and Statistics^[3]

1973 Philippine martial law referendum results (excluding invalid votes)
Yes 18,052,016 (90.7%)
▲ 50%

By province/city

[edit]

Province/City	Yes		No
Province/City	Votes	%	Votes	%
Abra	74,740	99.83	126	0.17
Agusan del Norte	60,708	93.07	4,523	6.93
Agusan del Sur	100,674	94.16	6,245	5.84
Aklan	139,750	98.10	2,708	1.90
Albay	306,239	90.14	33,496	9.86
Angeles	106,320	99.10	963	0.90
Antique	119,172	87.75	16,633	12.25
Bacolod	165,681	96.59	5,856	3.41
Bago	42,293	96.11	1,713	3.89
Baguio	66,119	90.74	6,749	9.26
Bais	20,996	94.73	1,169	5.27
Basilan	37,233	90.23	4,033	9.77
Bataan	124,407	95.28	6,161	4.72
Batanes	5,766	96.94	182	3.06
Batangas	353,651	85.06	62,136	14.94
Batangas City	54,681	81.92	12,072	18.08
Benguet	89,859	90.86	9,036	9.14
Bohol	306,096	94.71	17,084	5.29
Bukidnon	192,559	85.06	33,815	14.94
Bulacan	474,315	86.56	73,651	13.44
Butuan	69,762	91.50	6,478	8.50
Cabanatuan	57,389	92.63	4,566	7.37
Cadiz	46,113	97.84	1,019	2.16
Cagayan	295,429	95.68	13,340	4.32
Cagayan de Oro	72,189	77.84	20,556	22.16
Calbayog	30,932	73.15	11,355	26.85
Caloocan	217,587	87.31	31,612	12.69
Camarines Norte	119,081	90.51	12,484	9.49
Camarines Sur	68,113	91.92	5,987	8.08
Camiguin	25,134	95.92	1,070	4.08
Canlaon	12,004	96.04	495	3.96
Capiz	157,155	94.21	9,665	5.79
Catanduanes	77,045	97.74	1,782	2.26
Cavite	256,449	95.54	11,981	4.46
Cavite City	48,487	93.32	3,467	6.67
Cebu	427,437	88.65	54,731	11.35
Cebu City	220,551	82.68	46,207	17.32
Cotabato	260,897	95.88	11,205	4.12
Cotabato City	35,487	83.49	7,019	15.51
Dagupan	50,135	97.35	1,367	2.66
Danao	29,398	99.98	7	0.02
Dapitan	6,674	96.51	241	3.49
Davao City	419,030	89.26	50,066	10.74
Davao del Norte	268,740	92.62	21,414	7.38
Davao del Sur	208,654	94.89	11,242	5.11
Davao Oriental	121,927	89.12	14,888	10.88
Dipolog	27,123	90.00	3,014	10.00
Dumaguete	27,307	81.30	6,280	18.70
Eastern Samar	33,279	70.97	13,611	29.03
General Santos	16,823	84.95	2,981	15.05
Gingoog	29,142	89.91	3,269	10.09
Ifugao	37,649	91.37	3,556	8.63
Iligan	56,700	90.24	46,131	9.76
Ilocos Norte	169,263	99.69	534	0.31
Ilocos Sur	206,616	95.97	8,686	4.03
Iloilo	261,608	95.67	11,846	4.33
Iloilo City	111,314	94.79	6,115	5.21
Iriga	27,432	95.38	1,329	4.62
Isabela	281,838	99.44	1,600	0.56
Kalinga-Apayao	73,820	98.37	1,224	1.63
La Carlota	22,881	99.09	211	0.91
La Union	208,549	97.51	5,317	2.49
Laguna	333,269	92.68	26,335	7.32
Lanao del Norte	156,787	91.96	13,706	8.04
Lanao del Sur	370,618	98.68	4,949	1.32
Laoag	38,299	96.64	1,330	3.36
Lapu-Lapu City	39,259	99.39	242	0.61
Legazpi City	45,346	95.20	2,284	4.80
Leyte	300,748	92.90	22,995	7.10
Lipa	51,105	91.24	4,909	8.76
Lucena	35,235	86.87	5,327	13.13
Mandaue	40,696	94.37	2,427	5.63
Manila	913,765	83.57	179,611	16.43
Marawi	40,340	88.61	5,185	11.39
Marinduque	96,596	91.17	9,360	8.83
Masbate	197,167	90.98	19,557	9.02
Misamis Occidental	78,406	87.83	10,863	12.17
Misamis Oriental	129,518	81.81	28,790	18.19
Mountain Province	32,393	94.33	1,946	5.67
Naga	37,930	84.49	6,964	15.51
Negros Occidental	376,721	97.76	8,646	2.24
Negros Oriental	220,963	89.26	26,576	10.74
Northern Samar	139,997	91.65	12,748	8.35
Nueva Ecija	352,820	94.64	19,982	5.36
Nueva Vizcaya	94,968	94.56	5,460	5.44
Occidental Mindoro	36,757	96.59	1,296	3.41
Olongapo	91,810	89.88	10,340	10.12
Oriental Mindoro	150,375	83.66	29,364	16.34
Ormoc	44,650	96.31	1,711	3.69
Oroquieta	16,368	76.13	5,133	23.87
Ozamiz	27,167	83.41	5,405	16.59
Pagadian	21,595	70.44	9,062	29.56
Palawan	16,762	81.42	3,824	18.58
Palayan	8,168	98.19	154	1.85
Pampanga	408,694	95.76	18,090	4.24
Pangasinan	680,996	99.51	3,357	0.49
Pasay	155,225	91.55	14,320	8.45
Puerto Princesa	1,046	90.02	116	9.98
Quezon	384,060	87.01	57,339	12.99
Quezon City	541,355	83.26	108,809	16.74
Quirino	26,851	90.24	2,904	9.76
Rizal	1,093,384	86.59	169,384	13.41
Romblon	60,069	77.51	17,430	22.49
Roxas	35,402	90.73	3,619	9.27
Samar	137,221	81.56	31,028	18.44
San Carlos, Negros Occidental	37,048	85.88	6,089	14.12
San Carlos, Pangasinan	45,608	99.98	8	0.02
San Jose	26,842	89.39	3,185	10.61
San Pablo	55,135	87.47	7,898	12.53
Silay	39,551	97.21	1,135	2.79
Siquijor	29,635	86.29	4,710	13.71
Sorsogon	178,232	90.88	17,894	9.12
South Cotabato	171,012	89.86	19,291	10.14
Southern Leyte	112,733	89.95	12,601	10.05
Sulu	69,240	84.37	12,823	15.63
Surigao City	33,721	92.16	2,868	7.84
Surigao del Norte	100,699	93.71	6,756	6.29
Surigao del Sur	119,130	93.40	8,412	6.60
Tacloban	38,590	91.10	3,772	8.90
Tagaytay	6,851	98.42	110	1.58
Tagbilaran	20,493	92.02	1,777	7.98
Tangub	11,768	85.39	2,013	14.61
Tarlac	299,983	96.38	10,625	3.42
Toledo	43,638	98.63	608	1.37
Trece Martires	2,982	93.98	191	6.02
Zambales	122,675	96.05	5,048	3.95
Zamboanga City	93,009	88.32	12,299	11.68
Zamboanga del Norte	130,833	90.86	13,163	9.14
Zamboanga del Sur	167,305	72.87	62,292	27.13
Total	18,052,016	90.67	1,856,744	9.33
Source: Bureau of the Census and Statistics^[3]

References

[edit]

^Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Roskamm (1987).The Philippines Reader: A history of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance.South End Press. p. 191.Philippine Martial Law referendum, 1973.
^Celoza, Albert F. (1997).Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism.Praeger Publishers.ISBN 9780275941376.
^^a ^bJournal of Philippine Statistics. Vol. 24. Bureau of the Census and Statistics. 1973. pp. 109–110.

External links

[edit]

OfficialPhilippine Commission on Elections website

Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos andPeople Power Revolution

Batas Militar sa Pilipinas

Background

Events

Timeline of
martial law

Human rights
abuses

Kleptocracy

Aftermath

Nepotism Presidency of Corazon Aquino Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986 Constitution of the Philippines Operation Big Bird Mendiola massacre 1987 elections Anti-Aquino coup attempts UP-DND accord Second Great Rectification Movement Burial of Ferdinand Marcos
Institutions formed	Commission on Human Rights Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commission Philippine National Police Presidential Commission on Good Government

People: Pro-Marcos
Regime	Ferdinand Marcos Imelda Marcos
Cronies andrelatives	Rolex 12 Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr. Juan Ponce Enrile Romeo Espino Fidel Ramos Fabian Ver Macario Asistio Jr. Roberto Benedicto José Yao Campos Manuel Elizalde Jr. Antonio Floirendo Sr. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. María Imelda "Imee" Marcos Roberto Ongpin Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez Ignacio Santiago Sr. Ricardo Silverio Florentino Sanico Solon Lucio Tan Arturo Tolentino Nicanor Yñiguez
Cabinet technocrats	Cesar Virata Onofre Corpuz Armand Fabella Jaime C. Laya Placido Mapa Jr. Carlos P. Romulo
Pro-Marcos journalists	Jose "Joe" Guevarra

People: Opposition

Middle force
opposition
(Mainstream
opposition)

Opposition leaders	Agapito "Butz" Aquino Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga Cardinal Jaime Sin Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.
Business sector	Jose S. Concepcion Jr. Domingo M. Guevara, Sr. Alejandro A. "Ka Ding" Lichauco Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr. Jaime Ongpin Alfonso Yuchengco Quintin Yuyitung Rizal Yuyitung
Political sector	Jacobo Amatong Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo Jejomar Binay Cesar Climaco Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr. Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco Roberto Concepcion Hilario Davide Jr. Marcelo Fernan Neptali Gonzales Raul M. Gonzalez Teofisto Guingona Jr. Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr. Evelio Javier Vicente Jayme Eva Estrada Kalaw José B. Lingad Diosdado Macapagal Ernesto Maceda Raul Manglapus Primitivo Mijares Ramon Mitra Jr. Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III Ambrosio Padilla Cecilia Muñoz-Palma Vicente Paterno Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. Eduardo Quintero Soledad Roa Duterte Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes Rene Saguisag Abraham Sarmiento Sr. Wigberto Tañada Claudio Teehankee Luis Villafuerte Haydee Yorac Calixto Zaldivar
Religious sector	Zacarias Agatep Teodoro Bacani Jr. Mariani Dimaranan Joe Dizon Tullio Favali Inocencio Ipong Isabelo Magalit Mary John Mananzan Violeta Marcos Pacifico Ortiz Magnifico Osorio Miguel Purugganan James Reuter Rudy Romano Mary Christine Tan Carlos Tayag Ricardo Vidal The Magnificent Seven Francisco Claver Federico Escaler Antonio Fortich Julio Xavier Labayen Orlando Quevedo Felix Perez Jesus Varela

Academic and
cultural sector
opposition

Academics
and cultural
workers

Student
activists

Left-wing
opposition

Armed Forces
opposition

Resistance during the Marcos administration	CommodoreRamon A. Alcaraz Col.Bonifacio Gillego Capt.Rogelio Morales, PN Capt.Danilo Vizmanos, PN Brig. Gen.Marcos G. Soliman
Reform the Armed Forces Movement	Juan Ponce Enrile Col.Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr. BGen.Jose T. Almonte Col.Victor Batac Col.Hector Tarrazona Col.Billy Bibit
Support withdrawn during the People Power Revolution	Lt. Gen.Fidel V. Ramos Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano Col. Charles Hotchkiss Col. Antonio Sotelo Col.Rodolfo Biazon Lt.Benjamin Magalong

Opposition
journalists

People: American interested parties
Stephen W. Bosworth Henry A. Byroade Philip Habib George Hamilton Paul Laxalt Richard Lugar Paul Manafort Ronald Reagan

Political groups

Political
coalitions

Political parties

Locations
Camp Aguinaldo Camp Crame Clark Air Base Club Filipino Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) Fort Bonifacio Fort Magsaysay Hawaii Malacañang Palace Ortigas Center Villamor Air Base

Cultural effects

Popular
culture

Songs

Films

Produced during the
Marcos dictatorship

Iginuhit ng Tadhana
Sakada

Literature

Other media

Here Lies Love
- musical
Maalaala Mo Kaya: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story ("Kalapati"
"Makinilya")
Voltes V

Slogans

Gestures

Legacy and
historiography

Monuments and memorials	Bantayog ng mga Bayani EDSA Shrine People Power Monument individuals
Disinformation and distortionism	Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos

v t e Presidential elections in the Philippines
Direct elections	1935 1941 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1981 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 2028
Candidates	1935 1941 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1981 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022
Canvassing	1935 1941 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1981 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022
Polling	1935 1941 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1981 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022
Indirect elections	1899 1943
Referendums	1973 1977
Katipunan conferences	Imus Assembly (1896) Tejeros Convention (March 1897) Biak-na-Bato conference (November 1897)
Tydings–McDuffie Act People Power Revolution Hello Garci scandal Elections in the Philippines Provincial results Election tickets Campaign slogans

v t e Elections andreferendums in thePhilippines
General elections	1898 1907 1909 1912 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1935 1941 1943 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1978 1984 1987 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025
Presidential elections	1935 1941 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1981 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 2028
Senate elections	1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1941 1946 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1987 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028
House elections	1898 1907 1909 1912 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1935 1938 1941 1943 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1978 1984 1987 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025
Constitutional conventions	1934 1970
Local elections	1895 1899 1905 1909 1912 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1941 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1980 1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025
Barangay elections	1960 1962 1964 1968 1972 1982 1989 1994 1997 2002 2007 2010 2013 2018 2023 2026
Referendums	1599 1935 1937 1939 1940 1947 1967 1973 (Jan) 1973 (Jul) 1975 1976 1977 1981 (Apr) 1981 (Jun) 1984 1987
Per year Per type Presidential Senatorial Barangay Lists Senate President House Speaker Special Local elections and plebiscites

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References

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