1968 Italian general election

← 1963 19 May 1968 1972 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 630 seats in theChamber of Deputies 316 seats needed for a majority All 315 elective seats in theSenate 162 seats needed for a majority[a]
Registered	35,566,493 (C) · 32,517,638(S)
Turnout	33,001,644 (C) · 92.8% (0.1pp) 30,252,921 (S) · 93.0% (0.1pp)
Majority party Minority party Third party   Leader Mariano Rumor Luigi Longo Francesco De Martino[c] Party DC PCI Unified Socialist Leader since 27 January 1964 22 August 1964 12 December 1963 Leader's seat Verona (C) Milan (C) Naples (C) Seats won 266 (C) / 135 (S) 177 (C) / 101 (S)[b] 91 (C) / 46 (S) Seat change 6 (C) /6 (S) 11 (C) /17 (S) 29 (C) /12 (S) Popular vote 12,441,553 (C) 10,972,114 (S) 8,557,404 (C) 8,585,601 (S)[b] 4,605,832 (C) 4,354,906 (S) Percentage 39.1% (C) 38.3% (S) 26.9% (C) 30.0% (S)[b] 14.5% (C) 15.2% (S) Swing 0.8pp (C) 1.8pp (S) 1.6pp (C) 6.5pp (S) 5.5pp (C)[d] 5.1pp (S)[d]   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Giovanni Malagodi Arturo Michelini Tullio Vecchietti Party PLI MSI PSIUP Leader since 4 April 1954 10 October 1954 12 January 1964 Leader's seat Milan (C) Rome (C) Rome (C) Seats won 31 (C) / 16 (S) 24 (C) / 11 (S) 23 (C) / w.PCI (S) Seat change 8 (C) /2 (S) 3 (C) /3 (S) New party Popular vote 1,850,650 (C) 1,943,795 (S) 1,414,036 (C) 1,304,847 (S) 1,414,697 (C) w.PCI (S) Percentage 5.1% (C) 6.8% (S) 4.5% (C) 4.6% (S) 4.5% (C) w.PCI (S) Swing 1.2pp (C) 0.6pp (S) 0.6pp (C) 0.7pp (S) New party
Results of the election in the Chamber and Senate
Prime Minister before election Aldo Moro DC Prime Minister after the election Giovanni Leone DC

The1968 Italian general election was held inItaly on 19 May 1968.^[1] TheChristian Democracy (DC) remained stable around 38% of the votes. They were marked by a victory of theCommunist Party (PCI) passing from 25% of1963 to c. 30% at the Senate, where it presented jointly with the newItalian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP), which included members ofSocialist Party (PSI) which disagreed the latter's alliance with DC. PSIUP gained c. 4.5% at the Chamber. TheSocialist Party and theDemocratic Socialist Party (PSDI) presented together as theUnified PSI–PSDI, but gained c. 15%, far less than the sum of what the two parties had obtained separately in 1963.

The pureparty-list proportional representation had traditionally become the electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies.Italian provinces were united in 32 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. At constituency level, seats were divided betweenopen lists using thelargest remainder method withImperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats were transferred at national level, where they was divided using theHare quota, and automatically distributed to best losers into the local lists.

For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were established, even if the assembly had risen to 315 members. The candidates needed a landslide victory of two thirds of votes to be elected, a goal which could be reached only by the German minorities in South Tirol. All remained votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where aD'Hondt method was used: inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.

On 21 August 1964, the historic leader of theItalian Communist Party,Palmiro Togliatti died ofcerebral haemorrhage^[2] while vacationing with his companionNilde Iotti inYalta, then in the Soviet Union. According to some of his collaborators, Togliatti was travelling to the Soviet Union in order to give his support toLeonid Brezhnev's election asNikita Khrushchev's successor at the head ofCommunist Party of the Soviet Union. Togliatti was replaced byLuigi Longo, a long-time prominent PCI members; Longo continued Togliatti's line, known as the "Italian road toSocialism", playing down the alliance between the Italian Communist Party and the USSR. He reacted without hostility to the new left movements that sprang up in 1968 and, among the leaders of the PCI, was one of those most disposed to engage with the new activists, although he did not condone their excesses.

Moreover,Francesco De Martino, became the new Secretary of theItalian Socialist Party, after the resignation ofPietro Nenni, due to age.

In 1965, theSIFAR intelligence agency was transformed into theSID following an aborted coup d'état,Piano Solo, which was to give power to theCarabinieri, then headed by general De Lorenzo.

The difficult equilibrium of Italian society was challenged by a rising left-wing movement, in the wake of 1968 student unrest ("Sessantotto"). This movement was characterized by such heterogeneous events as revolts by jobless farm workers (Avola, Battipaglia 1969), occupations of Universities by students, social unrest in the large Northern factories (1969autunno caldo, hot autumn). While conservative forces tried to roll back some of the social changes of the 1960s, and part of the military indulged in "sabre rattling" in order to intimidate progressive political forces, numerous left-wing activists became increasingly frustrated at social inequalities, while the myth of guerrilla (Che Guevara, the Uruguayan Tupamaros) and of the Chinese Maoist "cultural revolution" increasingly inspired extreme left-wing violent movements.

Social protests, in which the student movement was particularly active, shook Italy during the 1969autunno caldo (Hot Autumn), leading to theoccupation of theFiat factory in Turin. In March 1968, clashes occurred at La Sapienza university in Rome, during the "Battle of Valle Giulia."Mario Capanna, associated with theNew Left, was one of the figures of the student movement, along with the members ofPotere Operaio andAutonomia Operaia such as (Antonio Negri,Oreste Scalzone,Franco Piperno and ofLotta Continua such asAdriano Sofri.

The election was a test for the new organization of the socialist area, which was divided between the new revolutionary and Communist-alliedItalian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity and the governmental social-democratic federation between PSI and PSDI. The polls said that the split of the PSIUP in 1964 had not been a purely parliamentary operation, but the reflex of divisions into the leftist electorate. The result shocked the PSI's leadership, causing the sudden sinking of the social-democratic federation, and an alternance of provisional retirements by the government, firstly led bylifetime senatorGiovanni Leone and then, through two political crisis, by DC's secretaryMariano Rumor. Unsuccessfully trying to recover its lost leftist electors, the PSI returned to the alliance with the PCI for theregional elections of 1970, so causing another crisis and a new change of premiership, then led byEmilio Colombo, but the government coalition had continuous problems of instability. InfluentGiulio Andreotti tried to resurrect thecentrist formula in 1972, but he failed, opening the way to the first early election of the republican history.

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Christian Democracy	12,437,848	39.12	266	+6
	Italian Communist Party	8,551,347	26.90	177	+11
	Unified Socialist Party	4,603,192	14.48	91	−29
	Italian Liberal Party	1,850,650	5.82	31	−8
	Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity	1,414,697	4.45	23	New
	Italian Social Movement	1,414,036	4.45	24	−3
	Italian Republican Party	626,533	1.97	9	+3
	Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity	414,507	1.30	6	−2
	South Tyrolean People's Party	152,991	0.48	3	0
	Social Democracy	100,212	0.32	0	New
	New Republic	63,402	0.20	0	New
	Autonomous Party of Italy's Pensioners	41,716	0.13	0	0
	Valdostan Union	31,557	0.10	0	−1
	Sardinian Action Party	27,228	0.09	0	New
	National Monarchist Party	18,883	0.06	0	0
	Socialist Movement	6,551	0.02	0	New
	Slovene Union	6,142	0.02	0	0
	Socialist Workers' Party	5,740	0.02	0	New
	National Union of Public Health	3,697	0.01	0	0
	Technique	3,158	0.01	0	New
	Party of Economic Order	3,013	0.01	0	New
	Democratic Progressive Party	2,208	0.01	0	New
	Farmers' Party	2,061	0.01	0	New
	Italian Group	1,807	0.01	0	New
	Revolutionary Communist Party	1,798	0.01	0	New
	Radical Party	1,540	0.00	0	New
	Popular Collection	1,196	0.00	0	New
	Sacred Idealism World	1,126	0.00	0	New
	Progressive Party U.N.S.I.P.O.	1,068	0.00	0	New
	National Party of Italian Mutilated and Combatants	524	0.00	0	New
Total		31,790,428	100.00	630	0
Valid votes		31,790,428	96.33
Invalid/blank votes		1,211,216	3.67
Total votes		33,001,644	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		35,566,493	92.79
Source:Ministry of the Interior

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Christian Democracy	10,972,114	38.34	135	+6
	Italian Communist Party–PSIUP	8,585,601	30.00	101	+17
	Unified Socialist Party	4,354,906	15.22	46	−12
	Italian Liberal Party	1,943,795	6.79	16	−2
	Italian Social Movement	1,304,847	4.56	11	−3
	Italian Republican Party	622,388	2.17	2	+2
	Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity	312,702	1.09	2	0
	MSI–PDIUM	292,349	1.02	0	−1
	South Tyrolean People's Party	131,071	0.46	2	0
	Social Democracy	36,073	0.13	0	New
	Valdostan Union	28,414	0.10	0	0
	Sardinian Action Party	25,891	0.09	0	0
	Socialist Workers' Party	5,870	0.02	0	New
Total		28,616,021	100.00	315	0
Valid votes		28,616,021	94.59
Invalid/blank votes		1,636,900	5.41
Total votes		30,252,921	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		32,517,638	93.04
Source:Ministry of the Interior

• General elections in Italy
• 1968 elections in Italy
• May 1968 in Europe

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