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| 1960 Turkish coup d'etat | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 National Unity Committee | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Gen.Cemal Gürsel Lt. Gen.Cemal Madanoğlu Col.Alparslan Türkeş Fahri Özdilek | Celâl Bayar Rüştü Erdelhun Adnan Menderes  Hasan Polatkan Fatin Rüştü Zorlu | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| 38 Committee members | – | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 2 soldiers, 1 civilian | 7Democrat Party members | ||||||
The1960 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish:27 Mayıs Darbesi), also known as the27 May Revolution (Turkish:27 Mayıs İhtilali or27 Mayıs Devrimi), was the firstcoup d'état in theRepublic of Turkey. It took place on 27 May 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38[1] youngTurkish military officers, acting outside the militarychain of command. The officers werede facto led byCemal Madanoğlu until the actual coup date. After a threat byRagıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in GeneralCemal Gürsel as their leader.[2] The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of theDemocrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister,Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers,Fatin Rüştü Zorlu andHasan Polatkan.
The incident took place at a time of both socio-political turmoil and economic hardship, as US aid from theTruman doctrine and theMarshall Plan was running out and so Prime MinisterAdnan Menderes planned to visit Moscow in the hope of establishing alternative lines of credit.[3][4][5]
ColonelAlparslan Türkeş was among the officers who led the coup.[6] He was a member of thejunta (National Unity Committee) and had been among the first 16 officers trained by the United States in 1948 to form astay-behindcounter-guerrilla. As such, he explicitly stated hisanticommunism and his faith and allegiance toNATO andCENTO inhis short address to nation, but he remained vague on the reasons of the coup. On the morning of 27 May, Türkeş declared the coup over radio, which ultimately announced "the end of one period in Turkish history, and usher in a new one":
The Great Turkish Nation: Starting at 3:00 am on the 27th of May, the Turkish armed forces have taken over administration throughout the entire country. This operation, thanks to the close cooperation of all our citizens and security forces, has succeeded without loss of life. Until further notice, a curfew has been imposed, exempt only to members of the armed forces. We request our citizens to facilitate the duty of our armed forces, and assist in reestablishing the nationally desired democratic regime.
— Alparslan Türkeş, Radio broadcast May, 27th 1960[7]
In a press conference on the following day,Cemal Gürsel emphasized that the "purpose and the aim of the coup is to bring the country with all speed to a fair, clean and solid democracy.... I want to transfer power and the administration of the nation to the free choice of the people"[8] However, ayounger group [tr] within the junta around Türkeş supported a steadfast military leadership, an authoritarian rule similar as it was with theCommittee of Union and Progress or duringMustafa Kemal Atatürk's regime.[6] This group then attempted to discharge from their offices 147 University teachers.[6] This then led to a reaction from the officers within the junta who demanded a return to democracy and a multiparty system, following which Türkeş and his group were sent abroad.[6]
The junta forced 235 generals and more than 3,000 othercommissioned officers into retirement; purged more than 500 judges and public prosecutors and 1400 university faculty members and put thechief of the General Staff, the president, the prime minister and other members of the administration under arrest.[9][10] Several hundredKurdishAlevi notables were detained in a Camp inSivas.[11] 55, of which most were affiliated with the DP and several were Kurdish Members of theGrand National Assembly of Turkey were deported to western provinces.[11] It followed by the appointment of thecommander of the army GeneralCemal Gürsel, as the provisional head of state, prime minister and the minister of defense.
The Minister of the Interior,Namık Gedik, committed suicide while he was detained in theTurkish Military Academy. PresidentCelal Bayar, prime ministerAdnan Menderes and several other members of the administration were put on trial before a court appointed by the junta on the islandYassıada in theSea of Marmara. The politicians were charged withhigh treason, misuse of public funds and abrogation of the constitution.
The tribunals ended with the execution of Minister of Foreign AffairsFatin Rüştü Zorlu and Minister of FinanceHasan Polatkan onİmralı island on 16 September 1961, and Adnan Menderes on 17 September 1961.[12] Celal Bayar was not hanged, but imprisoned inİmralı prison.[13]
Aconstitutional referendum was held on 9 July 1961. Anew constitution was drawn up to replace the one from1924. It was approved by 61.7% of voters, with an 81.0% turnout.[14]
A month after the execution of Menderes and other members of the Turkish government,general elections were held on 15 October 1961. The administrative authority was returned to civilians, but the military continued to dominate the political scene until October 1965.[8]İsmet İnönü held the office of Prime Minister for the third time from 1961 to 1965. Turkish Army ColonelTalat Aydemir organised two failed coups d'état inFebruary 1962 andMay 1963. In the first freeelections after the coup, in 1965,Süleyman Demirel was elected and held the office until 1971, when he was removed bya military memorandum.
The government that was formed after the coup, although it did not last long in power, created a political atmosphere that led to one of the more distinct mass emergences of theleft in Turkey's history. It is considered a revolution by thePeople's Liberation Party (HKP) as well as thePatriotic Party (VP).
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