 1972 Nobel Prize in Literature | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heinrich Böll | ||||
 "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature." | ||||
| Date |
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| Location | Stockholm, Sweden | |||
| Presented by | Swedish Academy | |||
| First award | 1901 | |||
| Website | Official website | |||
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The1972Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the German authorHeinrich Böll (1917–1985) "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature."[1][2] Böll is the fifth German author to be recipient of the prize.[a]
The events ofWorld War II had a significant influence on Heinrich Böll's literature. In his debut novelDer Zug war pünktlich ("The Train Was on Time", 1949) and the short story collectionWanderer, kommst du nach Spa... ("Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We...", 1950), he illustrated the folly of war and the pain it causes. Böll published a number of books that critiqued West German society after World War II, such asGruppenbild mit Dame ("Group Portrait with Lady", 1971). Among his best-known works includeUnd sagte kein einziges Wort ("And Never Said a Word", 1953),Ansichten eines Clowns ("The Clowns", 1963), andDie verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum ("The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum", 1974).[3][4]
In 1972, theSwedish Academy received 158 nominations for 100 writers. Böll started earning nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature since1960. In total, he received 29 nominations with the highest number in 1972 which eventually led to his awarding.[5]
Twenty-seven authors were newly nominated such asPhilip Roth,Norman Mailer,Bernard Malamud,Nadine Gordimer (awarded in1991),V. S. Naipaul (awarded in2001),Francis Stuart,Doris Lessing (awarded in2007),Alan Paton,Astrid Lindgren,Anthony Burgess, andSri Chinmoy. The most number of nominations was for the British-American poetW. H. Auden with 10 nominations. The oldest nominee wasCompton Mackenzie (aged 89) and the youngest wasPhilip Roth (aged 39). The Polish-born American poetJacob Glatstein and Indian novelistTarasankar Bandyopadhyay were nominated posthumously by Moshe Starkman (1906–1975) and the Academy's Nobel Committee respectively. Five of the nominees were women namelyNadine Gordimer,Doris Lessing,Astrid Lindgren,Anna Seghers, andMarie Under.[6][7]
The authorsNatalie Clifford Barney,John Berryman,Victor Bridges,Fredric Brown,Américo Castro,Michał Choromański,Richard Church,Cecil Day-Lewis,R. F. Delderfield,Jacques Deval,Robert Faesi,Abraham Joshua Heschel,Ernestine Hill,Helen Hoyt,Vera Inber,Norah Lange,Violette Leduc,Laurence Manning,José Nucete Sardi,Kenneth Patchen,Betty Smith,Edgar Snow,Violet Trefusis,Mark Van Doren, andIvan Yefremov died in 1972 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Said Akl (1911–2014) |  Lebanon | poetry, philosophy, drama | Association of Cultural Clubs in Lebanon |
| 2 | Tawfiq al-Hakim (1898–1987) |  Egypt | novel, drama, essays, short story, biography |
|
| 3 | Edward Albee (1928–2016) |  United States | drama | Dieter Schaller (1929–2003) |
| 4 | Jorge Amado (1912–2001) |  Brazil | novel, short story | Marcos Almir Madeira (1916–2003) |
| 5 | Louis Aragon (1897–1982) |  France | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Jean Gaudon (1926–2019) |
| 6 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) |  United KingdomUnited States | poetry, essays, screenplay |
|
| 7 | Riccardo Bacchelli (1891–1985) |  Italy | novel, drama, essays | Beniamino Segre (1903–1977) |
| 8 | Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1898–1971) (posthumous nomination) |  India | novel, short story, drama, essays, autobiography, songwriting | Nobel Committee |
| 9 | Saul Bellow (1915–2005) |  CanadaUnited States | novel, short story, memoir, essays | Elsie Patton (?) |
| 10 | Louis Paul Boon (1912–1979) |  Belgium | novel, essays, short story, poetry |
|
| 11 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) |  Argentina | poetry, essays, translation, short story |
|
| 12 | Luis Buñuel (1900–1983) |  Spain | screenplay | Lars Forssell (1928–2007) |
| 13 | Anthony Burgess (1917–1993) | United Kingdom | novel, poetry, drama, screenplay, autobiography, biography, essays, literary criticism, translation | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 14 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) |  West Germany | novel, short story |
|
| 15 | Michel Butor (1926–2016) | France | poetry, novel, essays, translation | Leon Samuel Roudiez (1917–2004) |
| 16 | Elias Canetti (1905–1994) |  BulgariaUnited Kingdom | novel, drama, memoir, essays | Keith Spalding (1913–2002) |
| 17 | Aimé Césaire (1913–2008) |  Martinique | poetry, drama, essays | Lassi Nummi (1928–2012) |
| 18 | André Chamson (1900–1983) | France | novel, essays |
|
| 19 | René Char (1907–1988) | France | poetry | Henri Peyre (1901–1988) |
| 20 | Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1890–1977) | India | essays, pedagogy, literary criticism | Pratul Chandra Gupta (1910–1990) |
| 21 | Sri Chinmoy (1931–2007) | IndiaUnited States | poetry, drama, short story, essays, songwriting |
|
| 22 | Austin Clarke (1896–1974) |  Ireland | poetry, drama, novel, memoirs |
|
| 23 | Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1914–2008) |  Turkey | poetry | Yaşar Nabi Nayır (1908–1981) |
| 24 | Denis de Rougemont (1906–1985) |  Switzerland | philosophy, essays | Suzanne Deriex (born 1926) |
| 25 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Switzerland | drama, novel, short story, essays |
|
| 26 | Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996) |  Greece | poetry, essays, translation | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 27 | Rabbe Enckell (1903–1974) |  Finland | short story, poetry |
|
| 28 | Salvador Espriu (1913–1985) | Spain | drama, novel, poetry | Antoni Comas i Pujol (1931–1981) |
| 29 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Switzerland | novel, drama | Elisabet Hermodsson (1927–2017) |
| 30 | Romain Gary (1914–1980) |  LithuaniaFrance | novel, essays, literary criticism, screenplay | Walther Hinz (1906–1992) |
| 31 | Jacob Glatstein (1896–1971) (posthumous nomination) |  PolandUnited States | poetry, essays, literary criticism | Moshe Starkman (1906–1975) |
| 32 | William Golding (1911–1993) | United Kingdom | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Nobel Committee |
| 33 | Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014) |  South Africa | novel, short story, essay, drama | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 34 | Julien Gracq (1910–2007) | France | novel, drama, poetry, essays | Georges Matoré (1908–1998) |
| 35 | Günter Grass (1927–2015) | West Germany | novel, drama, poetry, essays |
|
| 36 | Julien Green (1900–1998) | France | novel, autobiography, essays | Johannes Edfelt (1904–1997) |
| 37 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, autobiography, essays |
|
| 38 | Paavo Haavikko (1931–2008) | Finland | poetry, drama, essays | Lassi Nummi (1928–2012) |
| 39 | William Heinesen (1900–1991) |  Faroe Islands | poetry, short story, novel | Harald Noreng (1913–2006) |
| 40 | Joseph Heller (1923–1999) | United States | novel, short story, drama, screenplay | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 41 | Vladimír Holan (1905–1980) |  Czechoslovakia | poetry, essays | Nobel Committee |
| 42 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) |  Egypt | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Ibrāhīm Madkūr (1902–1995) |
| 43 | Gyula Illyés (1902–1983) |  Hungary | poetry, novel, drama, essays |
|
| 44 | Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) |  RomaniaFrance | drama, essays | Johannes Söderlind (1918–2001) |
| 45 | Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) |  RussiaUnited States | essays | Jean Dubois (1920–2015) |
| 46 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |  Sweden | novel, short story |  Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) |
| 47 | Ferenc Juhász (1928–2015) | Hungary | poetry | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 48 | Erich Kästner (1899–1974) | West Germany | poetry, screenplay, autobiography | Johann Maier (1933–2019) |
| 49 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) |  Croatia Yugoslavia | poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | Nobel Committee |
| 50 | Manbohdan Lal (?) | India | Udai Narain Tewari (?) | |
| 51 | Philip Larkin (1922–1985) | United Kingdom | poetry, novel, essays | Jørgen Læssøe (1924–1993) |
| 52 | Siegfried Lenz (1926–2014) | West Germany | novel, short story, essays, drama | Nobel Committee |
| 53 | Doris Lessing (1919–2013) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, memoirs, drama, poetry, essays | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 54 | Saunders Lewis (1893–1985) | United Kingdom | poetry, essays, history, literary criticism | John Ellis Caerwyn Williams (1912–1999) |
| 55 | Lin Yutang (1895–1976) |  China | novel, philosophy, essays, translation | Peng Yao (?) |
| 56 | Astrid Lindgren (1907–2002) | Sweden | novel, short story, drama, screenplay |
|
| 57 | Väinö Linna (1920–1992) | Finland | novel |
|
| 58 | Stanislaus Lynch (1907–1983) | Ireland | poetry, essays | Desmond Clarke (1907–1979) |
| 59 | Compton Mackenzie (1883–1972) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, poetry, history, biography, essays, literary criticism, memoirs | Norman Jeffares (1920–2005) |
| 60 | Hugh MacLennan (1907–1990) | Canada | novel, essays | Lawrence Lande (1906–1998) |
| 61 | Harold Macmillan (1894–1986) | United Kingdom | history, essays, memoirs | Carl Becker (1925–1973) |
| 62 | Norman Mailer (1923–2007) | United States | novel, short story, poetry, essays, biography, drama, screenplay | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 63 | Bernard Malamud (1914–1986) | United States | novel, short story | Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) |
| 64 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | France | novel, essays, literary criticism |
|
| 65 | Frederick Manfred (1912–1994) | United States | novel, essays |
|
| 66 | Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973) | France | philosophy, drama | Charles Dédéyan (1910–2003) |
| 67 | Gustave Lucien Martin-Saint-René (1888–1973) | France | poetry, novel, essays, literary criticism, drama, songwriting, short story | Henri Guiter (1909–1994) |
| 68 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) | Sweden | poetry, novel, drama, essays | Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) |
| 69 | László Mécs (1895–1978) | Hungary | poetry, essays | Watson Kirkconnell (1895–1977) |
| 70 | Veijo Meri (1928–2015) | Finland | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Osmo Hormia (1926–1983) |
| 71 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Sweden | novel, drama, history | Harald Noreng (1913–2006) |
| 72 | Eugenio Montale (1896–1981) | Italy | poetry, translation |
|
| 73 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Italy | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Jacques Robichez (1914–1999) |
| 74 | Sławomir Mrożek (1930–2013) | Poland | drama, essays | Kauko Aatos Ojala (1919–1987) |
| 75 | Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (1932–2018) |  Trinidad and TobagoUnited Kingdom | novel, short story, essays | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 76 | Mikhail Naimy (1889–1988) | Lebanon | poetry, drama, short story, novel, autobiography, literary criticism | Joseph Bassila (?) |
| 77 | Pak Dujin (1916–1998) |  South Korea | poetry | Baek Cheol (1908–1985) |
| 78 | Alan Paton (1903–1988) | South Africa | novel, autobiography, essays | Astley Cooper Partridge (1901–?) |
| 79 | José María Pemán (1897–1981) | Spain | poetry, drama, novel, essays, screenplay | Juan de Contreras y López de Ayala (1893–1978) |
| 80 | Ezra Pound (1885–1972) | United States | poetry, essays | Hans Galinsky (1909–1991) |
| 81 | Pandelis Prevelakis (1909–1986) | Greece | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Kariophilēs Mētsakēs (1932–2013) |
| 82 | Henri Queffélec (1910–1992) | France | novel, short story, screenplay | Edmond Jarno (1905–1985) |
| 83 | Evaristo Ribera Chevremont (1890–1976) |  Puerto Rico | poetry |
|
| 84 | Yannis Ritsos (1909–1990) | Greece | poetry, songwriting | Per Wästberg (born 1933) |
| 85 | Philip Roth (1933–2018) | United States | novel, short story, memoirs, essays | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) |
| 86 | Georges Schéhadé (1905–1989) | Lebanon | poetry, drama, novel |
|
| 87 | Arno Schmidt (1914–1979) | West Germany | novel, short story, biography, essays | Nobel Committee |
| 88 | Anna Seghers (1900–1983) |  East Germany | novel, short story |
|
| 89 | Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001) |  Senegal | poetry, essays | Lassi Nummi (1928–2012) |
| 90 | Claude Simon (1913–2005) | France | novel, essays | Nobel Committee |
| 91 | Zaharia Stancu (1902–1974) | Romania | poetry, novel, philosophy, essays |
|
| 92 | Francis Stuart (1902–2000) | Ireland | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Desmond Clarke (1907–1979) |
| 93 | Abraham Sutzkever (1913–2010) |  Belarus Israel | poetry | Joseph Leftwich (1892–1984) |
| 94 | Marie Under (1883–1980) |  Estonia | poetry | Lassi Nummi (1928–2012) |
| 95 | Gerard Walschap (1898–1989) | Belgium | novel, drama, essays |
|
| 96 | Patrick White (1912–1990) |  Australia | novel, short story, drama, poetry, autobiography |
|
| 97 | Elie Wiesel (1928–2016) | RomaniaUnited States | novel, memoirs, essays, drama | André Neher (1914–1988) |
| 98 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | United States | drama, novel, short story | Wolfgang Clemen (1909–1990) |
| 99 | Vũ Hoàng Chương (1915–1976) |  South Vietnam | poetry, drama | Thanh Lãng (1924–1978) |
| 100 | Aaron Zeitlin (1898–1973) | BelarusIsrael | drama, short story, essays, literary criticism | Moshe Starkman (1906–1975) |
In 1972, the Nobel committee consisted of author, critic and permanent secretary of the Swedish AcademyKarl Ragnar Gierow (chair), author and criticJohannes Edfelt, authorLars Gyllensten, authorEyvind Johnson, author and criticArtur Lundkvist and author and criticAnders Österling.[8] The reports from members of the committee made public fifty years later reveal that the committee for the 1972 Nobel Prize in Literature firstly focused on awarding an author from the field ofGerman literature.[9]
Heinrich Böll had been considered for the prize by the Nobel committee since the first time he was nominated in 1960. The publication ofGruppenbild mit Dame in 1971, a year when Böll was not nominated for the prize, strengthened his candidacy, and in 1972 the Nobel committee proposed that Böll should be awarded the prize.[9] A shared prize between Böll andGünter Grass was proposed by the committee. The other final candidates were the Italian poetEugenio Montale and Australian novelistPatrick White.[9][10]
Karl Ragnar Gierow said in his report that his evaluation emphasized "tactical evaluation rather than literary valuations". While saying that Eugenio Montale's work to him appeared as the "artistically maturest and most essential", Gierow did not want to place Montale first among the candidates but argued that German literature for long had been neglected by the Nobel committee and that there were now two serious candidates in Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass, and also mentionedSiegfried Lenz. Gierow listed Böll as his first proposal, a shared prize to Böll and Grass as his second proposal, White as the third and Montale as the fourth proposal. Committee memberLars Gyllensten made a similar proposal in his report, saying that Böll was the strongest candidate but that a shared prize with Grass could also be well motivated. Committee memberArtur Lundkvist agreed that the German literature was "highly worthy to be recognised" and supported the committees recommendation of Böll as the first proposal, while saying that he would put Patrick White's work ahead of Böll's.[9] Academy memberLars Forssell also preferred Patrick White, saying in a letter to committee chair Karl Ragnar Gierow that "Böll is not really a great writer. He has for example not the same scope asThomas Mann. He is just pretending. That said I don't think he is an absolutelyunworthy recipient of the prize, now that Grass has become more pretentious and odd. I just wish his candidacy could rest, if not in peace but at least this year."[11]
The choice of Heinrich Böll was controversial for political reasons. As chairman ofPEN International, Böll had been accused of supporting theRed Army Fraction and the chairman of the Austrian PEN resigned in protest over Böll being awarded the Nobel prize. Böll was also accused of being compliant towards the regime in theSoviet Union, where the freedom of speech for writers were oppressed.[12]
Böll himself said to the Swedish newspaperSvenska Dagbladet "I am happy and surprised, but also worried about the fame that comes with the Nobel prize."[12]
At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1972,Karl Ragnar Gierow, permanent secretary of theSwedish Academy, said:
He who attempts to seize in a single grasp the bountiful and very varied authorship of Heinrich Böll finds himself holding an abstraction. Through these writings – begun twenty years ago and culminating in last year’s novelGruppenbild mit Dame – there runs, however, a twin theme that might serve as such a synoptic abstraction. This could be phrased: The homeless and the aesthetics of the humane. (...)
He writes about what every human being seeks in order to lead a human life, in little things as in great, about “das Wohnen, die Nachbarschaft und die Heimat, das Geld und die Liebe, Religion und Mahlzeiten”, to quote his own enumeration. With its whole register from satire and high-spirited parody to deep suffering, this is a form of passionately engaged aesthetics and it also contains his literary program. He who sets out to portray the bare necessities of life keeps both feet on the ground. (...)
The renewal of German literature, to which Heinrich Boll’s achievements witness and of which they are a significant part, is not an experiment with form – a drowning man scorns the butterfly stroke. Instead it is a rebirth out of annihilation, a resurrection, a culture which, ravaged by icy nights and condemned to extinction, sends up new shoots, blossoms and matures to the joy and benefit of us all. Such was the kind of work Alfred Nobel wished his Prize to reward.[13]
Böll delivered a Nobel lecture entitledAn Essay on the Reason of Poetry on May 2, 1973 at theSwedish Academy.[14] In his lecture, he said:
"Art is always a good hiding-place, not for dynamite, but for intellectual explosives and social time bombs. Why would there otherwise have been the various Indices? And precisely in their despised and often even despicable beauty and lack of transparency lies the best hiding-place for the barb that brings about the sudden jerk or the sudden recognition."[14]
