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1931

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1931
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
From top to bottom, left to right: The catastrophic1931 China floods submerge vast regions along the Yangtze, Huai, and Yellow Rivers, killing 1–4 million and becoming one of history’s deadliest natural disasters; theEuropean banking crisis of 1931 begins with the collapse ofCreditanstalt, spreading financial turmoil across Austria and Germany and deepening theGreat Depression; theMukden Incident in Manchuria sees a staged explosion by Japanese forces used to justify invasion, setting the stage for theSecond Sino-Japanese War; theHawke's Bay earthquake strikes New Zealand’s North Island, killing 256 and prompting a massive Art Deco rebuilding of Napier; theAhmed Barzani revolt erupts in northern Iraq as Kurdish forces challenge the government, highlighting ethnic tensions; and theEmpire State Building opens in New York City, becoming the world’s tallest skyscraper and a symbol of modern ambition.
Calendar year
Years
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
1931 by topic
Subject


By country
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1931 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar1931
MCMXXXI
Ab urbe condita2684
Armenian calendar1380
ԹՎ ՌՅՁ
Assyrian calendar6681
Baháʼí calendar87–88
Balinese saka calendar1852–1853
Bengali calendar1337–1338
Berber calendar2881
British Regnal year21 Geo. 5 – 22 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar2475
Burmese calendar1293
Byzantine calendar7439–7440
Chinese calendar庚午年 (Metal Horse)
4628 or 4421
    — to —
辛未年 (Metal Goat)
4629 or 4422
Coptic calendar1647–1648
Discordian calendar3097
Ethiopian calendar1923–1924
Hebrew calendar5691–5692
Hindu calendars
 -Vikram Samvat1987–1988
 -Shaka Samvat1852–1853
 -Kali Yuga5031–5032
Holocene calendar11931
Igbo calendar931–932
Iranian calendar1309–1310
Islamic calendar1349–1350
Japanese calendarShōwa 6
(昭和６年)
Javanese calendar1861–1862
Juche calendar20
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4264
Minguo calendarROC 20
民國20年
Nanakshahi calendar463
Thai solar calendar2473–2474
Tibetan calendarལྕགས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་
(male Iron-Horse)
2057 or 1676 or 904
    — to —
ལྕགས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Iron-Sheep)
2058 or 1677 or 905
Wikimedia Commons has media related to1931.

1931 (MCMXXXI) was acommon year starting on Thursday of theGregorian calendar, the 1931st year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 931st year of the2nd millennium, the 31st year of the20th century, and the 2nd year of the1930s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1931

February

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Main article:February 1931
February 10: New Delhi becomes India's capital
February 21:Ford Trimotor hijacked
  • February 4 – Soviet leaderJoseph Stalin gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." Thefirst five-year plan in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
  • February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.[4]
  • February 16 –Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.
  • February 21 –Peruvian revolutionaries hijack aFord Trimotor aeroplane, and demand that the pilot droppropagandaleaflets overLima.

March

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Main article:March 1931

April

[edit]
Main article:April 1931

May

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Main article:May 1931
May 1:Empire State Building is completed.

June

[edit]
Main article:June 1931
  • June–November –1931 China flood: theYangtze andHuai Rivers flood in a populous region, leaving an estimated 422,000 dead (150,000 drowned) with many more dying of consequential starvation and disease in the aftermath.[6]
  • June 5
    • German ChancellorHeinrich Brüning visits London, where he warns British Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of theCreditanstalt, has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
    • Anti-Chinese rioting occurs inPyongyang. Approximately 127 Chinese people are killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties are destroyed by Korean residents.[7]
  • June 14 –Saint-Philibert disaster: The overloaded pleasure craftSaint-Philibert, carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the RiverLoire in France; over 450 drown.
  • June 19
  • June 23–July 1 –Wiley Post andHarold Gatty accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout fromRoosevelt Field, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.[8]

July

[edit]
Main article:July 1931

August

[edit]
Main article:August 1931

September

[edit]
Main article:September 1931
September 18: TheMukden Incident: Incident Museum inShenyang

October

[edit]
Main article:October 1931

November

[edit]
Main article:November 1931

December

[edit]
Main article:December 1931

Births

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Births
January ·February ·March ·April ·May ·June ·July ·August ·September ·October ·November ·December

January

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Robert Duvall
Caterina Valente
James Earl Jones
Sam Cooke

February

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Boris Yeltsin
Dries van Agt
Isabel Perón
James Dean

March

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Mikhail Gorbachev
Chun Doo-hwan
León Febres Cordero
Rupert Murdoch
William Shatner
Leonard Nimoy

April

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May

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Willie Mays
Carroll Baker

June

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Raúl Castro
João Gilberto
Marla Gibbs
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Olympia Dukakis

July

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Leslie Caron
Seyni Kountché

August

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Don King
Barbara Eden

September

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Ian Holm
Barbara Bain
Larry Hagman

October

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Desmond Tutu
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

November

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Mwai Kibaki
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

December

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Rita Moreno

Deaths

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January

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Louise, Princess Royal
Anna Pavlova
Otto Wallach
F. W. Murnau
Joe Masseria

February

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March

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April

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May

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PatriarchDamian I of Jerusalem
Hamaguchi Osachi

June

[edit]

July

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August

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September

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Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria
Omar al-Mukhtar

October

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Thomas Edison

November

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December

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Nobel Prizes

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References

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  1. ^corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula."National Museum of Australia - First Australian-born governor-general".www.nma.gov.au. RetrievedAugust 5, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^Gandhi, Rajmohan (2008).Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press.ISBN 9780520255708.
  3. ^Vance, Jeffrey."City Lights"(PDF).Library of Congress. RetrievedJanuary 9, 2021.
  4. ^"New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony".The Times. No. 45744. London. February 11, 1931. p. 12.
  5. ^"History of the New York City Landmark | Empire State Building".www.esbnyc.com. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2025.
  6. ^Courtney, Chris (2018).The Nature of Disaster in China The 1931 Yangzi River Flood. Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/9781108278362.ISBN 9781108278362.
  7. ^Em, Henry (2013).The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea, Part 2. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 125.ISBN 978-0822353720. RetrievedAugust 21, 2017.
  8. ^"Wiley Post". centennialofflight.gov. Archived fromthe original on October 8, 2012.
  9. ^BBC History, July 2011, p12.
  10. ^"J&K observes Martyrs' day: CM Omar pays tributes".Zee News. July 13, 2011. RetrievedDecember 18, 2011.
  11. ^Sara Rector Smith (1970).The Manchurian Crisis, 1931-1932: A Tragedy in International Relations. Greenwood Press. p. 22.ISBN 978-0-8371-3344-7.
  12. ^Kanti Singh (January 1, 1987).The Great Depression and Agrarian Economy: A Study of an Underdeveloped Region of India. Mittal Publications. p. 63.
  13. ^"Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site".Aviation: From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms.National Park Service. Archived fromthe original on November 23, 2007. RetrievedMay 31, 2012.
  14. ^Jing, Xu; Dengfeng, Wang (2018). "Dual Identity and Multiple Tasks: Contemporary Chinese Party Media's Involvement in Political Communication".LCM Journal.5 (2).
  15. ^Briton Hadden (1935).Time. Time Incorporated. p. 54.
  16. ^"Mona Hammond obituary".the Guardian. July 5, 2022.
  17. ^Japan Report. Japan Information Center, Consulate General of Japan. 1989. p. 71.
  18. ^Roger East (1998).Whitaker's Almanack World Heads of State, 1998. Stationery Office. p. 12.ISBN 978-0-11-702204-1.
  19. ^Raph Uwechue (1991).Africa Who's who. Africa Journal Limited. p. 1177.ISBN 978-0-903274-17-3.
  20. ^Chase's Calendar of Events 2019 : the ultimate go -to guide for special days, weeks and months. Bernan Press. 2018. p. 73.ISBN 9781641432641.
  21. ^Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Company. 1978. p. 80.
  22. ^Jerome, Jim (April 14, 2003)."Dance Fever".People. Vol. 59, no. 14. Archived fromthe original on March 4, 2016. RetrievedJune 16, 2015.
  23. ^Verdi, Bob (January 5, 1988)."A no-frills coach for Team USA".Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. D1.;Verdi, Bob (January 5, 1988)."Verdi (Continued from Page 1)".Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. D5.
  24. ^Joel Shatzky; Michael Taub; Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1997).Contemporary Jewish-American Novelists: A Bio-critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 54.ISBN 978-0-313-29462-4.
  25. ^Jancik, Wayne (1998).The Billboard book of one-hit wonders. New York: Billboard Books. p. 6.ISBN 9780823076222.
  26. ^"David Lee".Nobel Prize. RetrievedApril 14, 2022.
  27. ^Bobby Womack; Robert Ashton (2006).Midnight Mover: My Autobiography: the True Story of the Greatest Soul Singer in the World. John Blake. p. 269.ISBN 978-1-84454-148-5.
  28. ^Flaherty, Mike (September 2, 2015)."Dean Jones, Affable Star in 'Love Bug' and a Disney Fixture, Dies at 84".The New York Times. p. B19.
  29. ^Reinhold Kramer (March 20, 2008).Mordecai Richler: Leaving St Urbain. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 19.ISBN 978-0-7735-7477-9.
  30. ^John Morrison (1991).Boris Yeltsin: From Bolshevik to Democrat. Dutton. p. 32.ISBN 978-0-452-26906-4.
  31. ^Robert Parker (May 31, 2015)."Walter Burkert: Classical scholar whose fascinating books on Greek mythology and religion were packed with fresh insight".The Independent.Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. RetrievedApril 3, 2021.
  32. ^ 1940 United States Census,United States census, 1940; Sioux City, Iowa; page 480, line 13, enumeration district 97-61B. Retrieved on February 13, 2014.
  33. ^Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History: A Publication of the Indiana Historical Society. The Society. 1989. p. 7.
  34. ^"Obituary: Toni Morrison".BBC News. August 6, 2019. RetrievedAugust 6, 2019.
  35. ^"Former Pres. Chun Doo-hwan Dies at 90".world.kbs.co.kr.
  36. ^Wolfgang Saxon (October 9, 2003)."Neil Postman, 72, Mass Media Critic, Dies".The New York Times. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2022.
  37. ^Contemporary authors. New Revision series. Detroit, Mich: Gale Research. 1981. p. 123.ISBN 9780810319929.
  38. ^Allan T. Duffin; Paul Matheis (2005).The 12 O'Clock High Logbook: The Unofficial History of the Novel, Motion Picture, and TV Series. BearManor Media. p. 271.ISBN 978-1-59393-033-2.
  39. ^CHASE'S CALENDAR OF EVENTS 2019 : the ultimate go -to guide for special days, weeks and months. Place of publication not identified: BERNAN Press. 2018. p. 191.ISBN 9781641432641.
  40. ^Michael Coveney (May 25, 2020)."Rolf Hochhuth Obituary".The Guardian. RetrievedOctober 28, 2021.
  41. ^Brown, Andrew (March 26, 2015)."Swedish Nobel laureate Tomas Tranströmer dies aged 83".The Guardian. RetrievedMarch 28, 2015.
  42. ^"Igor Oistrakh, celebrated Soviet violinist who with his father David walked a political tightrope during the Cold War – obituary".The Telegraph. September 1, 2021.Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2021.
  43. ^John Clute (April 29, 2019)."Gene Wolfe Obituary".The Guardian. RetrievedOctober 28, 2021.
  44. ^Rafael Fermoselle (1992).Cuban Leadership After Castro: Biographies of Cuba's Top Commanders. North-South Center, University of Miami, Research Institute for Cuban Studies. p. 79.ISBN 978-0-935501-35-3.
  45. ^"Lindy Remigino, Olympic Champion Runner, Is Dead at 87".The New York Times. July 12, 2018. RetrievedJuly 14, 2020.
  46. ^"MP profile". Parliament of Sri Lanka.
  47. ^"Billy Casper: Golfer who won prolifically but who became unfairly".The Independent. February 11, 2015.Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. RetrievedJuly 26, 2021.
  48. ^Williamson, Marcus (December 8, 2013)."Colin Wilson: Author (Obituary)".The Independent.Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2014.
  49. ^Ek, Torbjörn (September 10, 2017)."Hans Alfredson är död".Aftonbladet (in Swedish). RetrievedSeptember 10, 2017.
  50. ^"Local actor's 'Fantastic Voyage'".Antrim Guardian. April 18, 2020. RetrievedDecember 20, 2020.
  51. ^Hallvard Dahlie (1984).Alice Munro and Her Works. ECW Press. p. 1.ISBN 9780920802694.
  52. ^Cain, Sian (February 26, 2020)."Clive Cussler, bestselling adventure novelist, dies aged 88".The Guardian. RetrievedApril 11, 2020.
  53. ^"Arata Isozaki | Biography, Architecture, Projects, Pritzker, & Facts | Britannica".www.britannica.com. December 24, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 18, 2025.
  54. ^Abbott, Derek (2008).Quantum aspects of life. London: Imperial College Press. p. x.ISBN 9781848162532.
  55. ^"Hamilton O. Smith".Nobel Prize. RetrievedNovember 29, 2022.
  56. ^1931 at National-Football-Teams.com
  57. ^"Gabriel "Javier Solis" Siria Levario".familysearch (in Spanish). RetrievedAugust 9, 2022.
  58. ^"Acta de registro oficial".familysearch (in Spanish). RetrievedAugust 9, 2022.
  59. ^"Syukuro Manabe".Nobel Prize. RetrievedApril 14, 2022.
  60. ^"Dame Elizabeth Blackadder obituary".The Guardian. August 25, 2021. RetrievedAugust 25, 2021.
  61. ^G. Ramamurthy (2005).Biographical Dictionary of Great Astronomers. Sura Books. p. 81.ISBN 978-81-7478-697-5.
  62. ^Homberger, Eric (December 14, 2020)."John le Carré obituary".The Guardian.Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. RetrievedDecember 14, 2020.
  63. ^"Nawal El Saadawi obituary".The Guardian. March 22, 2021. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.
  64. ^"Falleció el Arzobispo Emérito, Sergio Obeso Rivera" [Archbishop Emeritus, Sergio Obeso Rivera passes away],El Diario de Morelos (in Spanish), Cuernavaca, August 11, 2019, retrievedAugust 11, 2019
  65. ^"Mike Nichols – obituary".The Daily Telegraph. November 20, 2014. RetrievedNovember 21, 2014.
  66. ^James Murdoch (1972).Australia's Contemporary Composers. Macmillan. p. 205.ISBN 978-0-333-13913-4.
  67. ^Joanna Carey (February 28, 2019)."Tomi Ungerer obituary".The Guardian. RetrievedJuly 13, 2024.
  68. ^Gray, Charlotte (1986).Klaus Rifbjerg. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 3.ISBN 9780313250989.
  69. ^Cowell, Alan (May 31, 2022)."Walter Abish, Daring Writer Who Pondered Germany, Dies at 90".The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  70. ^Serge Lifar (1959).The Three Graces: Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Olga Spessivtzeva: The Legends and the Truth. Cassell. p. 111.
  71. ^Lady Gregory (1978).Lady Gregory's Journals. Oxford University Press. p. 704.ISBN 978-0-19-520067-6.
  72. ^Arnold Bennett (1966).Letters of Arnold Bennett. Oxford University Press. p. 618.ISBN 978-0-19-212207-0.
  73. ^Chase's Editors; Contemporary Books (September 2002).Chase's Calendar of Events 2003. McGraw-Hill. p. 55.ISBN 978-0-07-139098-9.
  74. ^Kahlil Gibran (June 1, 2017).Delphi Collected Poetical Works of Kahlil Gibran (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. p. 12.ISBN 978-1-78656-214-2.
  75. ^Critchley, David (2008).The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931. New York City:Routledge. pp. 156,155–57.ISBN 978-0-415-99030-1.
  76. ^Rahel Bluwstein October 29, 1890–April 16, 1931
  77. ^Geller, Judith (1998).Titanic: women and children first. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens. p. 22.ISBN 9781852605940.
  78. ^"George Herbert Mead | Symbolic Interactionism, Social Behaviorism, Pragmatism | Britannica".www.britannica.com. RetrievedFebruary 18, 2025.
  79. ^The New International Year Book. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1932. p. 533.
  80. ^A Case of Melancholia
  81. ^John Stokes (March 14, 1996).Oscar Wilde: Myths, Miracles and Imitations. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.ISBN 978-0-521-47537-2.
  82. ^"Dr. David Starr Jordan Dies; Family With Educator As Passes Away: Fifth Attack Ends an Illness of Two Years".Healdsburg Tribune. No. 269. September 19, 1931. p. 1.Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. RetrievedJune 1, 2018 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.
  83. ^National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) (1937).Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. p. 258.
  84. ^Reinhard Urbach (1973).Arthur Schnitzler. Frederick Ungar A Book. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-8044-2936-8.
  85. ^Clark Kenschaft, Patricia (1987). "Charlotte Angas Scott". In Grinstein, Louise S.; Campbell, Paul J. (eds.).Women of Mathematics: a Biobibliographic Sourcebook. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 193.ISBN 978-0-3132-4849-8.
  86. ^Masters, Edgar Lee (1935).Vachel Lindsay : A Poet in America. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 361.ISBN 978-0819602398.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  87. ^Miriam Drake (2003).Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Second Edition - Volume II. Taylor & Francis. p. 848.

External links

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