The Pan American Airways Corporation officially renames itselfPan American World Airways, the name the airline had begun to use for itself unofficially in 1943.[citation needed]
January 24 – ASociété Transatlantique Aérienne (STA) Douglas C-47A-50-DL Skytrain (registration F-BFGD) on a domestic flight inMadagascar crashes into a 4,600-foot (1,400-meter) mountain 48 kilometers (30 miles) west ofTamatave, killing all 14 people on board.[4]
Early February – A U.S. Weapon Systems Evaluation Group reports that the U.S. Air Force'sStrategic Air Command would suffer heavy losses in an air offensive against the Soviet Union, with the most favorable assumptions allowing 70 to 85 percent of atomic bombs to be delivered to their targets. It estimates bomber losses of about 35 percent in night raids and 50 percent in daylight raids, and that the bombers could deliver the planned 292 atomic bombs called for in the initial attack but would suffer losses too high to allow the follow-on strikes with conventional bombs required by U.S. war plans.[7]
February 13 – A U.S. Air ForceB-36B Peacemaker bomber participating in the first full-scale practice for anuclear strike on the Soviet Unionsuffers the failure of all six of its engines during a mission to simulate a Soviet nuclear attack onSan Francisco,California. The crew jettisons theMark 4atomic bomb the plane is carrying, which detonates over thePacific Ocean in the first loss of anuclear weapon, then bails out – which 12 of the 17 men on board survive – overPrincess Royal Island,British Columbia,Canada, leaving the plane to fly onautopilot out over the Pacific Ocean and crash. Instead, some of its engines apparently recover power on their own, and the bomber flies unmanned for several hours and crashes on a remote mountainside in northern British Columbia; this remains unknown until it is discovered lying almost intact on the mountain in 1953.
Mid-February – A U.S. military Joint Advanced Study Committee reports that the United States will have to rely heavily on atomic weapons in achieving its strategic objectives in a war with the Soviet Union, with early atomic strikes critical during a war. It finds that the U.S. Air Force will have to strike Soviet atomic bomb assembly and storage sites andSoviet Air Force long-range bomber bases early in a conflict to protect theUnited States from Soviet atomic attacks.[8]
Late February – The U.S.Joint Intelligence Committee reports that at the beginning of a war the Soviet Air Force could field 1,725 long-range bombers and 18,325 other aircraft and that theSoviet Navy could deploy 3,225 aircraft, while theUnited States Navy could deploy fourfleet aircraft carriers offEurope. It notes that the U.S. Air Force has 14 bomber and6+2⁄3 fightergroups.[8]
Sixty aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrierUSS Boxer (CV-21) make a tight-formation flyover overSaigon in theState of Vietnam to encourage the population and government there to support the French inFrench Indochina and oppose the expansion ofcommunism, beginning U.S. aid to the French in the region.[9]
March 12 – TheLlandow air disaster occurs, as theAvro Tudor V airlinerStar Girl (G-AKBY) on a private charter flight fromDublin,Ireland, crashes on final approach toLladow aerodrome inSouth Wales. Three passengers survive, but 80 people (75 passengers and all five crew members) die in the worst aviation accident in history to that time.
March 15 – The last operational prototype of theUnited States Air Force'sNorthrop YB-49 jet-poweredflying wing bomber is destroyed when its nose gear collapses during high-speed taxiing tests simulating takeoff runs atMuroc Air Force Base,California. The incident brings the YB-49 bomber program to an end, although the U.S. Air Force continues development of the YRB-49A reconnaissance version of the aircraft.[10]
May 30 – After anAerovias Brasil Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration PP-AVZ) begins a descent from 10,000 feet (3,000 meters) through clouds, it encounters severe turbulence that causes the displacement of passengers and cargo. The crew loses control of the aircraft, which enters a dive too steep for its design limits, loses both its wings, and crashes nearIlhéus,Brazil, killing 13 of the 15 people on board.[25]
June 9 – During a flight fromKingston,Jamaica, toMaracaibo,Venezuela, aNew Tribes MissionDouglas DC-3 (registration N16030) strikes a tree about 15 feet (4.6 meters) above the ground on a mountaintop in theSerrania de Valledupar Range, loses parts of both its wings, crashes inverted at an elevation of 4,400 feet (1,300 meters) near the top of a mountain 31 kilometers (19 miles) east-northeast ofFonseca,Colombia, and catches fire, killing all 15 people on board. Its wreckage is not discovered until July 6.[27]
June 14 – The Air France Douglas DC-4Ciel de Gascognecrashes into the Persian Gulf southeast of Bahrain while on approach to land there after a flight from Karachi, killing 40 of the 53 people on board. The crash occurs within a mile (1.6 km) of the virtually identical Air France crash two days earlier.
Flying a [Lockheed F-80C] U.S. Air Force [1st Lieutenant] [Robert "Bob" E Wayne] shoots down 2 North Korean Air Force [Soviet made] Ilyushin-2 Shturmovik fighters in the first American Jet victories
A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54D Skymaster crashes into a 2,000-foot (610-meter) high hill northwest ofPusan, South Korea, killing all 23 people on board.[34]
July 4 – Seafires and Fireflies fromTriumph strike targets of opportunity in Korea, including a railway bridge and a column of North Korean troops.[40]
July 13 – A U.S. Air ForceB-50 Superfortress carrying anuclear bomb crashes nearLebanon,Ohio, during a training mission. High-explosive components of the bomb detonate, but no nuclear explosion occurs.[43]
July 16 – Okinawa-based U.S. NavyPB4Y-2 Privateers of Patrol Squadron 28 (VP-28) begin patrols of the coast of the People's Republic of China.[41]
July 17 – AnIndian National Airways Douglas C-47A Skytrain (registration VT-ATS) loses its left wing in flight due to severe turbulence and crashes southeast ofPathankot,India, killing all 22 people on board.[44]
A U.S. Air ForceCurtiss C-46D Commando (serial number 44-77577) loses its leftaileron during its initial climb out ofMyrtle Beach Air Force Base, causing its crew to lose control of it at an altitude of between 1,000 and 2,000 feet (300 and 610 meters). Both of the C-46D's wings fail, and it crashes just west ofMyrtle Beach,South Carolina, killing all 39 people on board.[50]
July 27 – A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-47D Skytrain (serial number 44-76439) crashes into the sea 60 Miles ENE ofHaneda Air Base, Japan, 20 minutes after taking off fromHaneda inTokyo, killing 25 of the 26 people on board.[52]
July 28
A U.S. Air Force B-29 Superfortress mistakenly shoots down a BritishFleet Air ArmSupermarine Seafire of 800 Naval Air Squadron from HMSTriumph off Korea, apparently mistaking it for aYakovlev Yak-9.[40]
Encountering bad weather and a low ceiling, aPanair do BrasilLockheed L-049 Constellation (registration PP-PCG) aborts an attempted landing atCanoas Air Force Base atCanoas,Brazil. As the crew attempts to maintain visual contact with the ground while circling for another landing attempt, the aircraft strikes the 200-meter (660-foot) hill Morro do Chapéu and crashes, killing all 51 people on board. At the time it is both the deadliest aviation accident in Brazilian history and the deadliest accident involving the Lockheed L-049.[53]
The starboard wing fuel tank of aCompagnie Air Transport (CAT)Bristol 170 Freighter 21 (registration F-BENF) explodes in flight, leading to multiple structural failures. The aircraft crashes in theTanezrouft area ofFrench Algeria, killing all 26 people on board. At the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in the history ofAlgeria.[54]
July 30
AnAeroflotIlyushin Il-12 (registration CCCP-L1803) suffers an engine failure just after takeoff fromKaraganda Airport inKaraganda in theSoviet Union'sKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and crashes while attempting to return to the airport, killing all 25 people on board. The aircraft had suffered engine trouble previously, but a crew performing a test flight the previous day atAlma-Ata to see whether maintenance had corrected the problem had failed to report that engine trouble persisted after the attempted repairs. At the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in the history ofKazakhstan.[55]
July 31 – U.S. Navy aircraft have flown 716 combat and 431 patrol sorties over and around Korea since July 1, most of them by aircraft from the aircraft carrierUSS Valley Forge (CV-45). U.S. Navy aviators have claimed 26 enemy aircraft destroyed and 13 probably destroyed during the period, and have destroyed numeroustanks,locomotives,power stations, and bridges. In exchange, the U.S. Navy has lost six aircraft and one aviator.[57]
The U.S. Navy's Convair XP5Y-1, prototype of theR3Y Tradewind, sets a world endurance record for aturboprop-powered aircraft, remaining aloft for 8 hours 6 minutes. It covers 3,450 miles (5,550 km) during the flight.[21]
Birth ofYang Yuanyuan, Chinese aviation safety regulator.
Late in the evening, North Korean troops launch a heavy assault on thePusan Perimeter. Aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carriers USSPhilippine Sea (CV-47) and USSValley Forge (CV-45) provide support to defending forces.[65]
After a major fire breaks out in the No. 3 engine ofTrans World Airlines Flight 903 – theLockhead L-749A ConstellationStar of Maryland (registration N6004C) – during a flight fromCairo toRome, the crew attempts to return to Cairo, but the fire worsens and the engine detaches from the aircraft. The crew then attempts a crash-landing in theLibyan Desert, but the aircraft crashes nearWadi El Natrun,Egypt, killing all 55 people on board. Among the dead arearchitectMaciej Nowicki and an Egyptian film star. It is the worst accident in history involving a Lockheed L-749, and at the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in Egyptian history.[66]
The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff report that theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) requires an additional 8,636 aircraft for tactical and defensive operations if NATO is engage in a successful defense forward of theRhine River against a Soviet offensive.[67]
During U.S. Navy carrier air strikes on targets north of Inchon, Korea, fourF4U Corsair fighter-bombers from the aircraft carrierUSS Valley Forge (CV-45) intercept a twin-engine bomber approachingTask Force 77 off Korea andLieutenant, junior grade, Richard Downs shoots it down over theYellow Sea after it opens fire on them. ASoviet aviator's body is recovered from the water, demonstrating direct Soviet air participation in the Korean War for the first time.[39][65]
September 10, 13, and 14 – United Nations carrier aircraft soften up targets in theInchon area in preparation for thelanding there.[73]
September 15 –Task Force 77, centered on five U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and oneRoyal Navy carrier, supports the U.S. Marine Corps assault onGreen Beach, paving the way for theInchon landing.
ABell 47 becomes the first helicopter to fly over theAlps.[77]
September 22 – U.S. Air ForceColonel David Schilling makes the first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a jet fighter, flying aRepublic EF-84E Thunderjet from theUnited Kingdom to theUnited States in 10 hours 2 minutes with threeaerial refuelings. The flight demonstrates that large numbers of fighters could be moved quickly across the Atlantic.
September 26 – A U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54D-1-DC Skymaster taking part in the airlift of troops and supplies to Korea crashes into the sea just after takeoff fromAshiya Air Field inAshiya, Japan, killing 23 of the 51 people on board.[78]
October 20 – U.S. paratroops cut off supplies fromPyongyang, Korea.
October 31 – The British European AirwaysVickers VC.1 VikingLord St. Vincent (G-AHPN)crashes while landing in thick fog atLondon Airport, killing 28 of the 30 people on board.
November 22 – Flying in fog, aNew Tribes MissionDouglas DC-3C (registration N74586) crashes intoWyoming'sMount Moran at an altitude of 11,200 feet (3,400 meters), killing all 21 people on board, including eight children. A rescue party discovers the wreckage on November 25, but its location precludes recovery of the aircraft or bodies.[89]
November 25 – ThePeople's Republic of China launches a major offensive across theYalu River against United Nations forces in Korea. Under terrible winter weather conditions, United Nations aircraft are heavily committed to supporting ground forces, which are driven out of northern Korea by the end of the year.[91]
November 30 – After a rushed replenishment in Japan, the U.S. Navy'sTask Force 77 returns to action off Korea, its aircraft carriers launching 39 sorties during the day in support of United Nations forces retreating in the face of the Chinese offensive in northern Korea.[93]
December 2–25 – Four hundred aircraft from seven United Nations aircraft carriers support U.N. ground forces with air strikes while U.S. Air Force aircraft drop supplies to them as they break out of their encirclement in northern Korea and are evacuated successfully by sea fromHungnam in theBattle of Chosin Reservoir.[91]
December 3 – The carrier aircraft of U.S. NavyTask Force 77 are tasked solely with support to United Nations ground forces in northern Korea retreating in the face of the Chinese offensive toward an evacuation at Hungnam, flying reconnaissance missions, attacking Chinese positions, and escortingmilitary transport aircraft flying supplies intoHagaru-ri. Air controllers handle 359 U.N. aircraft on this day, most of them from Task Force 77.[96]
December 13 – After its crew makes a navigational error, anAir India Douglas C-47B-5-DK Skytrain (registration VT-CFK) crashes into high ground near Rangaswamy Pillar,Kotagiri,India, killing all 21 people on board (including the statisticianAbraham Wald).[99]
December 15 – AnAvensa Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration YV-C-AVU) crashes into mountains nearValera,Venezuela, killing all 31 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Venezuelan history at the time.[100]
December 18 – TwoFrench Air ForceJunkers Ju 52s (registration 328/F-RBEH and 384/F-RBDK) are involved in an accident atTourane,French Indochina, killing all 30 people aboard the two aircraft. At the time, it is the second-deadliest aviation accident in the history of what would later becomeVietnam.[102][103]
December 19 – During a flight fromNaha Air Base onOkinawa toClark Air Force Base in thePhilippines, a U.S. Air Force Douglas C-54E-5-DO Skymaster flying at 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) underinstrument flight rules crashes into 9,322-foot (2,841-meter)Mount Tabayoc 93 miles (150 kilometers) north of Clark, killing all 37 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Philippine history at the time.[102][104]
December 30
A Royal Australian Air ForceCAC Wirrawaycrashes into a crowded beach atMaroochydore inQueensland,Australia, killing three children and injuring 14 other people on the beach. The two-man crew survives the crash.
AnAerolineas Argentinas Douglas C-47A-20-DK Skytrain (registration LV-ACH) with between 15 and 18 people on board crashes during a night flight nearCobo,Argentina. An eight-year-old girl is the only survivor.[105]
Late December – The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff note that if the Korean War expands into an open war with thePeople's Republic of China, the United States will launch an air offensive against the Chinese mainland but would not engage in a major war inEast Asia that would jeopardize the defense of Europe against the Soviet Union.[106]
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^"Today in History,"The Washington Post Express, January 31, 2012, p. 34.
^Ross, Steven T.,American War Plans 1945–1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996,ISBN0-7146-4192-8, pp. 139–140.
^abRoss, Steven T.,American War Plans 1945–1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996,ISBN0-7146-4192-8, p. 138.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 607.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 176.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, pp. 176–177.
^Angelucci, Enzo,The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 341.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 3.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, pp. 6–7.
^Karnow, Stanley,Vietnam: A History, New York: The Viking Press, 1983,ISBN0-670-74604-5, p. 177.
^abCrosby, Francis,The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006,ISBN978-1-84476-917-9, p. 36.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, pp. 182–183.
^abKnott, Richard C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004.ISBN0-945274-52-1.
^abcSturtivant, Ray,British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990,ISBN0-87021-026-2, p. 165.
^abcKnott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 7.
^abKnott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 10.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 187.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 184.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 188. On p. 183, Isenberg states thatValley Forge's aircraft destroyed "at least 38 North Korean aircraft during[clarification needed] July," without explaining why this figure differs from those on p. 188.
^Muir, Malcolm, Jr.,Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951 – July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005,ISBN0-945274-53-X, p. 34.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 189.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 16.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 12.
^Ross, Steven T.,American War Plans 1945–1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996,ISBN0-7146-4192-8, p. 140.
^abIsenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 190.
^Ross, Steven T.,American War Plans 1945–1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996,ISBN0-7146-4192-8, p. 142.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 19.
^Hallion, Richard P., "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize,"Aviation History, January 2014, p. 32.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, pp. 19–20.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 203.
^McGowen, Stanley S.Helicopters: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Weapons and warfare series. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2005.ISBN1-85109-468-7, p. 56.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 23.
^Eastwood, Tony; Roach, John (1991).Piston Engine Airliner Production List. West Drayton, England: The Aviation Hobby Shop. pp. 267–269.ISBN0-907178-37-5.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 206.
^abCrosby, Francis,The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006,ISBN978-1-84476-917-9, p. 46.
^Knott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, p. 54.
^Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M.; Burr, William (1999)."Where they were"(PDF).Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.55 (6):26–35.doi:10.2968/055006011.
^abKnott, Robert C.,Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004,ISBN0-945274-52-1, pp. 28–29, 34.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, pp. 216–217.
^Isenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 276.
^abcIsenberg, Michael T.,Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945–1962, New York: St. Martin's Press,ISBN0-312-09911-8, p. 217.
^Alexander, Joseph H.,Fleet Operations in a Mobile War, September 1950 – June 1951: The U.S. Navy and the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 2001,ISBN0-945274-45-9, p. 38.
^Crosby, Francis,The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006,ISBN978-1-84476-917-9, p. 37.
^Ross, Steven T.,American War Plans 1945–1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996,ISBN0-7146-4192-8, p. 141.
^Donald, David, ed.,The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,ISBN0-7607-0592-5, p. 88.
^Angelucci, Enzo,The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987,ISBN0-517-56588-9, p. 352.
^Angelucci, Enzo,The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987,ISBN0-517-56588-9, p. 401.
^Dorr, Robert F., "Cold Warrior,"Aviation History, January 2015, p. 47.
^Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers,United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976,ISBN0-370-10054-9, p. 228.
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de Narbonne, Roland. "Janvier 1950, dans l'aéronautique française: Et le gagnant est...un planeur".Le Fana de l'Aviation, January 2010, No. 482. pp. 75–79 (in French).
de Narbonne, Roland. "Mai 1950, dans l'aéronautique française: Un petit qui devi endra grand".Le Fana de l'Aviation, May 2010, No. 486. pp. 78–79 (in French).
de Narbonne, Roland. "Août 1950, dans l'aéronautique française: Le Nord 2800: Un petit tour et puis s'en va".Le Fana de l'Aviation, August 2010, No. 489. pp. 78–79 (in French).
