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1953

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the year 1953. For the 1996 album by Soul-Junk, see1953 (album).

From top to bottom, left to right: theCoronation of Elizabeth II is held in theUnited Kingdom;Joseph Stalin dies, ending an era of Soviet rule; theKorean Armistice Agreement ends the Korean War; theAttack on the Moncada Barracks launches theCuban Revolution; the1953 Iranian coup d'état topplesMohammad Mosaddegh; theEast German uprising of 1953 is suppressed; the1953 British Mount Everest expedition achieves the first ascent; theNorth Sea flood of 1953 devastates Western Europe; and theTangiwai disaster kills 151 in New Zealand.

Calendar year

1953 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Jazz Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American British Scottish Canadian Irish Italian
By country
Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Colombia Denmark Finland France Germany India Ireland Iran Israel Japan Luxembourg Malaya New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1953 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1953 MCMLIII
Ab urbe condita	2706
Armenian calendar	1402 ԹՎ ՌՆԲ
Assyrian calendar	6703
Baháʼí calendar	109–110
Balinese saka calendar	1874–1875
Bengali calendar	1359–1360
Berber calendar	2903
British Regnal year	1 Eliz. 2 – 2 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2497
Burmese calendar	1315
Byzantine calendar	7461–7462
Chinese calendar	壬辰年 (Water Dragon) 4650 or 4443 — to — 癸巳年 (Water Snake) 4651 or 4444
Coptic calendar	1669–1670
Discordian calendar	3119
Ethiopian calendar	1945–1946
Hebrew calendar	5713–5714
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2009–2010
-Shaka Samvat	1874–1875
-Kali Yuga	5053–5054
Holocene calendar	11953
Igbo calendar	953–954
Iranian calendar	1331–1332
Islamic calendar	1372–1373
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 28 (昭和２８年)
Javanese calendar	1884–1885
Juche calendar	42
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4286
Minguo calendar	ROC 42 民國42年
Nanakshahi calendar	485
Thai solar calendar	2496
Tibetan calendar	ཆུ་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Water-Dragon) 2079 or 1698 or 926 — to — ཆུ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Water-Snake) 2080 or 1699 or 927

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1953.

1953 (MCMLIII) was acommon year starting on Thursday of theGregorian calendar, the 1953rd year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 953rd year of the2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the20th century, and the 4th year of the1950s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1953

January 6 – TheAsian Socialist Conference opens inRangoon,Burma.
January 12 –Estonian émigrés found agovernment-in-exile inOslo.
January 13
- At a magistrate's Court inWest Virginia, 47-year-oldDonzel McCray "turned himself into a "human bomb" with sticks of dynamite strapped to his waist.^[1]^[a] He killed himself and injured his ex-wife and her lawyer.^[2]^[4]^[5]^[1]^[6]
January 14
- MarshalJosip Broz Tito is chosen President ofYugoslavia.^[7]
- TheCIA-sponsoredRobertson Panel first meets to discuss theUFO phenomenon.
January 15
- Georg Dertinger, foreign minister ofEast Germany, is arrested for spying.
- British security forces inWest Germany arrest 7 members of theNaumann Circle, a clandestineNeo-Nazi organization.
January 19 – 71.1% of all television sets in the United States are tuned intoI Love Lucy, to watchLucy give birth to Little Ricky, which is more people than those who tune into Dwight Eisenhower's inauguration the next day.
January 24
- Mau Mau Uprising: Rebels inKenya kill the Ruck family (father, mother, and six-year-old son).
- Leader of East GermanyWalter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will becollectivized inEast Germany.
January 31–February 1 – TheNorth Sea flood of 1953 kills 1,836 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especiallyZeeland), 307 in the United Kingdom,^[8]^[9] and several hundred at sea, including 133 on the ferryMV Princess Victoria in theIrish Sea.

February

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Main article:February 1953

February 1 – The surge of theNorth Sea flood continues from the previous day.
February 3 –Batepá massacre: Hundreds of nativecreoles, known asforros, are massacred inSão Tomé, by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners.
February 11
- United States PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal forEthel and Julius Rosenberg.^[10]
- TheSoviet Union breaks diplomatic relations withIsrael, after a bomb explodes at the Soviet Embassy, in reaction to the 'Doctors' plot'.
February 12 – TheNordic Council is inaugurated.
February 13 – TranssexualChristine Jorgensen returns to New York after successfulsex reassignment surgery in Denmark.
February 19 –Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States.
February 28
- James Watson andFrancis Crick of Britain'sUniversity of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of theDNA molecule.
- Greece,Turkey, andYugoslavia sign theBalkan Pact.

March

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Main article:March 1953

March 1
- Joseph Stalin suffers astroke, after an all-night dinner withSoviet Union interior ministerLavrentiy Beria and future premiersGeorgy Malenkov,Nikolai Bulganin, andNikita Khrushchev. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death onMarch 5.^[11]
- Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor ofWindsor Castle.
March 6 –Georgy Malenkov succeedsJoseph Stalin, asPremier and First Secretary of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union.
March 8 – TheThieves World, which has been transformed into theRussian mafia, are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime, ending theBitch Wars.
March 13 – TheUnited Nations Security Council nominatesDag Hammarskjöld fromSweden asUnited Nations Secretary General.
March 17 – The firstnuclear test ofOperation Upshot–Knothole is conducted inNevada, with 1,620 spectators at 3.4 km (2.1 mi).
March 18 – TheYenice–Gönen earthquake affects westernTurkey, with a maximumMercalli intensity of IX (violent), causing at least 1,070 deaths, and $3.57 million in damage.
March 19 – The25th Academy Awards Ceremony is held (the first one broadcast on television).
March 25–26 – Lari Massacre inKenya:Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150Kikuyu natives.
March 26 –Jonas Salk announces hispolio vaccine.
March 29 – A fire at the Littlefield Nursing Home inLargo, Florida, kills 33 persons, including singer-songwriterArthur Fields.

April

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Main article:April 1953

April 7 –Dag Hammarskjöld is electedSecretary-General of the United Nations.
April 8 –Jomo Kenyatta is sentenced to 7 years in prison for the alleged organization of theMau Mau Uprising in the BritishKenya Colony.
April 16
- President Eisenhower delivers his "Chance for Peace" speech, to the National Association of Newspaper Editors.^[12]
- The Habar Corporation's building in Chicago, United States, catches fire, killing 35 employees.
April 25 –Francis Crick andJames Watson publish "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid", their description of thedouble helix structure ofDNA.^[13]

May

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Main article:May 1953

May 2 –Hussein is crownedKing of Jordan.^[14]
May 5 –Aldous Huxley first tries thepsychedelic hallucinogenmescaline, inspiring his bookThe Doors of Perception.^[15]
May 9
- France agrees to the provisional independence ofCambodia, with KingNorodom Sihanouk.
- Australian Senate election, 1953: TheLiberal/Country CoalitionGovernment, led by Prime MinisterRobert Menzies, holds theirSenate majority, despite gains made by theLabor Party, led byH. V. Evatt. This is the first occasion where a Senate election is held without an accompanyingHouse of Representatives election.
May 11 –Waco tornado outbreak: AnF5 tornado hits in the downtown section ofWaco, Texas, killing 114.^[16]^[17]
May 15 – TheStandards And Recommended Practices (SARPS) forAeronautical Information Service (AIS) are adopted by theICAO Council. These SARPS are in Annex 15 to theChicago Convention, and 15 May is celebrated by the AIS community as "World AIS Day".^[18]
May 18 – AtRogers Dry Lake, CalifornianJackie Cochran becomes the first woman to exceedMach 1, in aNorth American F-86 Sabre at 652.337 mph (566.865 kn; 1,049.835 km/h).^[19]
May 20–21 – Atornado outbreak tears throughPort Huron,Michigan andSarnia,Ontario, leaving eight people dead and 123 people injured.
May 25 –Nuclear testing: At theNevada Test Site, the United States conducts its onlynuclear artillery test:Upshot-Knothole Grable.^[20]
May 29 –1953 British Mount Everest expedition: SirEdmund Hillary fromNew Zealand andTenzing Norgay fromNepal become the first men to reach the summit ofMount Everest.^[21]

June

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June 19:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed.

Main article:June 1953

June 1 –Uprising in Plzeň:Currency reform causes riots inCzechoslovakia.
June 2 –Elizabeth II is crowned Queen of theUnited Kingdom and the otherCommonwealth realms, atWestminster Abbey.
June 7 –Italian general election: theChristian Democracy party wins a plurality in both legislative houses.
June 7–9 –Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence: A single storm-system spawns 46tornadoes of various sizes, in 10 states from Colorado to Massachusetts, over 3 days, killing 246.
June 8
- On the second day of the Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado kills 116 inFlint, Michigan; it will be the last to claim more than 100 lives, until the2011 Joplin tornado.
- Austria and theSoviet Union opendiplomatic relations.
June 9
- On the third day of the Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado the day before hits inWorcester, Massachusetts, killing 94.
- CIATechnical Services Staff headSidney Gottlieb approves of the use ofLSD in anMKUltra subproject.
June 13 – Hungarian Prime MinisterMátyás Rákosi is replaced byImre Nagy.
June 17 –Workers' Uprising in East Germany: TheSoviet Union orders aDivision of troops intoEast Berlin to quell arebellion.
June 18
- Egypt declares itself arepublic.
- Tachikawa air disaster: A United States Air ForceDouglas C-124 Globemaster II crashes just after takeoff fromTachikawa Airfield near Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board in the worst air crash in history up to this time, and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100.
June 30 – The firstroll-on/roll-off ferry crossing of theEnglish Channel,Dover–Boulogne, takes place.^[22]

July

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Main article:July 1953

July 3 – Thefirst ascent ofNanga Parbat in the PakistanHimalayas, the world'sninth highest mountain, is made by Austrian climberHermann Buhl alone on aGerman–Austrian expedition.^[23]
July 9
- The U.S. Treasury formally renames the Bureau of Internal Revenue; the new name (which had previously been used informally) is theInternal Revenue Service.
- Inauguration of the south lane of theRodovia Anchieta.
July 10 – The Soviet official newspaperPravda announces thatLavrentiy Beria has been deposed as head of theNKVD.
July 17 – The greatest recorded loss of United Statesmidshipmen in a single event results from anaircraft crash nearNAS Whiting Field.^[24]
July 26 –Fidel Castro andhis brother lead a disastrous assault on theMoncada Barracks, preliminary to theCuban Revolution.
July 27 – TheKorean War ends, with theKorean Armistice Agreement: TheUnited Nations Command (Korea) (United States), China andNorth Korea sign anarmistice agreement atPanmunjom, and the north remainscommunist, while thesouth remainscapitalist. No formal peace treaty is ever signed.

August

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Main article:August 1953

August 5 –Operation Big Switch:Prisoners of war are repatriated to the United States after theKorean War.
August 8 – Soviet prime ministerGeorgi Malenkov announces that theSoviet Union has ahydrogen bomb.
August 12
- The1953 Ionian earthquake of magnitude 7.2 totally devastatesCephalonia and most of the otherIonian Islands, in Greece's worst natural disaster in centuries.
- Soviet atomic bomb project: "Joe 4", the first Sovietthermonuclear weapon, is detonated atSemipalatinsk Test Site,Kazakh SSR.
August 13 – Four million workers go on strike in France to protest againstausterity measures.
August 15–19 –Cold War:1953 Iranian coup d'état – Overthrow of the democratically electedPrime Minister of Iran,Mohammad Mosaddegh, by Iranian military in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of theShah,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, with the support of the United StatesCentral Intelligence Agency (as "Operation Ajax") and the United Kingdom.
August 17 – The first planning session ofNarcotics Anonymous is held in SouthernCalifornia (seeOctober 5).
August 20 – The French government ousts KingMohammed V of Morocco, and exiles him toCorsica.
August 22 – The last prisoners are repatriated fromDevil's Island to France.^[25]
August 25 – The Frenchgeneral strike ends.
August –High Arctic relocation ofInuit families by theGovernment of Canada.

September

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Main article:September 1953

September 4 – The discovery ofREM sleep is first published, by researchersEugene Aserinsky andNathaniel Kleitman.
September 5 – TheUnited Nations rejects theSoviet Union's suggestion to acceptChina as a member.
September 7 –Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of theSoviet Central Committee.
September 23 – ThePact of Madrid is signed byFrancoist Spain and the United States of America, ending a period of virtual isolation for Spain.
September 25 – The first Germanprisoners of war return from theSoviet Union to West Germany.
September 26 –Rationing ofsugar ends in the UK.

October

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Main article:October 1953

October – TheUNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to userandom-access memory.^[26]
October 1 – TheMutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea is concluded in Washington, D.C.^[27]
October 5
- Earl Warren is appointedChief Justice of the United States, by PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower.
- The first meeting ofNarcotics Anonymous is held (the first planning session was held August 17).
October 6 –UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, is made a permanent specialized agency of theUnited Nations.
October 9
- West German federal election, 1953:Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as German chancellor.
- Fearing communist influence inBritish Guiana, the British Government suspends the constitution, declares astate of emergency, and militarily occupies the colony.
October 10 –Roland (Monty) Burton wins the1953 London to Christchurch air race, in under 23 hours flying time.
October 12 – The playThe Caine Mutiny Court-Martial opens at thePlymouth Theatre, New York.
October 22 –Laos becomes independent from France.
October 23 – Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) in thePhilippines makes the first television broadcast insoutheast Asia, throughDZAQ-TV. Alto Broadcasting System is the predecessor of what will later becomeABS-CBN Corporation.
October 30 –Cold War: U.S. PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document of the United States National Security CouncilNSC 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal ofnuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter thecommunist threat.

November

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Main article:November 1953

November 5 –David Ben-Gurion resigns asprime minister ofIsrael.
November 9
- Cambodia becomes independent from France.
- TheLaotian Civil War begins between theKingdom of Laos and thePathet Lao, all the while resuming theFirst Indochina War against theFrench Army in aTwo-front war.
November 20
- TheDouglas D-558-2 Skyrocket, piloted byScott Crossfield, becomes the first manned aircraft to reachMach 2.
- Authorities at theNatural History Museum, London announce that theskull ofPiltdown Man (allegedly anearly human discovered in1912) is ahoax.^[28]^[29]
November 20–22 –First Indochina War:Operation Castor – In a massive airborne operation in Vietnam, French forces establish a base atĐiện Biên Phủ.
November 21 –Puerto Williams is founded in Chile, as the southernmost settlement of the world.
November 25 –Match of the Century (1953 England v Hungary football match): TheEngland national football team loses 6–3 toHungary atWembley Stadium, their first ever loss to a continental team at home.
November 29 –First Indochina War:Battle of Dien Bien Phu – Frenchparatroopers consolidate their position atĐiện Biên Phủ.
November 30 –Kabaka crisis:Edward Mutesa II, thekabaka (king) ofBuganda, is deposed and exiled to London bySir Andrew Benjamin Cohen, Governor ofUganda.

December

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Main article:December 1953

December 2 – The United Kingdom andIran reformdiplomatic relations.
December 6 – With theNBC Symphony Orchestra, conductorArturo Toscanini performs what he claims is his favoriteBeethoven symphony,Eroica, for the last time. The live performance is broadcast across the United States on radio, and later released on records and CD.
December 7 – A visit to Iran by American Vice PresidentRichard Nixon sparks several days of riots, as a reaction to the August 19 overthrow of the government of Mohammed Mossadegh by the U.S.-backed Shah. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event becomes an annual commemoration.
December 8 – U.S. PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower delivers hisAtoms for Peace address, to theUnited Nations General Assembly.
December 17 – The U.S.Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approvescolor television (using theNTSC standard).
December 23 – TheSoviet Union announces officially thatLavrentiy Beria has been executed.
December 24 –Tangiwai disaster: A railway bridge collapses atTangiwai, New Zealand, sending a fully loaded passenger train into theWhangaehu River; 151 are killed.
December 25 – TheAmami Islands are returned to Japan, after 8 years of United States military occupation.
December 30 –Ramon Magsaysay becomes the 7thPresident of the Philippines.

Date unknown

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Global meat packing industryJBS is founded inAnapolis, Goias, Brazil.^[30]
China First Building Corporation, a partial predecessor ofChina State Construction Engineering, is founded in Beijing.^[31]