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 County results Case: 50–60% 60–70% Howell: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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The1954 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held on November 2, 1954.Republican U.S. RepresentativeClifford P. Case defeatedDemocratic U.S. RepresentativeCharles R. Howell with 48.66% of the vote.
This election was decided by the fewest votes (3,507) and narrowest percentage margin (0.19%) in New Jersey history.
During the 1950s, New Jersey was considered a political battleground and microcosm of national politics. As a heavily industrialized state with a substantial organized labor movement, the state tended to favor theDemocratic Party, which centered on the declining political machine which had been led for many years byJersey City bossFrank Hague. However, in the 1952 election of PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower, the professional class ofNew York City andPhiladelphia commuters scored a major victory for theRepublican Party.[1] A smaller element of Republicans, who supported Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin in his crusade against communism, centered on Hudson County.[1]
In1953, the Republican Party lost the New Jersey gubernatorial election for the first time since1940.[1]
IncumbentRobert C. Hendrickson announced his campaign for a second term in office on December 31, 1953, frankly admitting that he sought to preempt a potential primary challenge.[3] However, party leaders soon began exerting pressure on Hendrickson to withdraw in favor of a stronger candidate. Many favored U.S. RepresentativeRobert Kean of Livingston, the scion of New Jersey's most eminent political family, and he publicly claimed he had been assured of "a great deal of support throughoutNorth Jersey" against Hendrickson, aSouth Jersey native.[8] Another potential challenger,Malcolm Forbes, had made a strong primary campaign for governor in 1953 but was unable to gain party support and preferred to focus on his goal of becoming governor.[8]
By mid-February, Hendrickson appeared to be the underdog for his own seat, as party leaders met to determine a replacement and agreed to secure Hendrickson a state or federal appointment in exchange for his withdrawal.[5] Kean had been surpassed in the race for establishment support by former U.S. representativeClifford P. Case, who had resigned from his Democratic-leaning seat to join theFord Foundation after a failed run for governor in 1953. Case's proven record in winning a Democratic seat made him an attractive nominee to party insiders in the wake of the party's 1953 defeat.[5] TheEssex County organization continued to favor Kean, who was endorsed by state senator Mark Anton and Speaker of the U.S. HouseJoseph W. Martin Jr. at the party's annual Lincoln Day dinner in February. Other Republican leaders put forward former state treasurer Walter Margetts Jr. ofPassaic.[5]
The three potential challengers were expected to defer to party leadership, with only one actually entering the race against Hendrickson.[5] However, on February 24, Margetts entered the race unilaterally, declaring that Hendrickson's record was "open to serious challenge". Party chairSamuel L. Bodine expressed concern on behalf of the Eisenhower administration that a contested primary would harm Republican chances in the general election, but Margetts rejected the suggestion; while Case and Kean remained non-committal, allies of each man expected them to join the campaign within the week.[6]
Case finally announced his candidacy on March 5, resigning from theFund for the Republic. His announcement was met with opposition from his ownUnion County organization, where Assembly speaker G. Clifford Thomas and state senatorKenneth Hand said they had not been consulted, and both indicated they favored Hendrickson.[2]
On March 10, the day before the primary filing deadline, Hendrickson withdrew from the race only hours after his office said he would remain a candidate. He attributed his decision to "a feeling that I have neglected the political fences and failed to fulfill the necessary speaking engagements which are expected of one in public office. I am charged with neglect in spite of my deep conviction that my first duty to the people was to stay on the job here in Washington, attending to my official responsibilities."[4] Margetts withdrew hours before the March 17 withdrawal deadline, reversing his previous position and leaving Case unopposed for the nomination.[7]
Case was unopposed for the Republican nomination.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Clifford Case | 336,514 | 100.00% | |
| Total votes | 336,514 | 100.00% | ||
Archibald S. Alexander, the Democratic nominee in each of New Jersey's prior two elections for U.S. Senator, was initially expected to be unopposed for a third nomination. However, on the expectation that Republicans would nominate the moderate Clifford Case or Robert Kean in lieu of Hendrickson, the party sought a stronger candidate. Initially, party leaders appeared to unanimously support Dwight R. G. Palmer ofShort Hills,[5] but Palmer said he would not oppose Alexander if the latter wanted the nomination.[11] By February 22, with less than three weeks remaining before the March 11 filing deadline, neither the Republican nor Democratic party could decide on a candidate, each waiting for the other to move first in whatThe New York Times described as a "Gaston-Alphonse act".[11]
By March, with a contested primary appearing likely on the Republican side and Alexander and Palmer refusing to be candidates, the party settled on U.S. representativeCharles R. Howell.[2][10]
Newark city commissionerSalvatore Bontempo briefly challenged Howell for the nomination but withdrew on March 15, following a two-hour conference with GovernorRobert B. Meyner, leaving Howell unopposed for the nomination.[7]
Howell was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Charles R. Howell | 230,250 | 100.00% | |
| Total votes | 230,250 | 100.00% | ||
Since Case and Howell were each unopposed in their respective primaries following the March withdrawal deadline, each candidate focused on the November general election.[7]
In the first weeks of the campaign, Case's car was sideswiped nearVineland and he was knocked unconscious.[1]
Corruption scandals played a major role in the campaign, as they had in the 1953 race for governor. While traditionally, Republicans and reformers had joined forces against theFrank Hague machine inJersey City as the seat of corruption in New Jersey, recent scandals in the Republican Party and the reform reputation of GovernorRobert B. Meyner had flipped the issue on Case.[1]
During the campaign, Case openly criticized SenatorJoseph McCarthy, and pledged to vote against seating McCarthy on any committee with investigative functions.[12] McCarthy's supporters called him "a pro-CommunistRepublicrat" and "Stalin's choice for Senator."[13] The NewarkStar-Ledger quoted formerCommunist Party leaderBella Dodd as saying that Case's sister Adelaide was "an active member of several Communist front groups." It was later revealed, however, that the Adelaide Case in question was not the candidate's sister but a college professor who had died in 1948.[14][15]
In September, a conservative faction within the Republican Party led by James P. Selvage, a former press agent for theNational Association of Manufacturers, unsuccessfully appealed to President Eisenhower and SenatorH. Alexander Smith to force Case off the ballot, charging that he was both a weak candidate and too liberal for the Republican Party, citing his associations with theCongress of Industrial Organizations and theAmericans for Democratic Action.[1] In response, however, Eisenhower and Vice PresidentRichard M. Nixon endorsed Case at a visit to the White House.[1][16] The Selvage faction proposed awrite-in campaign for former U.S. RepresentativeFred A. Hartley, Jr., co-author of theTaft-Hartley Act.[1]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Clifford P. Case | 861,528 | 48.66% |  1.33 | |
| Democratic | Charles R. Howell | 858,158 | 48.47% |  1.17 | |
| Independent | Henry B. Krajewski | 35,421 | 2.00% | N/A | |
| Independent | Fred A. Hartley, Jr. (write-in) | 7,025 | 0.40% | N/A | |
| Socialist Labor | Albert Ronis | 4,832 | 0.27% | 0.06 | |
| Socialist Workers | George Breitman | 3,590 | 0.20% | 0.23 | |
| Republicanhold | Swing | ||||
| Total votes | 1,770,554 | 100.00% | |||
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