 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature | ||||
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| Bertrand Russell | ||||
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| Date |
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| Location | Stockholm, Sweden | |||
| Presented by | Swedish Academy | |||
| First award | 1901 | |||
| Website | Official website | |||
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The1950Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the British philosopherBertrand Russell (1872–1970) "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."[2][3] He is the third philosopher to become a recipient of the prize after the German philosopherRudolf Christoph Eucken in 1908 and the French analytic-continental philosopherHenri Bergson in 1927, and the fifth British author to be awarded.
Bertrand Russell made his first pioneering contributions within the branch of philosophy that deals withlogic andmathematics. But his influence eventually spread across much more ground.[4] His work is known for its lightheartedness and humor, and it has helped a large audience of readers learn about science and philosophy. His writings cover a variety of subjects, including social and moral challenges, and his opinions were frequently divisive. Russell was a fierce champion of theright to free speech andthinking as well as a strong supporter of reason and humanism. His most famous philosophical works includePrincipia Mathematica (1910–1913),The Problems of Philosophy (1912),Why I Am Not a Christian (1927),Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), andA History of Western Philosophy (1945).[5][6]
Russell had not been nominated for the prize before 1950, making it one of the rare occasions when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated.[7] He was only nominated once by nominatorEugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979), professor of Swedish literature at theUniversity of Helsinki.[8]
In total, the Nobel committee received 79 nominations for 54 writers.Pär Lagerkvist (awarded in1951) received seven nominations and was named a favorite following the publication of his novelBarabbas,[9] whileWinston Churchill (awarded in1953) received six nominations. Twenty of the nominees were nominated first-time such asSimon Vestdijk,Graham Greene,Mika Waltari,Martin Buber,Robert Frost,Karl Jaspers,Alfred Noyes,John Dewey,Hermann Broch, andRobert Graves. Four of the nominees were women namelyKaren Blixen,Marie Under,Gertrud von Le Fort, andHenriette Roland Holst. The American authorWilliam Faulkner was nominated in 1950 and was awardedfor last year.[10]
The authorsEdgar Rice Burroughs,Augusto d'Halmar,Albert Ehrenstein,John Gould Fletcher,Nicolai Hartmann,George Cecil Ives,Alfred Korzybski,Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky,Elisabeth Langgässer,Marcel Mauss,Edna St. Vincent Millay,Emmanuel Mounier,Cesare Pavese,Ernest Poole,Hilda D. Oakeley,George Orwell,Alykul Osmonov,Rafael Sabatini,Agnes Smedley,Olaf Stapledon,Xavier Villaurrutia, andYi Gwangsu (nominated posthumously in1970) died in 1950 without having been nominated.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mark Aldanov (1886–1957) |  Soviet Union(  Ukraine) France | biography, novel, essays, literary criticism |  Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) |
| 2 | Eugène Baie (1874–1964) |  Belgium | law, essays | Paul Saintenoy (1862–1952) |
| 3 | Karen Blixen (1885–1962) |  Denmark | novel, short story, memoir | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 4 | Jacobus Cornelis Bloem (1887–1966) |  Netherlands | poetry, essays | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 5 | Hermann Broch (1886–1951) |  Austria | novel, essays | The Austrian PEN-Club |
| 6 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Austria Israel | philosophy | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
| 7 | Albert Camus (1913–1960) | France | novel, short story, essays, philosophy, drama | Gustaf Hellström (1882–1953) |
| 8 | Hans Carossa (1878–1956) |  West Germany | poetry, autobiography, essays | Axel Lindqvist (1873–1953) |
| 9 | Winston Churchill (1874–1965) |  United Kingdom | history, essays, memoir |
|
| 10 | Paul Claudel (1868–1955) | France | poetry, drama, essays, memoir |
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| 11 | Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) |  Italy | history, philosophy, law |
|
| 12 | Júlio Dantas (1876–1962) |  Portugal | poetry, drama, novel, essays | Lisbon Academy of Sciences |
| 13 | John Dewey (1859–1952) |  United States | philosophy, pedagogy, essays | Henry Steele Commager (1902–1998) |
| 14 | Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) | France | novel, short story, poetry, drama, literary criticism |
|
| 15 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) |  Norway | novel, short story, essays |
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| 16 | William Faulkner (1897–1962) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay, poetry, essays | Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland (1884–1965) |
| 17 | Robert Frost (1874–1963) | United States | poetry, drama | American Academy of Arts and Letters |
| 18 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | English PEN Centre |
| 19 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | United Kingdom | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 20 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, autobiography, essays |
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| 21 | Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 22 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) |  Egypt | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Bernard Guyon (1904–1975) |
| 23 | Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) |  Greece | novel, philosophy, essays, drama, memoir, translation | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
| 24 | Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) | West Germany Switzerland | philosophy | Ernst Levy (1881–1968) |
| 25 | Johannes Jørgensen (1866–1956) | Denmark | novel, poetry, biography | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 26 | Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) |  Sweden | poetry, novel, short story, drama |
|
| 27 | Halldór Laxness (1902–1998) |  Iceland | novel, short story, drama, poetry |
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| 28 | Enrique Larreta (1875–1961) |  Argentina | history, essays, drama, novel |
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| 29 | Leonid Leonov (1899–1994) | Soviet Union | drama, novel, short story | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
| 30 | Lin Yutang (1895–1976) |  China | novel, philosophy, essays, translation | Pearl Buck (1892–1973) |
| 31 | François Mauriac (1885–1970) | France | novel, short story |
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| 32 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) |  Spain | philology, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
| 33 | Martin Andersen Nexø (1869–1954) | Denmark | novel, short story |
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| 34 | Alfred Noyes (1880–1958) | United Kingdom | poetry, drama, essays, biography, novel, short story, literary criticism | Frederick Samuel Boas (1862–1957) |
| 35 | Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) |  Ireland | drama, memoir |
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| 36 | Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) | Norway | poetry, essays | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 37 | Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) | Soviet Union | poetry, novel, translation | Martin Lamm (1880–1950) |
| 38 | Edward Plunkett (1878–1957) | Ireland | short story, novel, drama, poetry, essays, history, autobiography | Irish PEN Centre |
| 39 | Thomas Head Raddall (1903–1994) |  Canada | novel, short story, history, essays, memoir | Will Richard Bird (1891–1984) |
| 40 | Henriette Roland Holst (1869–1952) | Netherlands | poetry, essays, biography | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 41 | Jules Romains (1885–1972) | France | poetry, drama, screenplay |
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| 42 | Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) | United Kingdom | philosophy, essays, history | Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979) |
| 43 | Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968) | France | poetry, essays | French Centre – PEN International |
| 44 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Soviet Union | novel | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
| 45 | Angelos Sikelianos (1884–1951) | Greece | poetry, drama |
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| 46 | Leopold Staff (1878–1957) |  Poland | poetry, translation | Jan Parandowski (1895–1978) |
| 47 | Albert Steffen (1884–1963) | Switzerland | poetry, essays, drama, novel | Kersti Bergroth (1886–1975) |
| 48 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Belgium | novel, short story | Franz De Backer (1891–1961) |
| 49 | Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975) | United Kingdom | history, philosophy | Fredrik Böök (1883–1961) |
| 50 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Soviet Union (  Estonia) | poetry | Johannes Aavik (1880–1973) |
| 51 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Norway | poetry, novel | Olav Midttun (1883–1972) |
| 52 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Netherlands | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 53 | Gertrud von Le Fort (1876–1971) | West Germany | novel, short story, essays, poetry | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
| 54 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) |  Finland | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay |
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During the award ceremony held atStockholm City Hall on 10 December 1950, Anders Österling of the Swedish Academy, said:
"With his superior intellect, Russell has, throughout half a century, been at the centre of public debate, watchful and always ready for battle, as active as ever to this very day, having behind him a life of writing of most imposing scope. His works in the sciences concerned with human knowledge and mathematical logic are epoch-making and have been compared to Newton's fundamental results in mechanics. Yet it is not these achievements in special branches of science that the Nobel Prize is primarily meant to recognize. What is important, from our point of view, is that Russell has so extensively addressed his books to a public of laymen, and, in doing so, has been so eminently successful in keeping alive the interest in general philosophy."[11]
Russell delivered a Nobel lecture entitled "What Desires Are Politically Important?" at theSwedish Academy on 11 December 1950. The lecture addresses the political ramifications of desires that are considered infinite in their ability to be satisfied but not necessary for immediate human survival.[12] He highly stressed the importance of neutral and socially beneficial venues for the venting of passions and suggests the cultivation of intelligence as the best antidote for social strife.[12]
