1967 Hong Kong riots
Clash between striking tram workers andHong Kong police officers on 30 August 1967
Date	May – December 1967
Location	British Hong Kong
Methods	Demonstrations, strikes, assassinations,planting of bombs
Resulted in	Riots quelled Government crackdown on pro-CCP groups Pro-CCP publications banned British colonial government retains control of Hong Kong
Parties
British Hong Kong Hong Kong Police Force Supported by: British Forces Overseas Hong Kong Pro-Kuomintang camp Pro-CCP demonstrators Anti-British Struggle Committee Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions Supported by: Chinese Communist Party People's Militia
Lead figures
David Trench Yeung Kwong
Casualties
Death	51
Injuries	832
Arrested	4,979
Convicted	1,936

The1967 Hong Kong riots were large-scale anti-government riots that occurred inHong Kong duringBritish colonial rule. Beginning as a minor labour dispute, the demonstrations eventually escalated into protests against the colonial government. The protests were partially inspired bysuccessful anti-colonial demonstrations inPortuguese Macau which had occurred a few months prior.

The use ofroadside bombs andpetrol bombs by demonstrators prompted theHong Kong Police Force (HKPF) to raid the demonstrators' strongholds and arrest their leaders. Fifty-one people were killed in the subsequent violence. As many of the bombs were made in pro–Chinese Communist Party (CCP) schools, then governorDavid Trench decided to close those schools and ban pro-CCP publications in the colony.

The protests occurred against the backdrop of theCultural Revolution taking place in thePeople's Republic of China (mainland China), with many of the protesters harbouring leftist views and sympathies toward the CCP. After the riots, the British Hong Kong government publicly reflected on its failure to address certain social grievances and carried out major social reforms. However,another series of riots would occur in 1981.

The initial demonstrations were labour disputes that began as early as May 1967 in shipping, taxi, textile, and cement companies. The unions that took up the cause were all members of theHong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions, a labour group with strong ties to Beijing.^[1]

The political climate was tense in Hong Kong in the spring of 1967. Across the colony's northern border was a tumultuous People's Republic of China (PRC), withRed Guards carrying out purges and engaging in infighting amidst theCultural Revolution. To the west of Hong Kong, in thePortuguese colony of Macau,two months of violent clashes between colonial police and pro-CCP demonstrators had just ended. Order was not restored to Macau despite the intervention of thePortuguese army, and ageneral strike in January 1967 pressured the Portuguese government into agreeing to many of the demonstrators' demands, placing the colony under thede facto control of the PRC.^[2] Up to 31 protests were held in Hong Kong.^[3]

On 1 May (International Workers' Day), three labour strikes began in Hong Kong,^[4] including one at the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, a factory producing artificial flowers inSan Po Kong.^[5] Of the 679 workers in the factory, only 174 were unionised and willing to strike.^[6]Picketing workers clashed with management, andriot police were called in on 6 May. In violent clashes between the police and the picketing workers, 21 workers were arrested. Representatives from the union protested at police stations but were themselves arrested.^{[citation needed]}

The next day, large-scale demonstrations erupted on the streets of Hong Kong. Many pro-CCP demonstrators carriedMao Zedong'sLittle Red Book in their left hands and shouted communist slogans. TheHong Kong Police Force engaged with the demonstrators and arrested another 127 people.^[7] Acurfew was imposed and all police personnel were called into duty.^[8]

In the PRC, newspapers praised the demonstrators' activities and condemned the colonial government's actions as "fascist atrocities". In Hong Kong, the pro-Beijing newspapersTa Kung Pao andWen Wei Po similarly voiced their support for the demonstrators and opposition to the colonial government.^[9]

In Hong Kong'sCentral District, large loudspeakers broadcasting pro-CCP rhetoric and propaganda were placed on the roof of theBank of China Building. Colonial authorities responded by blaring outCantonese opera from larger speakers placed nearby.^[8] Posters were put up on walls with slogans like "Blood for Blood", "Stew the White-Skinned Pig", "Fry The Yellow Running Dogs", "Down With British Imperialism" and "Hang David Trench".^[10] Students distributed newspapers carrying information about the demonstrations and pro-CCP rhetoric to the public.^{[citation needed]}

On 16 May, demonstrators formed the "Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for Struggle Against British Hong Kong Persecution" or "Anti-British Struggle Committee" for short.^[11]Yeung Kwong of theHong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions was appointed its chairman. The committee organised and coordinated a series of large demonstrations. Hundreds of supporters from 17 different leftist organisations demonstrated outsideGovernment House, chanting pro-CCP slogans.^[12] At the same time, many workers went on strike, with Hong Kong's transport services being disrupted particularly badly.^{[citation needed]}

More violence erupted on 22 May, with another 167 people being arrested. The rioters began to adopt more sophisticated tactics, such as throwing stones at police officers or police vehicles passing by, before retreating into leftist "strongholds" such as newspaper offices, banks or department stores once the police responded.^{[citation needed]} Casualties began soon after. At least eight protester deaths were recorded before 1 July; most of the victims were shot or beaten to death by the police.

On 8 July, several hundred demonstrators from the PRC, including members of thePeople's Militia, crossed the border atSha Tau Kok and attacked Hong Kong police officers stationed nearby. The police attempted to disperse the crowd usingtear gas andwooden bullets, prompting armed members of the crowd to open fire on the police. Five police officers were killed and eleven injured in a brief exchange of fire.^[13] ThePeople's Daily in Beijing ran editorials supporting the demonstrators' actions in Hong Kong; rumours that the PRC was preparing to take control of the colony began to circulate. The pro-CCP protesters in Hong Kong tried in vain to organise ageneral strike in the colony.

Unable to progress by peaceful means, the demonstrators resorted to more extreme measures, planting bombs, as well as decoys, throughout the city.^[14] Normal life was severely disrupted and casualties began to rise. An eight-year-old girl, Wong Yee-man, and her two-year-old brother, Wong Siu-fan, were killed by a bomb wrapped like a gift placed outside their residence.^[15]Bomb disposal experts from the police and theBritish Forces Overseas Hong Kong defused as many as 8,000home-made bombs, of which 1,100 were found to be real.^[16][17] Locals nicknamed these bombs "pineapples".^[18] Most police stations across Hong Kong were fortified with sandbags as police facilities were the target of numerous attacks using bombs, homemade fragmentation explosives, and various projectiles.^{[19][20][21][22]}

The Hong Kong government imposed emergency regulations, granting the police special powers in an attempt to quell the unrest. Leftist newspapers were banned from publishing; leftist schools alleged to be bomb-making factories, such asChung Wah Middle School, were shut down; many pro-CCP leaders were arrested and detained; and some of them were later deported to mainland China.^[16]

On 19 July, demonstrators set up barbed wire defences on the Bank of China Building.^[23]

In response, police raided leftist strongholds, includingKiu Kwan Mansion.^[18] In one of the raids, helicopters fromHMSHermes – aRoyal Navy aircraft carrier – landed police on the roof of the building.^[24] Upon entering the building, the police discovered bombs and weapons, as well as a leftist "hospital" complete with dispensary and an operating theatre.^[25]

The public outcry against the violence was widely reported in the media, and the demonstrators again switched tactics. On 24 August,Lam Bun, a popular anti-communist radio commentator, was murdered by a death squad posing as road maintenance workers as he drove to work with his cousin. Lam's assailants prevented him from getting out of his car, and doused Lam and his cousin with petrol.^[26][27] They were both then set on fire.^[28] Lam died later that day in a hospital;^[26] his cousin died several days later.^[29] Other prominent figures of the media who had voiced opposition against the riots were also threatened, includingLouis Cha, then chairman of theMing Pao newspaper, who consequently left Hong Kong for almost a year before returning.^{[citation needed]}

The waves of bombings did not subside until October 1967. In December,Chinese PremierZhou Enlai ordered the leftist groups in Hong Kong to stop all bombings, and the riots in Hong Kong finally came to an end after 18 months.^[30] It became known much later that, during the riots, the commander of thePeople's Liberation Army'sGuangzhou Military RegionHuang Yongsheng (one ofLin Biao's top allies) secretly suggested invading and occupying Hong Kong, but his plan was vetoed by Zhou Enlai.^[31]

By the time the rioting subsided at the end of the year, 51 people had been killed, of whom at least 22 were killed by the police and 15 died in bomb attacks, with another 832 people sustaining injuries, while 4,979 people were arrested and 1,936 convicted.^[32] Millions of dollars in property damage resulted from the rioting, far in excess of that reported during the1956 riot.^[30] Confidence in the colony's future declined among some sections of Hong Kong's populace, and many wealthy residents sold their properties andmigrated overseas, particularly to places such as Australia, Canada, and Singapore.

On 22 August, in Beijing, thousands of people demonstrated outside the office of the Britishchargé d'affaires, before Red Guards attacked, ransacked, and burned down the main building.^[37]

Many leftist groups with close ties to the PRC were dissolved during and after the 1967 riots. The murder of radio hostLam Bun, in particular, outraged many Hong Kong residents and discredited the leftist movement in Hong Kong as a whole. The credibility of the PRC and its local sympathisers among Hong Kong residents was severely damaged for more than a generation.^[38]

The 1966 and 1967 riots in Hong Kong served as a catalyst for social reforms in Hong Kong, with the implementation ofpositive non-interventionism in 1971, whileDavid Trench grudgingly introduced some social reforms. It was not until the governorship ofMurray MacLehose in the 1970s that the scope of reforms was greatly expanded, transforming the lives of those living in Hong Kong and marking the emergence of Hong Kong as one of theFour Asian Tigers.^[39]

The Hong Kong Police Force was applauded for its behaviour during the riots by theBritish Government. In 1969,Queen Elizabeth II granted the force the privilege of the "Royal" title. This remained in use until theend of British rule in 1997.^[40]

A number of participants in the 1967 riots have since gained a foothold inHong Kong politics. For instance,Tsang Tak-sing was a rioter who later co-founded the largest pro-Beijing political party in the city, theDemocratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Along with his brotherTsang Yok-sing, they continued to promoteMarxism in Hong Kong.^[41] In 2001,Yeung Kwong was awarded theGrand Bauhinia Medal by then chief executiveTung Chee-hwa, a symbolic gesture that raised controversy as to whether the post-1997 Hong Kong government of the time was supportive of the riots.^[42]

In 2017, hundreds of protesters who took part in the 1967 riots were hailed as heroes in a memorial ceremony at Wo Hop Shek public cemetery to mark the 50th anniversary of the uprising. Prominent attendees included former finance sector lawmaker Ng Leung-sing, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions' Michael Luk Chung-hung, and head of the 67 Synergy Group Chan Shi-yuen. They called for Beijing to vindicate the protests, which they have continued to refer to as a "patriotic act against British colonial tyranny".^[43]

In mid-September 2015, media reported that the Hong Kong Police Force had made material deletions from its website concerning "police history", in particular, the political cause and the identity of the groups responsible for the 1967 riots, with mention of communists being expunged.

For example, "Bombs were made in classrooms of leftist schools and planted indiscriminately on the streets" became "Bombs were planted indiscriminately on the streets"; the fragment "waving aloft the Little Red Book and shouting slogans" disappeared, and an entire sentence criticising the hypocrisy of wealthy pro-Beijing businessmen, the so-called "red fat cats", was deleted.^[44]

The editing gave rise to criticisms that history was being rewritten to make it appear as though the British colonial government, rather than the demonstrators, were responsible for the start of the violence. Stephen Lo, the new Commissioner of Police, said the content change of the official website was to simplify it for easier reading; Lo denied that there were any political motives, but his denials left critics unconvinced.^[45] The changes were subsequently reversed.

• InJohn Woo's action filmBullet in the Head, the 1967 riots are briefly shown.
• InTsui Hark's filmDangerous Encounters of the First Kind, images of the 1967 riots are shown.
• In the stage play and filmI Have a Date with Spring, the riots (although only briefly referenced) are a key plot point.
• Wong Kar Wai's film2046 features the riots in the background and uses a few old newsreels of the riots.
• The film about modern Hong Kong historyMr. Cinema depicts the riots.

• 1960s in Hong Kong
• Scientia Secondary School
• Pui Kiu Middle School
• Fukien Secondary School
• Chung Ying Street
• 1966 Hong Kong riots
• Spring Garden Lane
• 1971 JVP Insurrection, inCeylon (present-daySri Lanka)
• 1981 Hong Kong riots
• 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, inmainland China
• United front in Hong Kong

• Ho, Ka-ki, Lawrence (2009),Policing the 1967 riots in Hong Kong : Strategies, rationales and implications(PDF),doi:10.5353/th_b4419393, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 September 2019{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) – PhD thesis of theUniversity of Hong Kong
• Whitehead, Kate (22 April 2017)."1967 riots in Hong Kong, by some of those caught up in the violence".South China Morning Post.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toHong Kong 1967 riots.

EnglishWikisource has original text related to this article:

Hong Kong: Report for the Year 1967 — Chapter 1

• Remaking Hong Kong, the 1967 People's Revolution
• The Sha Tau Kok Incident 1967

• 1967 Hong Kong riots
• Cultural Revolution
• 1967 in Hong Kong
• 1967 riots
• British Hong Kong
• Far-left politics in Asia
• Labour disputes in Hong Kong
• Mass murder in 1967
• Murder in Hong Kong
• Protests in Hong Kong
• Protests in China
• Resistance to the British Empire
• Riots and civil disorder in Hong Kong
• 1967 protests
• 1967 crimes in Hong Kong
• 1967 murders in Asia
• 1960s murders in Hong Kong
• Political repression in Hong Kong
• Socialism in Hong Kong

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