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1956 United States presidential election in Virginia

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Main article:1956 United States presidential election
1956United States presidential election in Virginia

← 1952November 6, 19561960 →
 
NomineeDwight D. EisenhowerAdlai StevensonT. Coleman Andrews
PartyRepublicanDemocraticDixiecrat
Home statePennsylvania[a][1]IllinoisVirginia
Running mateRichard NixonEstes KefauverThomas H. Werdel
Electoral vote1200
Popular vote386,459267,76042,964
Percentage55.37%38.36%6.16%

County and independent city results

Eisenhower

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%

Stevenson

  30–40%
  40–50%
  50–60%

Andrews

  50–60%


President before election

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

Elected President

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

Elections in Virginia
U.S. President
Presidential primaries
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Governor
Lieutenant Governor
Attorney General
Senate
House of Delegates
State elections
Commonwealth's Attorney

The1956 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1956. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to theElectoral College, who voted forpresident andvice president. For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completelydisenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use ofa cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[2] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.[2]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by theByrd Organization, as progressive "antiorganization" factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[3] Historicalfusion withthe "Readjuster" Democrats,[4] defection of substantial proportions of theNortheast-aligned white electorate of theShenandoah Valley andSouthwest Virginia overfree silver,[5] and an early move towards a"lily white"Jim Crow party[4] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state.[6]

In 1928, the GOP did carry the state's presidential electoral votes due to anti-Catholicism againstAl Smith, but it was 1952 before any real changes occurred. In-migration from the traditionally Republican Northeast[7] turned growing Washington, D.C., and Richmond suburbs Republican not just in presidential elections but in congressional ones as well,[8] although the Republicans made no gains in the state legislature where all their few seats remained in the rural west.

1954 saw Virginia's politics severely jolted byBrown v. Board of Education—one of whose component casesDavis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, originated from a student protest in the state. Despite calls by GovernorThomas B. Stanley for a "calm" and "dispassionate" response, the Byrd machine recognised that segregation could unite most of Virginia's electorate behind it and avert criticism of its other policies.[9] State representativeHoward W. Smith played a major role drafting the "Southern Manifesto",[10] which was signed by Virginia's entire congressional delegation, including its two GOP representatives. Although Eisenhower refused to publicly endorseBrown, the fact that he had appointedBrown authorEarl Warren meant that there was substantial anger inthe Southside, and as in 1948 a "states' rights" ticket,[11] this time headed by Virginian formerCommissioner of Internal RevenueT. Coleman Andrews, was filled and placed on the Virginia ballot in mid-September,[12] when a poll said that 28 percent of likely voters would back a states' rights candidate if on the ballot.[13]

Predictions

[edit]
SourceRankingAs of
Richmond Times-Dispatch[13]TossupSeptember 16, 1956
The World-News[14]Likely ROctober 12, 1956
The Raleigh Register[15]Likely ROctober 12, 1956
The Philadelphia Inquirer[16]Likely ROctober 26, 1956
The Sunday Star[17]Tilt D(flip)October 28, 1956
Fort Worth Star-Telegram[18]Tilt D(flip)November 2, 1956
Corpus Christi Times[19]TossupNovember 3, 1956

Results

[edit]
1956 United States presidential election in Virginia[20]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
RepublicanDwight Eisenhower(inc.)386,45955.37%12
DemocraticAdlai Stevenson267,76038.36%0
States' RightsT. Coleman Andrews42,9646.16%0
Social DemocraticDarlington Hoopes4440.06%0
Socialist LaborEric Hass3510.05%0
Totals697,978100.00%12

Results by county or independent city

[edit]
County/City[21]Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican
Adlai Stevenson
Democratic
T. Coleman Andrews
States' Rights
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%#%
Accomack2,82354.25%2,21342.52%1623.11%60.12%61011.73%5,204
Albemarle2,50857.18%1,41232.19%46610.62%00.00%1,09624.99%4,386
Alexandria8,63352.48%7,45145.30%3572.17%80.05%1,1827.18%16,449
Alleghany1,13555.26%82240.02%974.72%00.00%31315.24%2,054
Amelia74543.11%40323.32%57133.04%90.52%174[b]10.07%1,728
Amherst1,52942.59%1,93353.84%1243.45%40.11%-404-11.25%3,590
Appomattox85340.89%1,07951.73%1537.33%10.05%-226-10.84%2,086
Arlington21,86855.05%16,67441.97%1,1512.90%320.08%5,19413.08%39,725
Augusta3,46668.07%1,48429.14%1392.73%30.06%1,98238.93%5,092
Bath73958.47%47937.90%453.56%10.08%26020.57%1,264
Bedford3,14852.07%2,64943.81%2413.99%80.13%4998.26%6,046
Bland1,11357.16%81341.76%201.03%10.05%30015.40%1,947
Botetourt2,28060.67%1,37736.64%1012.69%00.00%90324.03%3,758
Bristol1,79451.89%1,64547.58%170.49%10.03%1494.31%3,457
Brunswick79925.28%1,35742.94%99631.52%80.25%361[c]11.42%3,160
Buchanan3,19146.71%3,61652.94%210.31%30.04%-425-6.23%6,831
Buckingham75143.64%64837.65%31218.13%100.58%1035.99%1,721
Buena Vista54560.76%32636.34%242.68%20.22%21924.42%897
Campbell2,82747.79%2,67445.20%4016.78%140.24%1532.59%5,916
Caroline90746.06%85343.32%20210.26%70.36%542.74%1,969
Carroll4,06069.66%1,73929.84%240.41%50.09%2,32139.82%5,828
Charles City66172.08%17418.97%798.62%30.33%48753.11%917
Charlotte79127.86%1,43150.41%60521.31%120.42%-640-22.55%2,839
Charlottesville3,74662.19%1,78329.60%4908.14%40.07%1,96332.59%6,023
Chesterfield5,78753.12%3,30630.35%1,79116.44%100.09%2,48122.77%10,894
Clarke78548.91%72545.17%955.92%00.00%603.74%1,605
Clifton Forge1,12561.48%63334.59%713.88%10.05%49226.89%1,830
Colonial Heights1,03747.74%95644.01%1778.15%20.09%813.73%2,172
Covington1,63956.34%1,18940.87%792.72%20.07%45015.47%2,909
Craig48548.84%50150.45%70.70%00.00%-16-1.61%993
Culpeper1,50256.44%96636.30%1887.07%50.19%53620.14%2,661
Cumberland56642.91%33125.09%41631.54%60.45%150[b]11.37%1,319
Danville4,56159.03%2,40931.18%7409.58%160.21%2,15227.85%7,726
Dickenson3,44448.15%3,69551.66%80.11%60.08%-251-3.51%7,153
Dinwiddie80730.71%1,28248.78%52419.94%150.57%-475-18.07%2,628
Essex59755.48%32830.48%14913.85%20.19%26925.00%1,076
Fairfax20,76155.71%15,63341.95%8622.31%110.03%5,12813.76%37,267
Falls Church1,46253.13%1,23344.80%552.00%20.07%2298.33%2,752
Fauquier2,11255.55%1,56741.22%1223.21%10.03%54514.33%3,802
Floyd1,97070.46%79928.58%250.89%20.07%1,17141.88%2,796
Fluvanna73453.85%41730.59%20815.26%40.29%31723.26%1,363
Franklin2,12548.81%2,14249.20%841.93%30.07%-17-0.39%4,354
Frederick1,88256.01%1,40541.82%712.11%20.06%47714.19%3,360
Fredericksburg1,67260.25%93433.66%1686.05%10.04%73826.59%2,775
Galax76168.31%34631.06%70.63%00.00%41537.25%1,114
Giles2,27051.84%2,01646.04%811.85%120.27%2545.80%4,379
Gloucester1,31957.95%72331.77%2239.80%110.48%59626.18%2,276
Goochland74850.10%50834.03%23315.61%40.27%24016.07%1,493
Grayson4,03962.18%2,42637.35%260.40%50.08%1,61324.83%6,496
Greene53963.49%24628.98%637.42%10.12%29334.51%849
Greensville72429.08%99439.92%76030.52%120.48%234[c]9.40%2,490
Halifax1,78230.73%2,47042.59%1,51326.09%340.59%-688-11.86%5,799
Hampton7,43257.24%5,10839.34%4213.24%220.17%2,32417.90%12,983
Hanover2,27254.07%1,10926.39%81319.35%80.19%1,16327.68%4,202
Harrisonburg2,26578.29%57119.74%561.94%10.03%1,69458.55%2,893
Henrico12,70260.20%5,03223.85%3,35415.89%130.06%7,67036.35%21,101
Henry2,43647.75%2,58250.61%751.47%90.18%-146-2.86%5,102
Highland63358.02%43239.60%232.11%30.27%20118.42%1,091
Hopewell1,90853.91%1,38839.22%2356.64%80.23%52014.69%3,539
Isle of Wight1,29847.08%1,32448.02%1314.75%40.15%-26-0.94%2,757
James City72862.54%31226.80%12210.48%20.17%41635.74%1,164
King and Queen49554.64%28931.90%11612.80%60.66%20622.74%906
King George65551.70%56344.44%473.71%20.16%927.26%1,267
King William88762.16%35725.02%18012.61%30.21%53037.14%1,427
Lancaster1,38070.66%37319.10%1929.83%80.41%1,00751.56%1,953
Lee4,54854.77%3,71444.73%300.36%120.14%83410.04%8,304
Loudoun2,48953.41%1,96042.06%2054.40%60.13%52911.35%4,660
Louisa1,15247.43%79532.73%47219.43%100.41%35714.70%2,429
Lunenburg58024.80%1,11147.50%64127.40%70.30%470[c]20.10%2,339
Lynchburg6,80664.81%3,36232.01%3293.13%50.05%3,44432.80%10,502
Madison85056.86%53335.65%1117.42%10.07%31721.21%1,495
Martinsville2,12559.67%1,36838.42%651.83%30.08%75721.25%3,561
Mathews1,01865.42%40626.09%1328.48%00.00%61239.33%1,556
Mecklenburg1,49833.78%2,00445.20%92020.75%120.27%-506-11.42%4,434
Middlesex72158.00%33827.19%18014.48%40.32%38330.81%1,243
Montgomery4,59870.10%1,84828.18%1061.62%70.11%2,75041.92%6,559
Nansemond1,75340.21%2,49257.16%982.25%170.39%-739-16.95%4,360
Nelson76437.20%1,21559.15%733.55%20.10%-451-21.95%2,054
New Kent51057.95%17820.23%18921.48%30.34%321[b]36.47%880
Newport News3,77953.26%3,06943.26%2373.34%100.14%71010.00%7,095
Norfolk4,55841.74%6,02655.18%3323.04%40.04%-1,468-13.44%10,920
Norfolk City18,65054.02%14,57142.20%1,2853.72%190.06%4,07911.82%34,525
Northampton1,26451.03%1,13245.70%783.15%30.12%1325.33%2,477
Northumberland1,19162.68%42822.53%27714.58%40.21%76340.15%1,900
Norton68455.12%55244.48%40.32%10.08%13210.64%1,241
Nottoway1,12433.76%1,24237.31%96128.87%20.06%-118-3.55%3,329
Orange1,34453.55%79431.63%36314.46%90.36%55021.92%2,510
Page2,37262.73%1,35835.92%491.30%20.05%1,01426.81%3,781
Patrick1,34543.93%1,67754.77%381.24%20.07%-332-10.84%3,062
Petersburg3,16658.10%1,88234.54%3957.25%60.11%1,28423.56%5,449
Pittsylvania2,87036.82%4,13653.07%7679.84%210.27%-1,266-16.25%7,794
Portsmouth5,39047.13%5,68349.69%3483.04%150.13%-293-2.56%11,436
Powhatan72954.08%29722.03%31423.29%80.59%415[b]30.79%1,348
Prince Edward93231.43%43714.74%1,58853.56%80.27%-656[b]-22.13%2,965
Prince George68946.24%64243.09%14910.00%100.67%473.15%1,490
Princess Anne4,67550.52%4,34246.93%2272.45%90.10%3333.59%9,253
Prince William2,02350.96%1,85146.62%952.39%10.03%1724.34%3,970
Pulaski3,51763.05%1,99435.75%651.17%20.04%1,52327.30%5,578
Radford1,91062.46%1,11836.56%280.92%20.07%79225.90%3,058
Rappahannock51447.81%52348.65%353.26%30.28%-9-0.84%1,075
Richmond76167.89%27424.44%857.58%10.09%48743.45%1,121
Richmond City27,36761.79%10,75824.29%6,13613.85%300.07%16,60937.50%44,291
Roanoke7,50969.83%2,89926.96%3423.18%30.03%4,61042.87%10,753
Roanoke City16,70869.38%6,75128.03%6112.54%120.05%9,95741.35%24,082
Rockbridge2,27366.50%1,03930.40%1063.10%00.00%1,23436.10%3,418
Rockingham4,32471.74%1,60526.63%931.54%50.08%2,71945.11%6,027
Russell3,55049.14%3,64150.40%250.35%80.11%-91-1.26%7,224
Scott5,11658.44%3,59541.07%360.41%70.08%1,52117.37%8,754
Shenandoah4,16469.18%1,76929.39%841.40%20.03%2,39539.79%6,019
Smyth4,77166.23%2,37432.95%560.78%30.04%2,39733.28%7,204
South Norfolk1,52142.14%1,87151.84%2125.87%50.14%-350-9.70%3,609
Southampton1,29035.29%2,03955.79%3178.67%90.25%-749-20.50%3,655
Spotsylvania1,24451.94%99341.46%1546.43%40.17%25110.48%2,395
Stafford1,56358.94%97836.88%1094.11%20.08%58522.06%2,652
Staunton2,90874.93%84321.72%1293.32%10.03%2,06553.21%3,881
Suffolk1,61757.50%1,10339.22%883.13%40.14%51418.28%2,812
Surry42532.52%61647.13%25919.82%70.54%-191-14.61%1,307
Sussex78539.31%85142.61%35717.88%40.20%-66-3.30%1,997
Tazewell3,96052.55%3,49546.38%751.00%50.07%4656.17%7,535
Virginia Beach1,35553.28%1,11143.69%632.48%140.55%2449.59%2,543
Warren2,00358.83%1,32238.83%772.26%30.09%68120.00%3,405
Warwick4,87256.39%3,40639.42%3524.07%100.12%1,46616.97%8,640
Washington4,65156.38%3,54742.99%450.55%70.08%1,10413.39%8,250
Waynesboro2,04971.00%74825.92%893.08%00.00%1,30145.08%2,886
Westmoreland1,03354.45%69536.64%1678.80%20.11%33817.81%1,897
Williamsburg77562.60%36229.24%998.00%20.16%41333.36%1,238
Winchester2,37569.46%94527.64%962.81%30.09%1,43041.82%3,419
Wise4,87146.41%5,56753.04%510.49%60.06%-696-6.63%10,495
Wythe3,48465.65%1,76633.28%561.06%10.02%1,71832.37%5,307
York1,75960.10%1,06436.35%1003.42%40.14%69523.75%2,927
Totals386,45955.37%267,76038.36%42,9646.16%7950.11%118,69917.01%697,978

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Unpledged

[edit]

Analysis

[edit]

Despite the doubts of theSunday Star andFort Worth Star-Telegram, Virginia voted for theRepublican nominee, incumbentPresidentDwight Eisenhower, over theDemocratic nominee, formerIllinois GovernorAdlai Stevenson andStates' Rights Party nominee Andrews. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 57.37 percent of the vote.

Although Andrews cut into support for both candidates, Eisenhower improved upon his 1952 margin over Stevenson, although the state was marginally less Republican relative to the nation than in 1952. Andrews' support was centered in the Southside, and he won an absolute majority inPrince Edward County, the epicenter of "Massive Resistance" to school integration and the home of his state chairman Robert B. Crawford.[22] Andrews was nonetheless a weak candidate and poor campaigner, limiting severely his ability to attract segregationists dissatisfied with both major parties.[11]

The major change from 1952 was a rapid trend of the modest but growing black electorate towards Eisenhower: whereas in 1952 he had won less than a quarter of black voters in Richmond and Norfolk, it is believed he won over three-quarters in 1956.[11] As ofthe 2024 presidential election[update], this is the last election whenCharles City County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.[23]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Although he was born in Texas and grew up in Kansas before his military career, at the time of the 1952 election Eisenhower was president ofColumbia University and was, officially, a resident of New York. During his first term as president, he moved his private residence toGettysburg, Pennsylvania, and officially changed his residency to Pennsylvania.
  2. ^abcdeIn this county or city where Stevenson ran third behind Andrews, margin given is Eisenhower vote minus Andrews vote and percentage given Eisenhower percentage minus Andrews percentage.
  3. ^abcIn this county or city where Eisenhower ran third behind Andrews, margin given is Stevenson vote minus Andrews vote and percentage margin Stevenson percentage minus Andrews percentage

References

[edit]
  1. ^Leip, David."The Presidents". RetrievedSeptember 27, 2017.Eisenhower's home state for the 1956 Election was Pennsylvania
  2. ^abKousser, J. Morgan (1974).The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910.Yale University Press. pp. 178–181.ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
  3. ^Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949).Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  4. ^abHeersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (March 19, 2020).Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865–1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–221.ISBN 978-1107158436.
  5. ^Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896".The Journal of Southern History.4 (3):295–317.doi:10.2307/2191291.JSTOR 2191291.
  6. ^Phillips, Kevin P.;The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 210, 242ISBN 978-0-691-16324-6
  7. ^Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008).Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007.Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press. p. 357.ISBN 978-0813927695.
  8. ^Atkinson, Frank B. (2006).The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945–1980.Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 9780742552098.
  9. ^Klarman, Michael (1976). "Why Massive Resistance?". In Webb, Clive (ed.).Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 21–38.ISBN 080181667X.
  10. ^Dierenfield, Bruce J. (1987).Keeper of the rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia.Charlottesville,Virginia:University Press of Virginia. p. 148.ISBN 0813910684.
  11. ^abcBartley, Numan V. (1976).Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 87–91.
  12. ^"State Slate to be Field for Andrews".Richmond Times-Dispatch.Richmond,Virginia. September 16, 1956. p. 1.
  13. ^abLatimer, James (September 16, 1956). "Poll Shows Undecided Voters May Swing Virginia Election".Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 1.
  14. ^"Polls Say Adlai Cuts Ike's Lead of 1952 — New Readers Still Strong Back President; Andrews Scores in Va".The World-News.Roanoke,Virginia. The Associated Press. October 12, 1952. p. 1.
  15. ^"Eisenhower Leading Presidential Polls by Smaller Margins".The Raleigh Register.Beckley, West Virginia.
  16. ^Shoemaker, Whitney (October 26, 1956). "The Political Scene: Virginia — Andrews' Third-Party Pictured as 2-Edged Knife".The Philadelphia Inquirer.Philadelphia. p. 3.
  17. ^Latimer, James (October 28, 1956). "Virginia".The Sunday Star.Washington, D.C. p. A-31.
  18. ^"Final Babson Poll Shows Eisenhower Winning Easily".Fort Worth Star-Telegram. CTS. November 2, 1956. p. 22.
  19. ^Trohan, Walter (November 3, 1956). "Hour of Decision Near: Eisenhower Lead Increasing Daily".Corpus Christi Times. Chicago Tribune Service. p. 4.
  20. ^"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 6, 1956"(PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. p. 44.
  21. ^"VA US President 1956". Our Campaigns.
  22. ^"Stevenson Takes Lead in Southside Virginia".Richmond Times-Dispatch. November 7, 1956. p. 2.
  23. ^Sullivan, Robert David (June 29, 2016)."How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century".The National Catholic Review (America Magazine ed.).
State and district results of the1956 United States presidential election
Electoral map, 1956 election
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia&oldid=1304840390"
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