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1949

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From top to bottom, left to right: TheNorth Atlantic Treaty is signed inWashington, D.C., creatingNATO as a Western defense alliance;Apartheid is formally instituted inSouth Africa, enforcing racial segregation;Mao Zedong proclaims thePeople's Republic of China, ending theChinese Civil War and establishing communist rule; theSoviet Union detonatesRDS-1, ending theUnited States’ nuclear monopoly; the1949 Armistice Agreements end the1948 Arab–Israeli War, setting new borders; the debut ofSouth Pacific becomes a landmark in American theater and cultural history; theEDSAC runs its first program inCambridge, advancing digital computing; theSuperga air disaster kills theTorino F.C. team, shocking Italy; andHoward Unruh commits a mass shooting inCamden, New Jersey, killing 13.

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1949 by topic
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Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark France Germany India Indonesia Ireland Israel Japan Luxembourg Malaya New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
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v t e

1949 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1949 MCMXLIX
Ab urbe condita	2702
Armenian calendar	1398 ԹՎ ՌՅՂԸ
Assyrian calendar	6699
Baháʼí calendar	105–106
Balinese saka calendar	1870–1871
Bengali calendar	1355–1356
Berber calendar	2899
British Regnal year	13 Geo. 6 – 14 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2493
Burmese calendar	1311
Byzantine calendar	7457–7458
Chinese calendar	戊子年 (Earth Rat) 4646 or 4439 — to — 己丑年 (Earth Ox) 4647 or 4440
Coptic calendar	1665–1666
Discordian calendar	3115
Ethiopian calendar	1941–1942
Hebrew calendar	5709–5710
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2005–2006
-Shaka Samvat	1870–1871
-Kali Yuga	5049–5050
Holocene calendar	11949
Igbo calendar	949–950
Iranian calendar	1327–1328
Islamic calendar	1368–1369
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 24 (昭和２４年)
Javanese calendar	1880–1881
Juche calendar	38
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4282
Minguo calendar	ROC 38 民國38年
Nanakshahi calendar	481
Thai solar calendar	2492
Tibetan calendar	ས་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Rat) 2075 or 1694 or 922 — to — ས་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Earth-Ox) 2076 or 1695 or 923

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1949.

1949 (MCMXLIX) was acommon year starting on Saturday of theGregorian calendar, the 1949th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 949th year of the2nd millennium, the 49th year of the20th century, and the 10th and last year of the1940s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1949

January 1 – AUnited Nations-sponsored ceasefire brings an end to theIndo-Pakistani War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division ofKashmir, which still continues as of2025
January 2 –Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically electedGovernor of Puerto Rico.
January 11 – The first "networked" television broadcasts take place, asKDKA-TV inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, goes on the air, connecting east coast and mid-west programming in theUnited States.
January 16 –Şemsettin Günaltay forms the new government ofTurkey. It is the 18th government, lastsingle party government of theRepublican People's Party.

January 17 – The firstVW Type 1 to arrive in theUnited States, a 1948 model, is brought toNew York by Dutch businessmanBen Pon. Unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models are sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairmanHeinrich Nordhoff the car has no future in the U.S. (The Type 1 goes on to become an automotive phenomenon.)
January 25
- TheCouncil for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON) is established by theSoviet Union and othercommunist nations.
- In thefirst Israeli elections,David Ben-Gurion becomesPrime Minister.
January 26 –Australian citizenship comes into being.^[1]
c.January 28 –Stalin and antisemitism: The media in theSoviet Union resume a propaganda campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a euphemism forSoviet Jews, accusing them of beingpro-Western andantisocialist.
January 31 – Forces from theChinese Communist Party enter Beijing.

February

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Main article:February 1949

February 13 –António Óscar Carmona is re-electedpresident of Portugal, for lack of an opposing candidate.
February 17 –Chaim Weizmann begins his term as the firstPresident of Israel.^[2]
February 26 – TheRevolutionary Communist Party of India stages attacks atDum Dum.

March

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Main article:March 1949

March 1 –Indonesia seizesYogyakarta from theDutch.
March 2 – TheB-50 SuperfortressLucky Lady II (under Captain James Gallagher) lands inFort Worth, Texas, United States, after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight (it was refueled in flight 4 times).
March 20 – TheChicago, Burlington and Quincy,Denver and Rio Grande Western andWestern Pacific railroads inaugurate theCalifornia Zephyr passenger train betweenChicago andOakland, California, as the first long-distance train to featureVistadome cars as regular equipment.
March 24 – The21st Academy Awards Ceremony is held. The movieHamlet wins theAcademy Award for Best Picture.
March 25
- Operation Priboi: An extensive deportation campaign begins inEstonia,Latvia andLithuania. TheSoviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from theBaltic states to remote areas of theSoviet Union.
- First issue of weekly magazineParis Match published inFrance.^[3]^[4]
March 26 – The first half ofGiuseppe Verdi's operaAida, conducted by legendary conductorArturo Toscanini, and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes), is telecast byNBC, live fromStudio 8H atRockefeller Center. The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera that Toscanini ever conducts on television.
March 28
- United States Secretary of Defense James Forrestal resigns suddenly.
- English astronomerFred Hoyle coins the termBig Bang (intending it to be derogatory) during aBBC Third Programme radio broadcast.^[5]^[6]^[7]
March 30 - Amilitary coup in Syria oustsPresident Shukri al-Quwatli.
Ananti-NATO riot in Iceland takes place, prompted by the decision of theIcelandic parliament to join the newly formedNATO.
March 31 – The formerBritish colony ofNewfoundland joinsCanada, as its 10thprovince.

April

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Main article:April 1949

April 4 – TheNorth Atlantic Treaty is signed inWashington, D.C., creating theNATO defense alliance.
April 7 –Rodgers and Hammerstein'sSouth Pacific, starringMary Martin andEzio Pinza, opens onBroadway, and goes on to become Rodgers and Hammerstein's second longest-runningmusical. It becomes an instant classic of themusical theatre. The score's biggest hit is the song "Some Enchanted Evening".
April 14 – TheN'Ko alphabet is completed bySolomana Kante.
April 18 – TheRepublic of Ireland formally becomes arepublic, and leaves theBritish Commonwealth.
April 20 –Royal Navy frigate HMSAmethyst goes up theYangtze River, to evacuateBritish Commonwealth refugees escaping the advance ofMao'sCommunist forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island. After an abortive rescue attempt onApril 26, she anchors 10 miles (16 km) upstream. Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks, during which time the ship's catSimon raises the crew's morale.
April 23 – Chinese Communist troops takeNanjing.
April 26 – Transjordan changes its name to the Hashemite Kingdom ofJordan.
April 28
- The1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference issues theLondon Declaration, enablingIndia (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth' (held by the ruling British monarch), and renaming the organization, from the 'British Commonwealth' to the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.
- FormerFirst Lady of the Philippines Aurora Quezon, 61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of herlate husband; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.

May

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Main article:May 1949

May 1 –Nereid, a moon ofNeptune, is discovered byGerard Kuiper.
May 4 –Superga air disaster: A Fiat G.212 airliner of Avio Linee Italiane, carrying the entire Torino F.C. football team, crashes into the back wall of theBasilica of Superga, killing all 31 on board.
May 5 – TheCouncil of Europe is founded, by the signing of theTreaty of London.
May 6 –EDSAC, the first practicablestored-program computer, runs its first program atCambridge University.^[8]
May 9 –Rainier III becomes Prince ofMonaco, upon the death of his maternal grandfatherLouis II.
May 11
- Israel is admitted to theUnited Nations, as its 59th member.
- Siam officially changes its French name to "Thaïlande" (English name to "Thailand"), having officially changed its Thai name to "Prated Thai" since 1939.
May 12 –Cold War: TheSoviet Union lifts theBerlin Blockade.
May 16 – TheTokyo Stock Exchange resumes operations, after a four-year shutdown.
May 20
- TheAFSA (predecessor of theNSA) is established.
- TheKuomintang regime declaresmartial law inTaiwan, which lasts until1987.
May 22 – After two months inBethesda Naval Hospital,James Forrestal commits suicide under suspicious circumstances.
May 23 – TheFederal Republic of Germany is established.
May 31 – The first trial ofAlger Hiss for perjury begins in New York City, withWhittaker Chambers as principal witness for the prosecution.

June

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Main article:June 1949

June 5 –Thailand electsOrapin Chaiyakan, the firstThai female member ofThailand's Parliament.
June 6 – With the passage of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government,Mahabodhi Temple is restored to partialBuddhist control.
June 7–25 – Dock workers strike in the United Kingdom.
June 8
- Second Red Scare in the United States: Celebrities includingHelen Keller,Dorothy Parker,Danny Kaye,Fredric March,John Garfield,Paul Muni andEdward G. Robinson are named asCommunist Party members in aFederal Bureau of Investigation report.
- George Orwell'sdystopian novelNineteen Eighty-Four is published in London.
June 14 –Albert II, arhesus monkey aboard U.S.Hermes project V-2 rocketBlossom IVB, becomes the firstprimate to enter space. He is killed on impact at return.
June 19 –Glenn Dunaway wins theinaugural NASCAR Cup Series race atCharlotte Speedway, a 3/4 mile oval inCharlotte, North Carolina, but is disqualified due to illegalsprings.Jim Roper is declared the official winner.
June 24 – The firsttelevision western,Hopalong Cassidy, airs onNBC in the United States.
June 29 –Apartheid: TheSouth African Citizenship Act suspends the granting of citizenship toCommonwealth of Nations immigrants after 5 years, and imposes a ban onmixed marriages.

July

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Main article:July 1949

July 1 – TheInstitute of Chartered Accountants of India is established.
July 11 –Pamir is the lastcommercialsailing ship to roundCape Horn, under sail alone.
July 15 – In anexplosion at Prüm in Germany, the town is badly damaged and 12 people die. The explosion crater is one of the largest ever recorded.
July 20 –Israel andSyria sign a truce to end their 19-month war.
July 24 (St John's Day) – Eruption of theCumbre Vieja volcano onLa Palma begins.
July 27
- Thede Havilland Comet, the world's first jet-powered airliner, makes its first flight, in England.
- Rhodesia beats theNew Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) 10–8, in an exhibition match inBulawayo, the only non-Test nation ever to achieve this feat.
July 30 –Legal aid is introduced in England and Wales.
July 31 – Captain Kerans ofHMSAmethyst decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the ChinesePeople's Liberation Army on both sides of theYangtze River, and successfully rejoins the fleet atWoosung the next day.

August

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Main article:August 1949

August 3 – TheBasketball Association of America and theNational Basketball League finalize the merger that will create theNational Basketball Association.
August 5 – InEcuador, the 6.8M_L Ambato earthquake kills more than 5,000, and destroys a number of villages.
August 8 –Bhutan signs aTreaty of Friendship with newly independent India, agreeing non-interference in internal affairs, but allowing India to "guide" its foreign policy (similar to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India).
August 10 – theAvro Canada C102 Jetliner makes its first flight; it is the first jet airliner to fly in North America.
August 12 – TheFourth Geneva Convention is agreed to.
August 14
- TheSalvatore Giuliano Gang explodes mines under a police barracks, outsidePalermo, Sicily.
August 18 –Kemi Bloody Thursday: two protesters die in the scuffle between the police and the strikers' protest procession inKemi, Finland.^[9]
August 21
- TheVatican announces thatbones uncovered in itscatacombs could be those of the apostlePeter; 19 years later,Pope Paul VI announces confirmation that the bones belong to this firstPope.^[10]
- Deportivo Saprissa entersCosta Rican soccer's first division.
- The1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake is Canada's largest earthquake since the1700 Cascadia earthquake.
August 24 – TheNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization is established.
August 29
- TheCouncil of Europe meets for the first time.
- TheSoviet Union tests its firstatomic bomb,RDS-1 ("Joe 1"). Its design imitates the American plutonium bomb that was dropped onNagasaki, Japan, in1945.
August 31
- The retreat of theDemocratic Army of Greece to Albania, after its defeat atMount Gramos, marks the end of theGreek Civil War.
- Six of the last sixteen surviving veterans of theUnion Army, in theAmerican Civil War, meet inIndianapolis.

September

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Main article:September 1949

September 2 –Film noirThe Third Man, with screenplay byGraham Greene and set inAllied-occupied Vienna, is released in the United Kingdom; it wins the 1949 Grand Prix at theCannes Film Festival.
September 6
- Howard Unruh, a World War II veteran, kills 13 neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with a souvenirParabellum P.08 pistol, to become America's first single-episodemass murderer.
- Allied military authorities relinquish control of formerNazi Germany assets back to Germany.

September 7 – The firstBundestag of theFederal Republic of Germany convenes inBonn. They will electTheodor Heuss as president andKonrad Adenauer as Chancellor.
September 9
- Albert Guay affair: A dynamite bomb destroysCanadian Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-3, inQuebec.
- NotoriousWorld War II veteranEdwin Alonzo Boyd commits his first career bank robbery, in Toronto.
September 13 – TheSoviet Union vetoesUnited Nations membership forCeylon, Finland,Iceland, Italy,Jordan and Portugal.
September 17
- Canadian steamshipSS Noronic burns in Toronto Harbour, with the loss of over 118 lives.
- Warner Bros. cartoon, "Fast and Furry-ous" is released. It also marks the debut ofWile E. Coyote and the Road Runner. The director isChuck Jones (credited as Charles M. Jones).
September 19 – The United Kingdom government devalues thepound sterling from$4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies being devalued.
September 23 – U.S. PresidentHarry S. Truman announces that theSoviet Union has tested theatomic bomb.
September 24 –László Rajk, ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is sentenced to death.
September 25 – U.S. Christian evangelistBilly Graham starts hisLos Angeles Crusade, his first great evangelistic campaign. It runs for eight weeks during which Graham speaks to 350,000 people and the event is subsequently described as the greatest revival since the time ofBilly Sunday. After this, Graham becomes a national figure in the United States.
September 29
- Thefirst plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference approves a design for theflag of the People's Republic of China.
- Iva Toguri D'Aquino is found guilty in the United States of broadcasting for Japan as "Tokyo Rose" at the end of World War II.

October

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Main article:October 1949

October 1: People's Republic of China is founded.

October 7: TheGerman Democratic Republic is Established.

October 1 – ThePeople's Republic of China is officially proclaimed.
October 2 – TheSoviet Union recognizes the People's Republic of China.
October 3 –Albanian Subversion: First Anglo-American attempt to infiltrate guerillas intoAlbania; the operation is fatally flawed, by being under the control of double agentKim Philby.
October 7 – TheGerman Democratic Republic (East Germany) is officially established.
October 13 – Severe flooding hitsGuatemala.
October 14 – TheFoley Square trial ofEugene Dennis and ten other leaders of theCommunist Party USA ends in New York City (the longest trial in U.S. history to this date); all defendants are found guilty and all but one sentenced to five years of prison.
October 16 –Greek Civil War ends with a communist surrender.
October 17 – Chinese communist troops takeGuangzhou.
October 20 –China People's Insurance Corporation, as predecessor ofChina Life was founded.^[11]
October 24 – The cornerstone of theHeadquarters of the United Nations onManhattan is laid.
October 27
- Battle of Kuningtou: Chinese communist troops fail to takeQuemoy; their advance towardsTaiwan is halted.
- 1949 Air France Lockheed Constellation crash: An Air France flight from Paris to New York crashes in theAzores onSão Miguel Island, killing all aboard. Among the victims are violinistGinette Neveu, and French boxerMarcel Cerdan.

November

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Main article:November 1949

November 7 – Oil is discovered beneath theCaspian Sea, off the coast of theAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.
November 12 – TheVolkswagen Type 2 panel van is unveiled inGermany.
November 15 –Nathuram Godse andNarayan Apte are executed for assassinatingMahatma Gandhi.
November 17 – The second trial ofAlger Hiss for perjury begins inNew York, again withWhittaker Chambers as principal witness.
November 24 – The ski resort inSquaw Valley, Placer County, California officially opens.
November 26 – TheIndian Constituent Assembly adopts India's constitution.^[12]
November 28 –Winston Churchill makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union, atKingsway Hall, London - but does not see UK as part of it, "The British Government have rightly stated that they cannot commit this country to entering any European Union without the agreement of the other members of the British Commonwealth".^[13]
November 30 –1949 New Zealand general election: TheNew Zealand National Party, led bySidney Holland defeats the incumbentNew Zealand Labour Party, led byPeter Fraser.

December

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Main article:December 1949

Dec. 16:Sukarno, first President ofIndonesia

Celebration of Joseph Stalin's 70th Birthday (December 21, 1949)

December 7
- Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan finishes, and it declaresTaipei its temporary capital city, a status it will retain more than 50 years later.^[14]
- TheUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is established as aUnited Nations agency.
December 10 –1949 Australian federal election: TheLiberal/Country Coalition led byRobert Menzies defeats theLabor government, led byPrime Minister Ben Chifley. Menzies is sworn in onDecember 19, his second stint as Prime Minister; he will hold the office for over 16 years until his retirement in1966 and Labor will not win office again until1972, underGough Whitlam.
December 13 – TheKnesset votes to move the capital of Israel to Jerusalem.
December 14 –Traicho Kostov, who until March was acting President of the Council of Ministers ofBulgaria, is sentenced to death for anti-Communist Party activity.
December 15 – Atyphoon strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand.
December 16 –Sukarno is elected president of theRepublic of Indonesia.
December 17 –Burma recognises thePeople's Republic of China.
December 18 – In the AmericanNational Football League, thePhiladelphia Eagles defeat theLos Angeles Rams 14–0, to win the championship.
December 21 –Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin's 70th Birthday is Held inMoscow.
December 27 – TheTreaty of The Hague ends theIndonesian National Revolution by recognizing transfer of the sovereignty of theDutch East Indies from QueenJuliana of the Netherlands to theUnited States of Indonesia; theSusanto Cabinet takes office in theRepublic of Indonesia.^[15]
December 29
- KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut, becomes the firstUltra high frequency (UHF) television station to operate a daily schedule.
- Smouha SC (sports club) is founded inAlexandria, Egypt, by Joseph Smouha, a Mizrahi Iraqi Jew.
December 30 – India recognizes the People's Republic of China.

Date unknown

[edit]

TheMalta Labour Party is founded.
D. R. Kaprekar discovers the convergence property of the number6174.
Slavery in Kuwait is abolished